word smart for the toefl by the princeton review

Word Smart for the

TOEFLBy Vanessa Coggshall

PrincetonReview.com

RandomHouse,Inc.NewYork

00 Word Smart TOEFL FM.indd 1 3/31/09 2:07:29 PM

The Independent Education Consultants Association recognizes The Princeton Review as a valuable resource for high school and college students applying to college and graduate school.

The Princeton Review, Inc.2315 BroadwayNew York, NY 10024E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright 2009 by Princeton Review, Inc.

All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.

ISBN: 978-0-375-42921-7ISSN: 1946-3065

Editor: Rebecca LessemProduction Editor: Emma ParkerProduction Coordinator: Kim Howie

TOEFL is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service.

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John Katzman, Chairman, FounderMichael J. Perik, President, CEO

Stephen Richards, COO, CFORob Franek, VP Test Prep Books, Publisher

EditorialSeamus Mullarkey, Associate Publisher

Rebecca Lessem, Senior EditorLaura Braswell, Senior Editor

Selena Coppock, EditorHeather Brady, Editor

Production SErvicESScott Harris, Executive Director, Production Services

Kim Howie, Senior Graphic Designer

Production EditorialMeave Shelton, Production Editor

Emma Parker, Production Editor

random HouSE PubliSHing tEamTom Russell, Publisher

Nicole Benhabib, Publishing ManagerEllen L. Reed, Production Manager

Alison Stoltzfus, Associate Managing EditorElham Shabahat, Publishing Assistant

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acknowledgmentsThankstotheentirestaffofThePrincetonReview,includingRobFranek,SeamusMullarkey,andespeciallyRebeccaLessem.Thanksalsotomyfriendsandfamilyfortheirunwaveringsupport(youllseeyournamesthroughoutthisbook).Finally,thankstomyheadresearcherandpivottablecreator,DanCoggshall.

00 Word Smart TOEFL FM.indd 3 3/4/09 9:27:36 AM


contents

Introduction.................................................................................................1

Chapter1ChangeYourTune........................................................................13

Chapter2ExpressYourself..........................................................................33

Chapter3ThinkItOver...............................................................................45

Chapter4GrowingandShrinking.................................................................57

Chapter5Extra,Extra,ReadAllAboutIt!.....................................................77

Chapter6LookWhosTalking......................................................................89

Chapter7PersonalityTraits.......................................................................109

Chapter8TheUsualSuspects.................................................................... 121

Chapter9CauseandEffect........................................................................ 141

Chapter10CompareandContrast.............................................................. 153

Chapter11LargeandinCharge.................................................................. 173

Chapter12TheNaturalWorld.................................................................... 185

Chapter13SeeingIsBelieving................................................................... 197

Chapter14MakeYourCase....................................................................... 217

Chapter15ActionsSpeakLouderthanWords.............................................229

Chapter16DataandExperiments.............................................................. 241

Chapter17ItsAboutTime........................................................................ 261

Index.......................................................................................................273

AbouttheAuthor...................................................................................... 277



IntroductIon

01a Word Smart TOEFL Intro.indd 1 3/3/09 2:02:47 PM



AtThePrincetonReview,wevealwaystriedtomakethelearningprocessasenjoyableandinterestingaspossible.

Theoretically,ifyouwantedtolearnvocabulary,youcouldreadadictionary.However,thatisntmuchfun,anditscertainlynotgoingtohelpyoudowellonaspecificstandardizedtest.

So,wefiguredouthowtomakelearningenjoyableandapproachable.Weemploythismethodinourclasses,andwewriteourbookswiththeintentionthatlearn-ingshouldntbeachore.

OurfirstWord Smartbook,whichwaspublishedin1988,showedthatlearningwordscanbeapleasantexperience.ThepopularityofthatbookleadtomanyotherWord Smarttitles:Word Smart II,Illustrated Word Smart,Word Smart for the GRE,andsoon.WealsoaddedGrammar Smart,Writing Smart,andMath Smarttothemix.

Withthisbook,wevecombinedourWord SmartapproachtolearningwithourIl-lustrated Word Smartphilosophy:CreativesentencesandmemorableillustrationswillhelpyoutorememberwordsthatyouneedtoknowfortheTOEFL.

Thisbookcontains50ofthewordsmostcommonlyseenontheTOEFL,eachac-companiedbyitspronunciation,partofspeech,definition,andacleversentencetohelpyourecallthewordsmeaningwhenyouretakingthetest.Manyofthewordsaresupplementedwithanillustrationtofurtheraidyourabilitytoremem-berthewordsdefinition.

What Is the toEFL?TheTOEFLisatestthatassessesyourproficiencyinthetypeofEnglishusedinanacademicenvironment.ThetestisadministeredontheInternet.

Theexamtakesaboutfourhourstocompleteandintegratesfouressentialskillsreading,listening,writing,andspeaking.Thismeansthatanygivenques-tionortaskmayrequireyoutouseoneormoreoftheseskills.Forexample,be-foreattemptingawritingtaskontheTOEFL,youmayfirsthavetoreadapassageandlistentoalectureonthetopic.

Fortunately,becauseittestseachofthefourskillsinfairlyspecificways,theTOEFLisnotasdauntingasitmayseem.Tobecomemorecomfortablewiththetypeofwriting,speaking,reading,andlisteningskillsthatarerequiredtogetagoodscoreontheexam,pickupacopyofCracking the TOEFL iBT,whichoffersathoroughreviewoftheentiretest.



Introduction

the Structure of the testTheTOEFLisbrokendownintofourdistinctsections,oneforeachoftheskillspreviouslylisted.However,eachsectionmayrequireyoutousemorethanoneofthesefourskills.Thestructureofthetestisasfollows:

OneReading section,consistingofthreetofivepassagesthatareroughly700wordseachEachpassagewillbefollowedby1to14multiple-choicequestionsaboutthecontentofthepassage.Mostofthesequestionswillbeworthonepointeach,thoughafewquestions,locatedtowardtheendofthesection,maybeworthmore.Youwillhave60to100minutestocompletetheentiresection.

OneListening section,consistingofsixtonineaudioselections,eachofwhicharethreetofiveminuteslongTheselectionswillconsistofeitheracademiclecturesorcasualconversations.Aftereachselection,therewillbefivetosixmultiple-choicequestionsaboutthecontentofthelectureorconversation.Youwillhave60to90minutestocompletetheentiresection.

OneSpeaking section,consistingofapproximatelysixspeak-ingtasksMostspeakingtaskswillalsorequiresomelisteningandsomereading.Youwillhavetospeakfor45or60seconds,dependingonthetask,andyouwillhave0minutestocompletetheentiresection.

OneWritingsection,consistingoftwowritingassignmentsAswiththeSpeakingsection,theWritingsectionrequireslisteningandsomereading.Youwillhave50minutestocompletetheentiresection.



4 WordSmartfortheTOEFL

How the test Is ScoredAfterfinishingtheTOEFL,youwillreceiveascoreoffrom0to0foreachofthefoursections.Youwillalsoreceiveatotalscoreonascaleof0to10.Eachscorecorrespondstoapercentileranking.Thisnumbershowshowyourscorecompareswiththescoresofothertesttakers.Forexample,atotalscoreof100wouldputyouinthe89thpercentile,meaningthatyouscoredhigherthan89outof100testtakers,whereasascoreof50wouldputyouinthe6thpercentile.TheaverageTOEFLscoreisaround68.

Noticethatthe0to0scoresarescaledscores,meaningthatthe0to0numberdoesntrepresenthowmanyquestionsyouansweredcorrectlyorhowmanypointsyouressaywasawarded.Forexample,theReadingandListeningsectionseachcontainroughly40questions.Youwillgetapointforeachcorrectanswer(someReadingsectionquestionswillbeworthtwopoints)andapenaltyforeachincorrectanswer.Attheendofthesection,yourrawscore,whichrepresentshowmanypointsyouveearned,istalliedandconvertedtoanumberonthe0to0scale.

TheWritingandSpeakingsectionsarescoredsomewhatdifferently.Eachwritingsamplereceivesascoreofbetween0and5.Theserawscoresarethenconvertedtothe0to0scale.Similarly,eachspeakingtaskreceivesascoreoffrom0to4.Thescoresfromallsixspeakingtasksareaveragedandconvertedtothe0to0scale.

How Are the Scores used?CollegesanduniversitieswilllookatyourTOEFLscorewhenconsideringyourapplication.Ofcourse,yourTOEFLscoreisnottheonlyfactorthataffectsyourchanceofadmission.Collegesanduniversitiesalsolookatyouracademicperformance,lettersofrecommendation,applicationessays,andscoresonotherstandardizedtests.AlthoughahighTOEFLscorewillnotguaranteeadmissiontoaparticularprogram,alowtestscorecouldjeopardizeyourchances.

SomeschoolsandprogramsmayrequirestudentswithTOEFLscoresbelowacertaincutoffscoretotakesupplementalEnglishclasses.Othersmayacceptonlythoseapplicantswhoscoreaboveaparticularcutoffscore.Makesureyoucheckwiththeprogramstowhichyouareapplyingforspecificinformation.



Introduction 5

the computer-Based Format used for Internet-Based testing (iBt)TheTOEFLisacomputer-basedtestthatisdeliveredtotestingcentersviatheInternet;therefore,theTOEFLcanbeofferedatlocationsthroughouttheworld.ThetestisadministeredbyEducationalTestingService(ETS),thesametest-ingorganizationthatadministerstheGRE,SAT,andotherstandardizedtests.AccordingtoETS,Internet-basedtesting(iBT)isaneasierandafairerwaytocapturespeechandtoscoreresponses.ItalsomakesitpossibleforETStogreatlyexpandaccesstotestcenters.

TheiBTformatwillbenewtotheuntrainedeyeandmaybeintimidating,especiallyifyouhavenevertakenatestonacomputer.AbrieftutorialisofferedatthebeginningoftheTOEFL,inordertoallowtesttakerstimetofamiliarizethemselveswiththeformat.However,youshouldconsiderfirsttakingapracticetestatETSsTOEFLpracticetestwebsite,http://toeflpractice.ets.org,soyourenotsurprisedbytheInternetformatontestday.

Clearly,youwouldntapproachacomputer-basedTOEFLreadingpassageinthesamewaythatyouwouldapproachapaper-basedtest.Foronething,youwontbeabletounderline,circle,orotherwisemakemarksonthetext.(Well,youcould,butthetestingcenterprobablywouldntbehappyifyouruineditscomputerscreens!)

Also,onthecomputer-basedTOEFL,youllhavetotakeeachportionofthetestinitsentirety.Inotherwords,youcannotskippartoftheReadingsection,goontotheListeningsection,andthenreturntotheReadingsection;however,youcanskipquestionswithincertainsectionsoftheReadingsection.

Theaudioportionsofthetestarealsocomputerbased,andthespeakingportionwillaskyoutospeakintoarecordingdevice.

registering for the toEFLTheeasiestwaytoregisterfortheTOEFLisonlineatwww.ets.org/toefl/index.html. BecausethetestisInternetbased,manytestingtimesareavailable,althoughthisisntnecessarilytrueoverseas.Makesuretoregisterearlysothatyoureceiveatestingtimeandlocationwithwhichyouarecomfortable.

YoumaytaketheTOEFLasmanytimesasyoulike.Manyprogramswillsimplytakeyourbestscore,butdontforgettocheckwithadmissionscounselorsfromtheschoolstowhichyouareapplyingforspecificinformation.




Vocabulary and the toEFLMasteringvocabularyisanintegralpartofsucceedingontheTOEFL.OntheReadingsection,itcanaidincomprehensionofthepassage.Itcanalsohelpyoutoidentifythecorrectansweronvocabulary-in-contextquestions,whichgiveyouawordfromapassageandaskyoutoselectasynonymfromfouranswerchoices.

OntheListeningsection,masteringvocabularywillallowyoutounderstandcon-versationsandlecturesmoreeasily.Also,knowingthedefinitionandspellingofwordsthatyouarewritingdownwillhelpyoutotakenotesquickly,asopposedtoponderingeveryunknownword.

OntheSpeakingsection,yourresponsetothequestionwillbemoreimpressiveifyoucorrectlyusethesevocabularywords,includingaccuratepronunciation.Youwillbejudgedonyouruseofgrammarandvocabulary,aswellasotherfactors,suchasdelivery.Furthermore,partsoftheSpeakingsectionrequireyoutoreadandunderstandapassage,forwhichvocabularyisessential.

OntheWritingsection,youwillagainhavetheluxuryofimpressingthegraderswithresponsesthatarerichinvocabulary.And,aswiththeSpeakingsection,youwillhavetoreadandunderstandpassages,whichmakelearningvocabularycrucial.

Asyoucansee,everysectionontheTOEFLisimpactedbyvocabulary.Therefore,masteringthesewords,theirdefinitions,andthewaysinwhichtheyareusedandpronounced,isanessentialstepinTOEFLpreparation.

How We chose these WordsWechosethe50wordsmostcommonlyseenontheTOEFL.Insomecases,thesearenotthehardestwordsthatyouwillfindontheTOEFL;thisisintentional.StudyingahardwordthatwasusedononlyoneTOEFLexamandmayneverbeusedagainwillnothelpyoutodobetteronthetest.Infact,youcanfindendlesslistsonlinethatcontainincrediblydifficultwordsthatappearedononlyoneTOEFLexam;however,youwillmostlikelynotseeanyofthesewordswhenyoutakethetest.Wewantyoutolearnwordsthatappearoften,sothatwhenyouseethem,youimmediatelyknowthem.Whybotherlearningwordsthatwontappearontheexam?Spendyourstudyingtimeandenergywisely.

Furthermore,whenthetestwritersuseanincrediblydifficultword,oftentheywilladditsdefinition(eitherinparenthesesorafteracomma).Ifyouhavethedefinitioninfrontofyou,thereisnoneedtomasterthewordaheadoftime.WhenETSdoesntdefinedifficultwords,theyarenotoftenincludedintheques-tionsandare,thus,unimportantfordoingwellontheexam.Therefore,studyingthoseendlesslistsofincrediblychallengingwordswillbeawasteofyourtimeasfarasdoingwellonthetestgoes.



Introduction 7

However,studyingmedium-levelwordsthathavebeenusedonmorethanoneTOEFL,andwillverylikelybeusedagain,willhelpyoudobetteronthetest.

Asyouflipthroughthisbook,youmaynoticethatsomeofthesemedium-levelwordslookfamiliar;youmayevenbelievethatyouknowthemeaning.However,beforecrossingoffthewordaslearned,youwillwanttobesurethatyoucandefinetheword,knowwhichpartofspeechitis,howtopronounceit,andhowtouseitinasentence.

Forinstance,youvemostlikelyseenthewordadvice.Butmakesurethatyouhavetrulymasteredit,andthatyouknowhowitdiffersfromthewordadvise.Thespellingisthesame,exceptforoneletter,butthepartsofspeechandthemeaningsaredifferent.

Trulymasteringeachwordinthisbook,nomatterhoweasysomemaylook,willmakeyoumorepreparedforallfoursectionsoftheTOEFLontestday.

Whatweresayingisthatifsomeofthewordsinthisbooksoundsimple,itsintentional.Notonlyarethesethewordsthatyouwillencounteronthetest,theyarealsotrickierthantheymayseem.Thoughtheymaysoundsimple,thesewordsareoftenunknowinglyusedincorrectlybytesttakers.

Wehavemadethedefinitionsasfundamentalaspossible:Theresnosenseinlearningawordifthedefinitionistoohardtounderstandandremember.Youcanfindmorecomplexdefinitionsinadictionary,butwefindthatthissimpleandstraightforwardapproachisbest,andthatitmakesthewordseasiertoremember.

Mostwordshavesecondandthirddefinitions.Forthewordsinthisbook,wepickedonedefinitionthedefinitionthatismostcommonlyusedontheTOEFL.Whileyoucanlearnadditionaldefinitionsbyreferencingadictionary,wehavesavedyoutime,becausethemaindefinitionsthatwepresentaretheonesyouwillneedtoknowforthetest.

Finally,mostwordshavemultipleforms;reducecanbereducing,reduced,andreduces.ThisbookpresentstheformsthataremostcommonlyfoundontheTOEFL.Ifreducedisrepeatedlyusedonthetest,wetestyouonthisformoftheword.




How to use this BookThisbookisdividedinto17chaptersofrelatedwords.Forexample,thechaptertitledChangeYourTuneisaboutwordsthathavetodowithchangingandbeingdifferent,whilethechaptertitledExpressYourselfisaboutwordsthatrelatetogivingyouropinionandwinninganargument.Eachchapterrepresentsonemanageablesetofwordsthatcanbelearnedasachunk.

Ifyoutrytomemorizeallofthesewordsinonesitting,itwontwork.Ittakestimetotransferknowledgefromyourshort-termmemorytoyourlong-termmemory,sotakeatleastthreetofourdaystoletyourmindabsorbthewordsbeforemovingontoanewchapter.Occasionally,comebacktochaptersyouvealreadyreadtotestyourmemoryandreviewthesewords.

Attheendofeachchapter,youwillfinddrillsthatquizyouoneverywordinthechapter.Afterdoingthedrills,youcanconsulttheanswerkeytocheckyourwork.

Somechaptershavedrillsthatwillhelpyoupracticeyourspeakingandwritingskills.Thesechapterswillaskyoutoansweraquestion(eitherbyspeakingorwriting)usingeverywordinthechapter.Whiletherearemanypossibleanswerstothesequestions,ananswerkeywithsampleresponseshasbeenprovidedforyou.Anotherwaytopracticeyourspeakingskillsistoreadthesampleresponsesaloud.Themoreyoupracticeusingthesewords,themoreconfidentyouarego-ingtofeelaboutthemontestday.

Manyofthechapterscontainillustrations,whichwillhelpyoutorememberthemeaningofthevocabularywordspresented.Wehopeyouwillfindsomeoftheseillustrationsamusing,whichwillfurtherhelpyoutoremembereachwordsconnotation.

Pleasenotethatbecauseofthewaythechaptersaredivided,theydonothavetobereadinorder.Youcanchoosethechapterthatyoufindmostappealingandstartthere!



Introduction 9

using notationsAswediscussedintheprevioussection,yourmissionistoreviewthesewordsuntilyouknowthembyheart.

Onedevicethatcanhelpyouidentifythewordsyouvemasteredandthewordsyoustillneedtolearnistheuseofnotations.Everytimeyouencounterawordinthisbook,youcanmakeamarktoindicateyourfamiliaritywithitspronunciation,itspartofspeech,anditsmeaning;allpartsareequallyimportant.Ifyouknowawordsmeaningbutcantpronounceit,thatwillaffectyourscoreontheSpeak-ingsection.Likewise,ifyouknowawordspartofspeechbutnotitsmeaning,youruntheriskofusingitincorrectlyandlosingpointsontheWritingsection.

So,toremindyourselfofyourfamiliaritywitheachofthesefactors,youcanmakemarksnexttoeachword.Forinstance:

meansWithoutadoubt,Iknowthepronunciation,partofspeech,andmeaning.

meansIdontknowthiswordoranyofitsotherparts. meansIknowoneortwothings,suchasthepronunciationorpartof

speech,butIdontknowotherparts.

Youcanconsiderthewordswithcheckmarksaswordsyouvemastered,andyoullonlyneedtoreviewthosewordsonceortwicebeforethetest.However,youllneedtocontinuetodrilltheothertwocategoriesuntiltheyfallintothecheckmarkcategory.Thisprocesswillsaveyoutimebecausethemajorityofyourstudyingwillberestrictedtothewordsthatyoustillneedtolearn.




PronunciationWedontusestandarddictionaryphoneticsinourWord Smart books,forthesimplereasonthatmanypeopledontunderstandphonetics.Instead,weuseamodifiedphoneticapproachthatwebelieveislargelyintuitive.Thepronuncia-tionkeybelowshouldclearupanyquestionsyoumayhaveabouthowtouseourpronunciationguide:

The letter(s) is (are) pronounced like the letter(s) in the word(s)

a a bat,can ah o con,on aw aw paw,straw ay a skate,rake e e stem,hem,err ee ea steam,clean i i rim,chin,hint ing ing sing,ring oh o row,tow oo oo room,boom ow ow cow,brow oy oy boy,toy u,uh u run,bun y(ye,eye) i climb,time ch ch chair,chin f f,ph film,phony g g go,goon j j join,jungle k c cool,cat s s solid,wisp sh sh shoe,wish z z zoo,razor zh s measure

Allotherconsonantsarepronouncedasyouwouldexpect.Capitalizedlettersarethepartofthewordthatyoupronouncewithemphasis,oraccent.



Introduction 11

other Ways to Boost Your VocabularyInadditiontoworkingwiththisbook,thereareotherwaysthatyoucanenhanceyourvocabularyonadailybasis;learningnewwordsandusingthemcorrectlywillbebeneficialtoyouoneverysectionoftheTOEFL(andinreallife!).

Herearesomeotherwaysyoucanboostyourvocabulary:

ReadmagazinessuchasTime, Discover, Entertainment Weekly, Sports Illustrated,andnewspaperssuchasUSA TodayorThe New York Times.Thiswillhelpyourcomprehensionaswellasyourvocabulary.

Watchtelevisionandlistentotheradio.Theseareenjoyablewaystolearnthelanguage!Almostanyshoworprogramwillbehelpful.

DoaquicksearchontheInternettofindanumberofhelpfulwebsiteswhicharedevotedtohelpingpeoplelearnEnglish.Youcanevenfindonlinedictionarieswithaudiothatwilldemonstratehowtopronouncenewwords.

Makeanefforttoengageinconversationusingwordsthatyouarestillintheprocessoflearning.Youcanevenchatwithpeopleonlinetotryoutyournewvocabulary.

Whenyouhearawordthatyoudontknow,writeitdownimmediately.Comebacktoitlateranddothreethings:(1) Lookupthewordinthedictionaryandwritedownonaflashcardits

pronunciation,partofspeech,anddefinition.() Makeasentenceusingthatword.() Continuetoreviewtheflashcarduntilyouknowallthepartsofyour

newwordandcanuseitinasentence.

What Is the Princeton review?ThePrincetonReviewisthepremiertest-preparationcompany;wepreparetensofthousandsofstudentseachyearfortestssuchastheTOEFL,SAT,GMAT,GRE,LSAT,andMCAT.AtThePrincetonReview,wespendcountlesshoursresearchingtestsandfiguringoutexactlyhowtocrackthem.Weofferstudentsproven,high-poweredstrategiesandtechniquesthathelpthembeatthetestsandachievetheirbestscores.

Inadditiontoourbooks,weofferbothliveclassroominstructionandonlinecourses.Ifyouwouldlikemoreinformationaboutourprograms,visitusatPrincetonReview.com.

IfyouarelookingforinformationonPrincetonReviewcoursesofferedoutsidetheUnitedStates,gotowww.princetonreview.com/international-locations.aspx.



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