wonders of the sky 2009 day sky
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Wonders of the Sky
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Light & Color Classic
• M. Minnaert’s classic Light and Color in the Outdoors work is a comprehensive discussion of atmospheric optical phenomena
• Inspiration for these lessons
http://www.amazon.com/Light-Color-Outdoors/dp/0387979352
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Wonders of the Day Sky
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Blue Sky
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Blue Sky Factors
• Factors effecting how blue the sky is– Cleanliness of air, amount of dust or pollution– Observer’s altitude– Water vapor content of air (humidity)
• The bluest sky would be under dry, clean, unpolluted air on a high mountain
• The air is bluest at an angle of 90° (right angle) from the sun-termed polarization band
• The sky at night is also blue, revealed by photography
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Blue Sky at Night
http://hiidenkontti.net/hpl/photos/misc/0101-a02.jpg
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Night Moves
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Grand Canyon in Moonlight
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Van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889
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Rainbow and Antisolar Point
• Rainbows are visible in a band opposite the sun’s position (antisolar point)
• The sun must be at most 42° above the horizon for a rainbow to be visible
• Created by reflection of sunlight by water droplets
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Rainbow Phenomena
http://www.hmi.de/bereiche/info/dualismus/images/Hawaii_Rainbow.jpg
Primary rainbow
Secondary rainbow
Alexander’s dark band
Note that the color order of
each rainbow is reversed, red faces
each other
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Rainbows
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Missouri Rainbow
http://www.missouriskies.org/rainbow/february_rainbow_2006.html
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Supernumerary Bands
• Supernumerary arcs are purple and green bands on the inside of the primary rainbow
• These are colors beyond the regular ROYGBV colors
The arrow indicates supernumerary colors
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Rare Moonbow
http://homepage3.nifty.com/justin/diary/img_diary/Moonbow.JPG
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Moonbow and Dipper
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Fogbow
http://www.jimcline.com/whales/fogbow001_std.jpg
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Halos
• The most common halo is a ring of light 22° from the sun or moon, the 22° halo
• Sundogs, or parhelia, appear as bright spots near the 22° halo on either side of the sun
• Created by ice crystals high overhead Caution: Never look directly
at the sun!
22° Halo
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Halo and Sundogs
http://www2.und.edu/our/photo/images/campusscenes/campusscenes1107789753_large.jpg
Sundogs are bright patches on either side of the halo
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22° halo
http://www.spaceweather.com/swpod2006/10feb06/levesque1.jpg
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Lunar Halo
http://www.spaceweather.com/swpod2006/11jan06/bush.jpg
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Circumzenithal Arc
• The circumzenithal arc is a rainbow-like arc that partially circles the overhead point (zenith)
• Compared to the rainbow, the CA resembles a smile
Have a nice day!
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Circumzenithal Arc
http://www.livingwilderness.com/patterns/czarc.jpg
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Smile in the Sky
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Parhelic Circle
• The parhelic circle is a horizontal arc passing through the sun and running parallel to the horizon around the sky
• This photo shows the entire sky in one view
Parhelic circle
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Panorama
Parhelic circle
22-Degree Halo
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Halo Phenomena
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/imgatm/halo.gif
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Pillars
• A low sun often shows a pillar of light reflected from ice crystals—a sun pillar
• Pillars are also visible above streetlights
http://www.acme.com/jef/photos/04nov2003_sun_pillar/mvc-6382r.jpg
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Streetlight Pillars
http://www.spaceweather.com/swpod2006/20feb06/Gavan1.jpg
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Bremen Sun Pillar
• Katie Laudeman
• Winter, 2008
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Coronas
• The corona is a small, circular glow that appears to surround the moon (right) or sun
• Can be white or colored rings
• Created by water droplets, ice crystals, or pollen grains
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Pollen Corona
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Iridescent Clouds
http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/class/iredsnce.html
•The colors of iridescent clouds are similar to the corona
•Iridescence is often visible in clouds positioned near the sun
•Use sunglasses
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Iridescent Cloud
http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/class/iredsnce.html
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Glory
• The glory is an effect similar to a corona
• The glory resembles colored rings that surround the point opposite of the sun (antisolar)
• Glories are best seen from aircraft flying over clouds
• The shadow of the plane can be surrounded by colored rings
• When a person’s shadow displays a glory, it is termed the spectre of the brocken
Look for a glory when flying
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Glory on Cloudtops
http://www.eurastro.de/missions/anta03/GIS50A.JPG
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Glory
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Specter of the Brocken
http://www.walkingbritain.co.uk/gallery/visitors/images/p043.jpg
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Heiligenschein
• A form of glory named the heiligenschein can be often seen as a glow of light around the shadow of an observer’s head
• The heiligenschein is visible in wet or dewy grass (and even on the moon!)
http://home.arcor.de/alexander.wuensche/media/astro/tau_opp/heiligenschein_2004apr21.jpg
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Apollo 14 Heiligenschein
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Bishop’s Ring
• The Bishop’s Ring is a rare corona that is visible after a large volcanic eruptions
• Volcanic gas and dust injected into the atmosphere creates the Bishop’s Ring
Bishop’s Ring following the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, 1992
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Concentric Rings•Concentric rings are produced by wet or icy branches
•The rings can be viewed with a light source shining from behind (sun, streetlight) the branches
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Dappled Light• Dappled light is visible
beneath trees• The tiny spaces between
leaves form pinhole cameras producing thousands of overlapping images of the sun’s disk upon the ground beneath the tree
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Camera Halos
• Visible often in movies, camera halos are created by light scattered from the individual lenses inside a camera
• Decorative, but not natural
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Daytime Sightings
• The moon is often visible during the day
• Most of the moon’s waxing phases (between new and full moon) can be seen in daylight
• Venus is visible during the day when it is positioned away from the sun
• Computerized telescopes can be used to find bright stars and planets during the day The First Quarter moon is
visible in daylight and rises around noon
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Daytime Moon, Venus
http://www.labteq.net/darkfire_observatory/images/sso/slides/Daytime%20Moon%20and%20Venus.jpg
Venus lies below the moon in this image
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Venus by Day, Telescope
http://hea-www.harvard.edu/hrc.ARCHIVE/2004/2004104.000000-2004104.240000/SpaceWeather/index.html
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Late-Day Moon
The moon’s phase in this
image is waxing
gibbous
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Contrails
• Contrails: Short for “condensation trails”
• An artificial cloud produced by aircraft exhaust
• Exhaust provides water vapor condensation nuclei for water droplet formation
• Useful for judging humidity
• Contrails are short-lived in dry air, long-lived in humid air
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Contrail Clutter
•NASA satellite image, Oct 2004
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Contrail Shadow
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Odd Clouds: Mammatus
• Sagging, pouchlike structure
• Represents a cloud that formed in sinking air
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Mammatus Clouds
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Virga
• Virga represents a streaklike form of precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground
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Clouds Trailing Virga