wood vernaculer architecture
DESCRIPTION
wood ; venaculer architecture by khanTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SIKANDAR QURUSHIMUHAMMAD IQBALMUHAMMAD UMAR FAROOQ KHAN
GROUP MEMBERS
![Page 2: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Vernacular architectureUse of wood in vernacular architecture
![Page 3: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Latin word Vernaculus means domestic, native, indigenous.Vernacular architecture is a category of architecture based on localized needs and construction materials, and reflecting local traditions.
![Page 4: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Vernacular architecture is influenced by:Localized needsLocal construction materialLocal traditionsHence, varies from area to area
![Page 5: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Factors influencing vernacular architecture :•Topography •Climate •Materials and Resources •Users and lifestyle •Construction Technology •Culture and Traditions
![Page 6: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
There are 3 main types of timber: HARDWOOD SOFTWOODMANUFACTURED BOARD
TIMBER is the general name for wood materials.
![Page 7: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Wood
Can you name any types of wood?
pine, oak, ash, teak, mahogany, maple, sycamore, birch, beech, walnut, cherry, zebrawood, balsa…….
pine oak beech walnut maple zebrawood mahogany ash
![Page 8: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Can you think of words that describe wood? warm, smooth, strong, flexible, strong, hard, soft, rough, ….
![Page 9: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hardwood
This type of timber is produced from broad leaf trees that lose their leaves in winter – a deciduous tree. Uses - Oak is a hardwood and is used to make expensive furniture/flooring and strong framed structures.
Model aircraft made from balsa
![Page 11: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
This type of timber is produced from trees that do not lose their leaves
Leaves are easily identified as being thin and narrow.
Softwood trees grow much quicker than the hardwood ones, they are therefore cheaper to buy and far more available. Softwood is used for construction of houses and furniture, and outdoor uses such as fencing.
Softwood
![Page 13: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Uses of soft woods
furniture
building construction
packaging
![Page 14: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
These are manmade boards, which are made by gluing wood layers or wood fibers together.
Manufactured board
Plywood is a widely used manufactured timber.
![Page 15: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
LAYER IT …
CARVE IT…
BEND IT …..
you can ……
![Page 16: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Why Specify Wood?
Reasons to Specify: Cost Availability Ease of construction Thermal performance Aesthetics Design versatility
![Page 17: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Can be used in:
Single- and multi-story residential Schools Offices Industrial facilities Recreational centers Arenas
![Page 18: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Design Flexibility
Light weight Workability Adaptable in field Well suited to additions and retrofits Can be dismantled and materials used elsewhere
![Page 19: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
HIMACHAL PRADESH
![Page 20: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
When we say Indigenous architecture, what do we mean? •Dwellings and structures that have responded to the topography and local climate of the region •They have been built using locally available resources •They have emerged out of hard necessities of the place and the lifestyle •They are built by user themselves without professional architects •They represent a far less degree of specialization •They are dwellings that are a product of traditional customs and practices
![Page 21: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
In the Satluj valley region, the typical house consists of stone and timber walls, constructed in what is known as Kath-Kona style, an indigenous style of construction,
In some parts of Himachal Pradesh, there is a popular use of the Dhajji wall construction
![Page 22: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Kath-khuni An empirical building technique of Himachal Pradesh
![Page 23: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A typical house in Himachal Pradesh is built using kath-khuni construction technique and is usually two or three storey high. The lower floor is for the cattle and the upper floors are for residing, storing, and kitchen
Examples of kath-khuni houses
![Page 24: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Examples of kath-khuni temples
![Page 25: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Foundation and plinth Stone plinth is filled up to a meter from the ground level and higher in case of tower temples. The depth of the trench is relative to the height of the structure. For a two storey house, the depth is 0.6 to 1 meter and incase of tower temple it may be as deep as 3 meters.
![Page 26: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2. Wall (Wood-and-stone walls) The walls are constructed with alternate courses of dry masonry and wood without any cementing mortar
![Page 27: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Typical Kath-khuni wall junction Detail showing layering of wood and stone including a truncated pyramid shaped corner stone to protect the wood
![Page 29: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Two parallel crossbeams held together by a dovetailed member & Carpenter fixing a wooden log in the wall construction in Devidhar
Wall construction Dry masonry wood-and-stone wall of a temple construction in Devidhar .
![Page 30: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Wall punctures Windows are provided in walls with solid plank shutters on all four sides and are usually very small. The same window has rhythmic floral carvings on the outer face with a small opening
![Page 31: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Wall storage units A typical wall storage unit is fixed in the peripheral wall and flushes within the wall thickness.
![Page 32: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Projecting wooden balconies A typical two storey house with a cantilevered balcony on the top floor. The wooden members supporting the balcony rest on the wall.
![Page 34: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Projecting wooden balcony All the vertical posts are connected through a horizontal member on top, on which sit the perpendicular members (connected with a lap joint) projecting from a wall
![Page 35: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Projecting wooden balconies
![Page 36: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ROOF The roof structure is constructed out of wooden beams followed by purlins and rafters, topped with slate or wooden shingles
![Page 37: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
STRUCTURE
Load Bearing Bhattar Wall ( Bhattar Means Filling of Stone or Brick) Kath Kundi or Kona (Kath means wood and Kona means corner) Without cement mortar
![Page 40: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
FOUNDATION Stone Foundation In past Reinforcement of timber Beam and It was dry.
![Page 41: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
WALLS Beams (bhatar) in the walls act as ‘seismic bands’.(Himachal comes under Earthquake Zone – 4 & 5) All walls are connected to each other through stone masonry and timber beams
![Page 42: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ROOF
Sloping - Wooden Protects Dead load by falling down snow. Projects less load to the base structure of bhattar Roof frame binds all walls together
![Page 43: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
OPENINGS
Small ( Max 3’0” wide) Height ( Max 6’0”) a bigger window, the beams go through the window.
![Page 44: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
FLOORING AND FLOOR
Wooden Structure for I floor
![Page 45: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Wood - the forests of the deodar wood and other mixed forests were easily available. Wood is used to impart stability to tall structures
![Page 46: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
KASHMIR VALLEY
![Page 47: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
SETTLEMENT
Permanent Dhajji House
Semi permanent Donga( House Boat
Temporary Kacchi Huts
![Page 48: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Permanent Structure Dhajji House
![Page 49: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
‘DHAJJ’ MEANS ‘PATCHWORK QUILT’
![Page 50: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
A Dhajji house is a patchwork of timber and stone
DHAJJI CONSTRUCTIONFor one and two storey earthquake resistant houses
![Page 51: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Dhajji Walls Load Bearing Structure
![Page 52: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Why is a Dhajji wall strong? In a usual house, an earthquake first makes: • ONE BIG crack, •then TWO BIG cracks, • then the walls fall out
![Page 53: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Small panels distribute the energy evenly In a Dhajji house, there are: many SMALL cracks, and only small parts fall out. BUT THE WALLS REMAIN
![Page 54: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
A Dhajji wall is strong because:
The small panels distribute the earthquake energy evenly. The friction between all the small elements and their in-fills breaks down the energy. There may be a lot of small cracks which are not dangerous. But large destructive cracks become very rare.
![Page 55: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Dasa (plinth beam)
Anchoring the Dasa to the foundationProtecting the Dasa against water and insects
![Page 56: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Wall Finish
Mud Plaster - Cow dung Plaster - Whitewash
![Page 57: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
OPENINGS
Less openings Maximum 3’0” opening span Mainly in south and South-west Directions
![Page 58: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Material
Deodar Wood imparts stability to tall structures insect and termite resistant even when untreated, can
withstand long periods of weather corrosion.
It is used in making posts, beams, window and door frames, shutters, roofs etc.
![Page 59: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
sheet roofing on timber and stone masonry wall
Thatch roofing on timber and burnt brick masonry wallsheet roofing on stone masonry and timber wall
sheet roofing on timber and burnt brick masonry wall
![Page 62: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
House with timber balconies and two sided pitched roof
Taaq type construction
Unbaked brick wall with timber element
![Page 63: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Taq construction in Kashmir The typical ladder bands of timber runners and crosspieces embedded in masonry walls in traditional taq construction at floor level and at the window lintel levels
![Page 64: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Bhatar construction in Pakistan Bhatar is a pashtoo word for beam. Wood is the main structural member and the crosspieces tying the parallel wooden beams shows the characteristic bhatar construction. Source:
![Page 65: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Temporary House Boat ( Donga)
![Page 66: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
HOUSE BOAT Donga
Well planned Fully Wooden Delicate Kashmiri Wooden carving Modern Resources Streamlined body
![Page 67: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Vertical members (‘shear keys’) attached to the outer façade to prevent out-of-plane failure of the walls.
![Page 70: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Ladders made of a single trunk used foraccess to upper floors
![Page 71: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
houses in Trabzon turkeyvernacular architecture eastern black sea region in turkey
![Page 72: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Building materials Wood and stone are the major and common traditional building materialsWood issued for walls (bearing, strut, filler, partition walls and coating),floors (Beam and coating),frames (doors, windows and balcony balustrades), roofs (all roof structures and covers), furniture (every kind of furniture). The common usage in building construction: wood: roofs,
![Page 73: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Use of wood in vernacular architecture in the ruler areas of Nepal Now mostly wood used for construction in hilly areas because it is easily locally available in hilly areas which fulfill the purpose of vernacular Architecture
![Page 76: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The vernacular architecture of wood draws on environmental and cultural sources to create unique designs
In the Carpathian Mountains near Ukraine , Slovakia and the surrounding foothills, wood and clay are the primary traditional building materials.
![Page 77: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Cator And Cribbage Construction OfNorthern Pakistan
![Page 78: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Timber lacing for strengthening wallsThe use of timber lacing is perhaps first described by emperor Julius Caesar, as A technique used by the celts in the walls of their fortifications.
![Page 79: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Altit Fort Tower, Hunza, Showing ‘Cator And Cribbage’ ConstructionThe Shikari Tower Is Around 1100 Years Old
![Page 81: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Use of wood in vernacular Architecture of Ziarat Baluchistan (PAKISTAN)
As ziarat is famous for junipers forest in the early time and even today local people use juniper wood for local construction
![Page 83: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Use of wood in hilly areas of Pakistan
![Page 84: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
TEMPLES
![Page 85: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
THE PALACES
![Page 86: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
GRANARY – A SHARED STORAGE
![Page 87: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
CLASSICAL WOODCARVING, LAKSHANA DEVI TEMPLE, BHARMAUR VILLAGE.
![Page 89: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
SOME FAMOUS WORDS ON VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE BY SOME FAMOUS PEOPLE
![Page 90: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
"Folk building growing in response to actual needs, fitted into environment by people who knew no better than to fit them with native feeling" FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
![Page 91: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
It is the architecture of the people, and by the people, but not for the people.” PAUL OLIVER defines in his book „Dwellings,‟
![Page 92: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
“It is a building designed by an amateur without any training in design………… The function of the building would be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to some small degree, being quite minimal…………… Local materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being chosen and imported quite exceptionally” RONALD BRUNSKILL
![Page 93: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
History
In 24 BC, the Roman emperor Egnatius Rufus The department was composed of 600 slaves. They were stationed
around the city to watch for and extinguish fires
![Page 94: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Conclusion
• Vernacular structures - by empirical builders without the intervention of professional architects
• In vernacular architecture - culture and climate play a vital role
![Page 95: wood Vernaculer architecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/554e016bb4c90597278b4b2a/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
REFERENCES
LINKOGRAPHY:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CijcaA9yq58/TO_EfE03HhI/AAAAAAAAIHg/NSo3geqzeYY/s1600/Mies%253B%2BBarcelon %2Bpavilion%2Bin%2B1929.jpg http://