wordplaywordplayThen you should say what you mean, the March Then you should say what you mean, the March

Hare went on. Hare went on.

I do, Alice hastily replied: at least- I mean what I I do, Alice hastily replied: at least- I mean what I say- that’s the same thing you know.say- that’s the same thing you know.

Not the same thing a bit said the hatter , why you Not the same thing a bit said the hatter , why you might just as well say that I see what I eat is the might just as well say that I see what I eat is the same thing as I eat what I see. You might just as same thing as I eat what I see. You might just as well say , added the March Hare, that I like what I well say , added the March Hare, that I like what I get is the same as, I get what I like……get is the same as, I get what I like……

Alice in wonderland ; the conversation at the mad hatter’s tea Alice in wonderland ; the conversation at the mad hatter’s tea party.party.

use of striking imagesuse of striking images

in the form of metaphors or similes. For in the form of metaphors or similes. For example: example:

"an iron curtain""an iron curtain" (Winston Churchill, 1946), (Winston Churchill, 1946),

"a paper tiger""a paper tiger" (Mao Zedong, 1946) (Mao Zedong, 1946)

,,"the axis of evil""the axis of evil" (George Bush, 2002) (George Bush, 2002)

metaphorsmetaphors

We are prisoners of our own metaphors, We are prisoners of our own metaphors, metaphorically speaking...metaphorically speaking...— R. Buckminster Fuller— R. Buckminster Fuller

An engineer is looking for a way to hold An engineer is looking for a way to hold together a multi-part machine in a high-together a multi-part machine in a high-vibration environment. He takes the vibration environment. He takes the metaphor of shivering with cold and comes metaphor of shivering with cold and comes up with ideas for encasing the system in a up with ideas for encasing the system in a flexible jacket.flexible jacket.

An engineer is looking for a way to hold An engineer is looking for a way to hold together a multi-part machine in a high-together a multi-part machine in a high-vibration environment. He takes the vibration environment. He takes the metaphor of shivering with cold and comes metaphor of shivering with cold and comes up with ideas for encasing the system in a up with ideas for encasing the system in a flexible jacket.flexible jacket.

euphenismseuphenismsTakes the sting out of words by making them Takes the sting out of words by making them

palatablepalatable In world war II, soldiers had In world war II, soldiers had “shell shock” “shell shock”

which later became which later became combat fatiguecombat fatigue which during the vietnam war became post –tramautic which during the vietnam war became post –tramautic

stress order and has no mention of war whatsoeverstress order and has no mention of war whatsoeverAfter world trade center french fries were After world trade center french fries were

“freedom fries” “freedom fries”

contrastscontrasts

"Politics is war without bloodshed, while "Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is politics with bloodshed"war is politics with bloodshed" (Mao (Mao Zedong, lecture, 1938) orZedong, lecture, 1938) or

"Never in the field of human conflict was "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few"so much owed by so many to so few" (Winston Churchill, House of Commons, (Winston Churchill, House of Commons, 1940) 1940)

Atithesis Atithesis ""Ask not what your country can do for you; ask Ask not what your country can do for you; ask

what you can do for your country" (John F what you can do for your country" (John F Kennedy, inaugural address, 1961) Kennedy, inaugural address, 1961)

"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere" (Martin Luther King, letter from jail, everywhere" (Martin Luther King, letter from jail, 1963).1963).

One small step for man, one giant step for One small step for man, one giant step for mankindmankind

Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiatenever fear to negotiate

Stylized repititionStylized repititionLincoln’s gettysburg speechLincoln’s gettysburg speech

Repition of the same phrase at the end of Repition of the same phrase at the end of successive phrases. successive phrases. Government of the people, by the people,for the Government of the people, by the people,for the

peoplepeopleParallel like endings or beginnings are called Parallel like endings or beginnings are called

antistophe or epistrophe in rhetoricantistophe or epistrophe in rhetoric With malice toward none,With malice toward none,

With charity for all , With charity for all ,

with firmness in the rightwith firmness in the right

alliterationalliterationRepetition of the same sound beginning Repetition of the same sound beginning

several words in sequenceseveral words in sequenceLet us go forth to lead the land we love. J. Let us go forth to lead the land we love. J.

F. Kennedy, Inaugural F. Kennedy, Inaugural **Viri validis cum viribus luctant. Ennius Viri validis cum viribus luctant. Ennius

chiasmuschiasmusTwo corresponding pairs arranged not in Two corresponding pairs arranged not in

parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a); from shape of the Greek letter chi (X). b-a); from shape of the Greek letter chi (X).

**Those gallant men will remain often in my Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always. thoughts and in my prayers always. MacArthur MacArthur

**Renown'd for conquest, and in council Renown'd for conquest, and in council skill'd. Addison et pacis ornamenta et skill'd. Addison et pacis ornamenta et subsidia belli. Cicero, Pro lege Manilia subsidia belli. Cicero, Pro lege Manilia

Metonymy::Substitution of one word for another which it Substitution of one word for another which it

suggests. suggests.

**He is a man of the cloth. He is a man of the cloth. **The pen is mightier than the sword. The pen is mightier than the sword. **By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat

thy bread.thy bread.

alliterationalliteration"broadband Britain""broadband Britain", , "the digital divide""the digital divide",, "silver surfers""silver surfers". . Some sentences: Some sentences:

• "The ballot is stronger than the bullet""The ballot is stronger than the bullet" (Abraham (Abraham Lincoln, 1856) or Lincoln, 1856) or

• "Now let us fulfil our mandate and our mission""Now let us fulfil our mandate and our mission" (Gordon Brown, Labour Party Conference 2002) or (Gordon Brown, Labour Party Conference 2002) or

• "At our best when at our boldest""At our best when at our boldest" (Tony Blair, Labour (Tony Blair, Labour Party Conference 2002). Party Conference 2002).

rhymerhymeConsider the use of rhymeConsider the use of rhyme. For example: . For example:

"We will fight to show that we are right""We will fight to show that we are right". .