Work StudyProf. Dr. Orhan TORKULArş. Gör. M. Raşit CESURArş. Gör. Furkan YENER

Work Design and Organizational Success• Elementally, the ability of an organization to convert form input to output.

• Productivity =

Effectivity

Efficiency

Quality

Innovation

Productivity

Quality of business life

Profitability (Organizational

success)

Output

Input

Method Study• Method study is a systematic approach to find out easier and better ways in

order to be success in a task.

• 5 steps for systematic approach in Method study;

1. Select the work: Highest cost or lovest productivity works are prefered in generally.2. Obtain and save the facts: Datas should save such as actual method and frequency of work3. Examine the details: Actual method should examined, Some elemants could be removed or

modified.

Method Study• 5 steps for systematic approach in Method study;

4. Improve better method and make tests: New method should be improved based on changes and make tests.

5. Establish and sustain of the improvement: Improved method should be enhanced and implemented.

Flow Process Diagrams/Charts• Flow work diagram contains all activities(operations, storages, inspection,

carrying and delays) in a process.

ProcessStartSpecialistActual_____Proposed______

Man____ or Material _______

Stop

DateSteps

1.2.3.4.5...

Symbols Explanations

Flow Process Charts

Two Handed Process Charts• Two Handed Process Chart could be used for analyze of work made by

someone at the spesific work center .

Two Handed Process Charts

Two Handed Process ChartsOperation________ Name _________ Date ___________Actual _______________ Proposed ____________

Work place layout and product drawing (if it is necessary)

Left hand Activities1.2.3.4.5...

Symbols Right Hand Activities

Two Handed Process chart

Two Handed Process Charts

Operation: (one) hand makes some efficient operation,

Transport: (one) hand moves from one place to another,

Delay : Hand does nothing, waits,

Hold : Hand keeps an object.

Other Schemas• Flow process chart : A flow diagram is basically a process flow diagram of the

facility was drawn with the goal of the configuration.• Multiple activity Schema: Multi - activity Schema shows at least two or more

objects, man and machine activities simultaneously.• Work Distrubition Schema: the list of everybody’s activities and

responsibilities in a departmant or group.• Operation Process Chart: Inessential work, inspection or storage are

eliminated and to obtain proper sequences of the these.• Gantt Schema: Gantt Schema is a horizontal timeline diagram which is used in

scheduling and it shows relative timeline of various activities.

Principles of Movement’s Economy• Thoughts and notions are proved of benefits when effective work procedure is

planning.• The following principles of movement’s economy list is taken from Mundel.

1. Remove2. Combining3. Redesign4. Simplification

Human Engineering• Workers and machines can work together as a system to ensure more

effective and efficient human-machine interface design.• Today, thanks to human engineering, machinery may lowered or set up higher

position or completely re-designed and thus the worker and the machine can be provided as a single system work better.

• A good example of Human engineering is aircraft cockpit design.

Work Measurement• Under normal operating conditions and at a normal pace, and trained an

average person working 8 hours per day, a measure of the time required for the fulfillment of the task.

1. Normal Time2. Normal tempo3. Actual Time4. Tolerances

Standart Time Calculation1. Directly Time study2. Time study’s standart datas3. Pre-determined Time systems4. Pre-determined Time systems standart datas 5. Work sampling

Direct Time Study• The actual time required to do a job, taking into account the tolerance

measure of the time directly.

Time Study Form

Performance Evaluation CalculationsOPERATION AVERAGE

1 152 73 54 8

Total Actual Time =15+7+5+8=35Success Evaluation =%115Normal Time =(35)(1,15)=40,25Tolerances =%12Standart Time =(40,25)(1,12)=45,08

Normal Time = Actual Time X Success EvaluationIf operator performance is %90 or less than %10 from normal expectations, Normal time colculates as following solution.

Normal Time = (35)(0,90) = 28,50To suppose doing a study and personal needs constitute work days %4 and tiredness effects the performance %5 and unavoidable delays accure %3 at time.

Tolerances = %4 + %5 + %3 = %12We needs to add Tolerances to the Normal time in order to calculate the Standard time we may find Standart time as follows.

Standart Time:(40,25)(1,12) = 45,08

Time Study’s Standart Datas• Time study’s standart data’s using the worths which are obtained from normal

time schedule previously.

Y

X 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm

6 cm 0,025 0,026 0,026 0,027

8 cm 0,026 0,026 0,027 0,027

10 cm 0,027 0,028 0,028 0,029

12 cm 0,027 0,028 0,029 0,030

Pre-determined Time Table• Leave any parts of the job detail, various factors (weight, distance and etc.)

previously created by taking into consideration, when utilized as reference values table is called a pre-determined time table.

• Giving an object from one hand to another; weight > 2 lb. X 0,454 kg.

Distance Time

4 inch x 2,54 cm 0,00412 min

8 inch 0,00591 min

Work Sampling• Rate for the time spent on a specific type of activity, instantaneous

measurements made using the calculation of random variables is called work sampling.

Percentage of Occurrence A Facility

=

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

2

4

6

8

10

Accumulated Per-centageStandard

Number of observations

Accu

mul

ated

per

cent

age

Productivity Measurement•

• D

Normal Productivity Measurement Model1. Quiet contemplation 2. Cyclically to express thoughts3. Intra-group netting4. Voting

Multi-Factor Productivity Measurement ModelBasically, MFPMM have two ways that may affect the profitability of an organization.1. Re-pricing2. Productivity Variation

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