woody biomass for biofuels (79013)

8/12/2019 Woody Biomass for Biofuels (79013)

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WoodyBiomassforBiofuels

Woody Biomass Workshop

Ukiah, CA

December 2, 2010

JohnR.Shelly,UCBerkeley

[email protected]

JohnShelly,Universityof CaliforniaatBerkeley,CooperativeExtension December 2,2010


2/22

12

8

10

lons

4

6

illionGa

0

2

B

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year

Source: Renewable Fuels Association 2010


3/22

Conversion Pathways

Combustion

Electricity

Biochemical

Anaerobic digestion Alcohol Other organic chemicals

Thermochemical Pyrolysis

Gasification

HeatElectricity

Bio-oil

Alcohol

Other organic chemicals


4/22

BiochemicalPotential

Softwoods Hardwoods

- -

Hemicellulose 25-29 25-35

Lignin 25-31 16-24

- -

Ash < 1 < 1


5/22

Solid Wood(chips,chunks,densified)

Charcoal Ligninresidues

Biooil(lowviscositytar)

Biodiesel

t ano t y a co o

Methanol(methylalcohol)

Biobutanol(butylalcohol)

Gaseous Producergas(syngas)


6/22

Biofuel Pathways

Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Product

Grains:

Corn, Wheat, Rice, etc.

Sugarbeet

Su arcane

Starch & Sugar

Fermentation (biochemical)Ethanol

(Butanol also possible)

Transesterification

(Physicochemical)

(fatty-acid alkyl-esters)

Compressed Biomethane

Plant oils, wastefats/oils,

(Algae, not yet commercial)

(renewable natural gas)

moisture:

food and processor

residues, manures, green

and mixed waste, landfill

and digester gas, etc. Hydrogen

Cellulosic Ethanol:

Hydrolysis (Enzymatic/Acid)followed by Sugar Fermentation

Fischer-Tropsch Liquids

(Hydrocarbons:Diesel/

Gasoline)

Methanol or mixed alcohols

Gasification

(with post processing)

Lignocellulosic matls.

Stover, cobs, straws,

etc. wood residue &

Energy crops:

Synthetic Natural Gas

(compressed)

Pyrolysis(Bio-Oils)

Hydrotreatment/Cracking

.,

rotation trees, etc.

. .,

Operations)


7/22

Competing Cellulosic Feedstocks for Biofuels

Cellulose Hemi-

Cellulose

Energy

Cont ent

(BTU/lb)

Yield

(tons/acre)

Bulk Den.

(kg/m3)

Conversion

ratio

-

grass,

Miscanthus 45 24 7,700 60 80 5

Corn Stover 35 25 7,300 40 < 1-1.2

Bagasse 40 22 7,500 60

Wood 42 25 8,000 10 450 0.8 - 1

ranspor a on cos s an energy convers on ra o are mp .


8/22

ConcentratedSulfuric

Acid

DiluteSulfuricAcid

DiluteNitricAcid

Enz matic

ThermalReduction/ChemicalConversion

Gasification Catal ticConversion FischerTro sch


9/22

H r l i F rm n i n Dilutenitricacidhydrolysis

eparatest e an car onsugars romt e

lignin

eas ermen a on

Convertssugars

to

alcohol

John Shelly, UC Berkeley Cooperative Extension Presented, Bioenery Conf.


10/22

W Bi m

E h n lHydrolysis

Gasoline

FermentationConcentrated or

E EE EWoodyBiomass

r

organisms

ac Dilute acid

Enzymeor

50%

Cellulose

G-G-G-G

Lignin

25% Distillation

SGSG

SGSG

EEEE

EEEES-S-S-S

Lignin

G = Glucose (a type of sugar)

S = Other sugars

Low-grade

steam Power PlantElectricityHeat

= anoModified from source slide supplied by USDOE

NREL


11/22

FirstGenerationBiofuel

Whatis

the

best

feedstock?

Corn

CornCellulose(stover)

Switchgrass

WoodyBiomass

Bagasse

Others?


12/22

Bio-oil tar, condensable liquids

(200 - 600 C)

(acidic, high oxygen content, high water content)

Char & Ash (Charcoal)

Heat


13/22

Producer gas (In excess of 600

oC)

Oxidant (air

or O2)

monoxide, carbon

dioxide, hydrogen,

and nitrogenChar & Ash

CharConversion

Char &

AshHeat

Ash & Exhaust Gases

CombustionHeat

SO2 ~ 0.15 lbs per million BTUNOx ~ 0.05 lbs per million BTUCO ~ 0.05 lbs per million BTUParticulates ~ 0.025 lbs per million BTU

Gasification -- Partial Oxidation (controlled amount of air or oxygen) to produce a combustible,

gaseous mixture (producer gas) of many compounds that can be used directly as a low BTU fuel gasor cleaned and used to produce higher value products (syngas).


14/22

CatalyticConversion of

Syngas

GasificationC, O, H

Producer gas

ar c ar

Syngas

Catalytic

-Ethanol


15/22

ThermochemicalProcessingCatalyticConversionOptionsCatalyticConversionOptions

Ni, Fe, Cu-Zn

ETHANOL,

MIXED ALCOHOLS

METHANOL, DME

Cu-Zn,

Cu-Co

Cu-ZnO

OLEFINS

FTL

LPG

NAPHTHA

KEROSENE/DIESELSYNGASNi

,

Cr2O3

Fe

Co/KUPGRADE

Producer

MeOH

Mixed Bases

Na, Ca

Cu-ZnO ZeoliteWAXES

GASOLINE

OXOCHEMICALS

e.g., KETONES

Ni/Mg

CaCN AMMONIA

SNG

Source: NREL


16/22

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Raw Material

CollectionEmissionsE

Transportation

E

Feedstock Prep.

Residue

E

Process Residue handlingE

Product E


17/22

Pyrolysis

Thermaldecompositionwithoutthepresenceofoxygen>Externalheating

Classifiedbytimeandtemperaturetreatment

.F).Optimizedforbiooilproduction,minimalcharandgasproduced

SlowPyrolysis[carbonization]:lowtemperature(400750F) longtime (30mins.todays).Biochar,ActivatedCarbon,Charcoal,TorrifiedBiomass.

PyrolysisChar

(biochar)Torrified ToTransport

To Soils??

Bio-oil

Pyrolysis

Biomass combustionor gasification

Upgrade to

gas


18/22

PROS CONS

Maturetec no ogy

(thinkvodka)

Notan ea

transportationfuel

ap a e o many

feedstocks

,

totransport)

withfoodresources


19/22

PROS CONS

Pro ucesaversat e ue

gasthat

can

be:

LowerBTUva uet an

naturalgas

or

LPG

combustedtoproduce

heat

g pro uc oncos s

(capitalandoperating)

Usedtosynthesizeother

chemicals

gasandmustbe

Loweremissions

than

combustion

uses

Charashma bea

disposalproblem


20/22

PROS CONS

Canpro uce

hydrocarbongases,

B oo s avea g

moisturecontent

and

a

,

product(e.g.charcoal)

chemicalsandarenot

ver

com atiblewith

propertiessimilarto

thatofcoalandcanbe

otherfueloils

Marketsforproducts

usedto

co

fire

coal

combustionunitsare

untested

Relativelylowcosts


21/22

EnergytoDeliver1millionBTU

fromSource

to

Vehicle

Fuel

Tank

Fuel TotalEnergy(BTU) FossilEnergy(BTU)Gasoline 240,000 240,000ETOH(cornstarch) 500,000 500,000

ETOH (corn

cellulose,stover)

1,230,000 230,000

ETOH

(herbaceous)

1,200,000 100,000

ETOH(Wood) 800,000

1,600,000100,000

Source: Argonne National Laboratory, 2001


22/22

AWoodScientistsOpinion

Theim ortanceo wood biomassasaraw

materialwill

increase

dramatically

through

the21st centur becomin thechoice or

manycarbonbasedmaterials,including

arto

the

solution

to

re lacin

ossil

uels

fortransportation.

Thechallengeremainstodoiteconomically

.

woody biomass for biofuels (79013)

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