work-home role conflict of female administrators in senior high schools in the central and greater...
TRANSCRIPT
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WORK-HOME ROLE CONFLICT OF FEMALE ADMINISTRATORS IN
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN THE CENTRAL AND GREATER ACCRA
REGIONS OF GHANA.
by Janet A. Koomson.
(PhD)
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BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In Ghana, female professionals have two roles to perform:
1. primary role – domestic responsibilities
2. secondary role - professional duties
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Domestic responsibilities
Child bearing and rearing responsibilities Domestic tasks - care of husband - child care
- cleaning - cooking- washing of clothing - taking care of the sick etc.
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Professional duties
HeadmistressAssistant HeadmistressSenior HousemistressSubject Teacher
In Senior High Schools
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Balancing these two roles might bring about a dilemma for the female administrator as conflict of loyalty often arises. With such conflicts, the administrator is bound to falter in one or the other of her roles, which might affect her productivity and output.
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WHAT IS WORK- HOME ROLE CONFLICT?
Thompson (2003) defined role conflict as the extent to which experiences in the work role result in diminished performance in the family role. This definition explicitly recognizes that work-family conflict represents cross-role interference in performance
Greenhaus and Bentell (1985) define work home conflict as a form of inter-role inconsistency in which the role pressures from work and home domains are mutually incompatible in some respect.
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Statement of the problem
Considering the problems of African women as they work outside the home, the study examined whether female administrators experienced any conflicts as they tried to balance their professional duties with their home responsibilities.
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Research Questions
Is there an existence of work-home role conflict? What is the nature of the conflict?
What are the problems that work-home role conflict creates?
How do the problems of work-home role conflict affect administrator effectiveness and work output?
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Research Questions-cont’d
How do the problems of work-home role conflict affect household responsibilities of the female administrator?
How do the school administrators manage work-home role conflict?
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Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference of work-home role conflict for the Headmistress, the Assistant Headmistress, and the Senior Housemistress.
H1 There is a significant difference in
work-home role conflict for the Headmistress, the Assistant Headmistress, and the Senior Housemistress.
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Research Design
A descriptive survey -Hypothesis formulation and
testing -Analysis of relationships between
non-manipulative variables.
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Sample
. Headmistress- 18
Assistant Headmistress- 37
Senior Housemistress- 25
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RESULTS AND FINDINGS
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Research Question 1: Is there an existence of work-home role conflict? What is the
nature of the conflict?
That there was a work-home role conflict was evident from the findings. Majority of respondents had difficulty combining administrative work with home duties.
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Table 1:Difficulty in Combining Administrative Work with Home Responsibility
Position Response Frequency %
Headmistress
Total
Often
No
13
6
19
68.4
31.6
100
Assistant Headmistress
Total
Often
No
29
7
36
80.6
19.4
100
Senior housemistress
Often
No
Total
21
4
25
84.0
16.0
100
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Nature of Conflict
The nature of the conflict was such that, majority of female administrators will abandon their home responsibilities for their administrative work (see Table 2). This means that if the administrator has to make a choice, she would choose administrative work against household duties.
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Table 2: Abandoning Household Work for Administrative Duties
Response No. %
Often 63 78.8
Seldom 17 21.2
Total 80 100.0
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Research Question 2: What are the problems that work-home role conflict creates?
There was evidence that work-home role conflict created three main problems.
Periods of fatigue, Periods of emotional exhaustion Excessive time demands for both
administrative and household chores
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Table 3: Problems of Work-Home Role Conflict
Periods of FatiguePeriods of Emotional Exhaustion
Excessive Time Demands
Often Seldom No % No %
Often Seldom No % No %
Often SeldomNo % No %
Headmistress 13 68.5 6 31.5
11 57.9 8 42.1
19 100 0 0
AssistantHeadmistress
29 80.6 7 19.4 29 80.6 7 19.4
33 91.7 3 8.3
SeniorHousemistress
17 68.0 8 32.0 16 64.0 9 36.00 24 96.0 1 4.0
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Research Question 3: How do the problems of work-home role conflict affect
administrator effectiveness and work output?
That the problems of work-home role conflict affect administrative effectiveness and output was evidenced from the study.
An examination of the Table 4 indicates that, majority of respondents (63.0%) listed various effects of the problems of the conflict on administrative effectiveness and work output.
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Table 4: Effects of Problems of Work-home role Conflict on Administrative Effectiveness
Effects) No %
Administrative work has to be deferred or slowed down
16 20.0
Stressful and lack of concentration 14 17.5
Too tired therefore neglect duties 5 6.3
Do extra time to finish uncompleted administrative work 4 5.0
Not available for consultation by students and teachers 3 3.8
Leaving administrative work undone to care for sick child 3 3.8
Late for work 3 3.8
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Table 4 Continued:
Effects No %
No good supervision therefore teachers may shirk responsibilities 3 3.8
Delegate duties 2 2.5
Does not affect work 29 36.3
Total80 100
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Research Question 4: How do the problems of work-home role conflict affect household responsibilities of the female administrator?
It was evident from the study that the problems of work-home role conflict not only affect administrative work but also household duties of the female administrator (see Table 5).
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Table 5: Effects of Work-home Role Conflict on Home Responsibilities
Effects No %
Less responsibilities 17 21.3
Husband and children are neglected. No quality time with them
12 15.1
Have to abandon household chores and attend to students
8 10.0
Household problems are left for husband and children to solve 4 5.0
Abandon sick child and attend to administrative work 2 2.5
Household chores are left in the hands of house helps 1 1.3
Total 80 100
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Research Question 5: How do the school administrators manage work-home conflict?
From the study it was realized that female administrators have found various ways and strategies, though not very successfully, at managing work home role conflict.
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Table 6: Management of Work-home Role Conflict
Strategy Frequency %
Planning 23 28.8
Pursuing leisure 11 13.8
Help from house helps, children, husband and students
10 12.5
Delegation of duties 7 8.8
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Table 6 Continued:
Strategy Frequency %
Distinction between administrative and household responsibilities 7
8.8.3
Bulking cooking and storing 7 8.8
Praying and reading the word of God 5 6.3
Use of time and labour saving devices 2 2.5
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Table 6 Continued:
Strategy Frequency %
Doing most household chores during the weekends 2 2.5
Bulk purchasing 1 1.3
Eating well 1 1.3
Working late or early in the day
1 1.3
No response 3 3.8
Total 80 100.0
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HYPOTHESIS
Ho: There is no significant difference of work-home role conflict for the Headmistress, the Assistant Headmistress, and the Senior Housemistress.
H1 There is a significant difference in work-
home role conflict for the Headmistress, the Assistant Headmistress, and the Senior Housemistress.
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Chi- Square Test Result
Value df Asymp Sig (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1.639 2 0.429
Likelihood Ratio 1.610 2 0.447
Linear –by- Linear Association 1.453 1 0.228
N of Valid Cases 80
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Reporting on hypothesis
Using 3x2 Independent Pearson Chi-square, (N=80, 2) =1.693,α = 0.429, there is no statistically significant difference among the headmistress, assistant headmistress and senior mistress in relation to work-home role conflict.
Thus the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.
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CONCLUSIONS
Work-home role conflict exists, as women administrators try to balance administrative work with household activities
Work-home role conflict creates problems for female administrators
The problems of work-home role conflict affect their work output.
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RECOMMENDATIONS Female administrators should go through formal
training in educational administration, as this will expose them to effective management skills in the performance of their duties.
Allowances and incentive packages should be provided for female administrators. Allowances for house helps should not only be given to Heads of schools, but also to Assistant Headmistresses and Senior Housemistresses
The reduction of teaching periods for Assistant Headmistresses and Senior House Mistresses
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THANK YOU!
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