working conditions and vulnerability: setting the agenda and challenges in the crisis: working...
TRANSCRIPT
Working conditions and vulnerability: setting the agenda and challenges in the crisis:
Working conditions and the crisis : some findings from the European Working
Conditions Survey
Greet Vermeylen, research manager
InGRID kick-off meeting, Leuven, 9 April 2013
Eurofound surveys and observatories
European Working Conditions Survey
’91,’ 95, ‘00, ‘05, ’10, ‘15
European Industrial Relations Observatory
(EIRO)
European Restructuring Monitor
(ERM/EMCC)
European Working Conditions Observatory
(EWCO)
Monitoring living and working conditions
in the EU
European Quality of Life Survey
‘03, ‘07, (’09, ‘10 (EB)), ‘11
European Company Survey
’04/’05, ’09, ‘13
European Jobs Monitor
European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS)
• European wide survey – 5 waves already: 1991, 1995, 2000 (+01/02), 2005 and 2010 – currently preparing 2015
• 1 questionnaire / translated in all the languages 2010: 25 languages and 16 variants
• Country coverage: EU + neighbour countries 5th EWCS (2010): 34 countries covered : EU27 + NO + ACC3 + IPA3 43000 interviews in total (1000/4000 interview per country)
• Workers survey: employees and self-employed (15+) (LFS def) face to face interviews
• Covers many different aspects of the conditions of work and employment of European workers (more than 100 questions) Demographics, structure of workforce, job characteristics, household info (incl work at home) Working time : duration, organisation Physical and psychosocial work factors Nature of work / place of work / work organisation Job content and training Work-life balance Information and consultation Outcomes : health, job satisfaction Earnings
• Gender mainstreaming : central in reflection on questionnaire
A few pointers on quality of work
• Quality of work and employment Multidimensional framework
• Capture the ‘world of work’ for all employees Taking into consideration :
different sectors / public/private / different jobs / gender / different job status / self-employed and employees
• The context matters: legislation, labour market, employment policies, social protection and social provisions, infrastructure…
• Context: Sustainability, ageing workforce, lifecourse and … the crisis
Talking about working conditions: multilevel and multiactor perspective
(not all covered by EWCS)
Level of analysis Examples of topic and roles
The worker Fit, able to combine work with care, equipped with marketable skills skills, motivated to work, preferences
The job What quality ?
The company HR and other policies and practices, work organisation practices, trade Union role, collaboration between workers
The labour market Unemployment and participation rates, transitions etc
The legal and regulatory framework
Rights and duties, financial incentives, promoting good practice, collective agreements
The welfare state Safety net, developing capacities, supporting social infrastructure
Working conditions and the crisis
• Limitations of the instrument Only those who are currently in employment – so not those who have
lost their job Limited information on their employment career
• Impact of crisis not so easy to disentangle What is (bad) evolution of working conditions, what is effect of crisis? Some effects might not be easy to interpret:
Work intensity : more work intensity because colleagues are laid off, less work intensity because there is less work…
Less temporary contracts / part time work (unvoluntary) Some questions however do reveal some effects :
Job insecurity, decrease in salary/working time in last yr, overall job quality and well being
Some results of the EWCS:working time: reduction over time
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1991
1995
2000
2005
2010
1991
1995
2000
2005
2010
EC
12 (
/EU
15fr
om 1
995)
EU
27
20 or less 21 to 34 35 to 38 39 to 41 42 to 48 more than 48
EWCS
Change of working hours in the past year, by country, 2010 (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CY
BG
LT
TR
ME
EL
KO
HR
LV
EE
RO
MK
IE ES
PL
MT
IT AL
CZ
HU
AT
EU
FI
UK
SK
PT
SI
NO
BE
DK
FR
NL
SE
LU
DE
Decrease
No change
Increase
Trying to capture the recession…
change of salary in the past year, by country, 2010 (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
LV LT ME
IE EE
RO
BG
HR
EL
MK
AL
SI
IT ES
SK
HU
CZ
KO
TR
PL
EU
27D
EF
RP
TA
TB
EC
YU
KLU M
TD
KN
LF
IN
OS
E
Decrease
No change
Increase
Working to tight deadlines, EC12, EU15 and EU27, 1991-2010 (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1991 1995 2000 2005 2010
EU12
EU15
EU27
‘I might lose my job in the next 6 months’
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
LT EECZ LV BG SI IE ES RO HU SE EL
CY MT PT PL BE FI
NL IT SK UK FR DEAT DK LU
EU27
Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree
‘Job security’
inclusive labour market or the exhaustion of labour ( eg work
producing bad health ) ?
Poor self reported health Low mental well being
Managers
Professionals
Technicians and associate professionals
Clerical support workers
Service and sales workers
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Craft and related trades workers
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers
Elementary occupations
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
Women Men
Managers
Professionals
Technicians and associate professionals
Clerical support workers
Service and sales workers
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Craft and related trades workers
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers
Elementary occupations
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
poor self reported health Women poor self reported health Men
Job quality (Green and Mostafa 2013)
• Builds on Eurofound (2002): - “career and employment security”, “health and well-being”, “reconciliation of working and non-
working life” and “skills development”- Development of 4 indicators -> dimensions that have detrimental or positive relations with well-being • Earnings: monthly earnings• Prospects : Job security, career progression, contract• Intrinsic Job Quality
- Skills and Discretion- skills use (problem-solving, complexity), learning and training, discretion and
influence over own work, occupation (incl. average education level in occupation)
- Good Social Environment- good support, absence of bad social relationships
- Good Physical Environment- inverted count of environmental and posture-related hazards
- Work Intensity- high effort requirements (including emotional demands), multiple work pressure
sources• Working Time Quality : length of working week, weekend, evening & night work, time discretion, time
flexibility
Clusters Earnings WTQ IJQ Prospects Percent
High-Paid Good Jobs 2786.5 63.7 74.6 78.9 13.6
Well-Balanced Good Jobs 1029.7 68.4 74.3 71.0 37.2
Poorly-Balanced Jobs 1160.1 42.9 61.4 70.5 28.9
‘At risk’ jobs 726.9 52.7 57.3 34.4 20.2
Total 1245.7 57.2 67.2 64.5 100.0
Clusters of job quality & vulnerable workers …
Some reflections• EWCS: (only) those who are (still) in work
Quite coherent picture of working conditions Complement with information on employment / legislative framework /
social systems / … (/multilevel analysis) Important to consider working conditions over time
• Quality of work: a multidimensional framework is necessary• Some workers score negatively on all indicators
20% of workers score low on all 4 indicators: ‘at risk’, trapped ? -> vulnerable workers
• Impact on sustainability … • Tackle this: important for policy makers to disentangle the
different aspect which might lead to vulnerability…
Thank you
www.eurofound.europa.eu
Datasets of surveys available through Essex data archive