with Heidi Rivers Marshall,

MFA

Introduction to 6th Edition APA: Citations and References

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The 6th Edition

• Was released in July, 2009

• About 100 pages shorter; easier to navigate

• Reorganized into eight chapters.

• Most changes are cosmetic (spacing and so forth)

• Expanded reference examples for electronic sources

• New students as of September 2009 who are in programs that require the full APA manual will follow APA 6th ed. in foundations courses.

• Most other courses (with the exceptions of MSN and MSEd) will be changed to reflect the requirements of the 6th ed. by December 2009 (for students in quarter-based programs) and January 2010 (for students in semester-based programs). – Contact your program chair for more information on which version you should

use over the next academic year

The 6th Edition: VPAA Policies

• Students working on capstones with an approved proposal as of December 31, 2009, may stick with the 5th edition.

• Otherwise, students should abide by 6th edition templates.

• The Walden Writing Center will post documents showing differences, along with revised templates, in early fall 2009 (many have already been posted).

The 6th Edition: VPAA Policies

APA Refresher

• Over the next few slides, we will– Review APA citation format– Review how and when to cite a source– Review APA reference format– Review APA style rules– Point out differences between the 5th and 6th

edition in all of the above

Citation Format

There are two ways to cite a source in the text of a sentence:

You can use a parenthetical citation: There are not many changes between the 5th and 6th editions of the APA Publication Manual (Rivers, 2009).

Or, you can use an in-text citation: Rivers (2009) indicated that there are not many changes between the 5th and 6th editions of the APA Publication Manual.

The latter is preferred because it demonstrates a higher level of involvement with the literature

Citation FormatSource with one author

Parenthetical: (Sinatra, 2007)

In-text: Sinatra (2007)

Source with two authors

Parenthetical: (Sinatra & Garland, 2007)

In-text: Sinatra and Garland (2007)

Source with three to five authors

First parenthetical: (Sinatra, Garland, & Fitzgerald, 2007)

Second and subsequent parenthetical: (Sinatra et al., 2007)

First in-text: Sinatra, Garland, and Fitzgerald (2007)

Second and subsequent in-text: Sinatra et al. (2007)

Source with six or more authors

Parenthetical: (Sinatra et al., 2007)

In-text: Sinatra et al. (2007)

.

There is a table (Table 6.1) in the 6th edition manual that demonstrates all variations of citation.

There are some variations on multi-author source citations if you have more than one source by the same authors. Check pp. 208-209 in the 5th edition and pp. 175-176 in the 6th edition.

Citation FormatPersonal communication

Parenthetical: (H. R. Marshall, personal communication, September 17, 2009)

In-text: H. R. Marshall (personal communication, September 17, 2009)

Secondary source material

Parenthetical: (Marshall, as cited in Cook, 2009)

In-Text: Marshall (as cited in Cook, 2009)

Attributing an assertion to multiple sources

Parenthetical: (Paiste, 2004; Sabian, 2005; Zildjian, 2001)

alphabetical (as they appear in reference list) and separated by semicolons

In-text: Paiste (2004), Sabian (2005), and Zildjian (2001)

Multiple sources with same author and year

Parenthetical: (Marshall, 2009a)…(Marshall, 2009b)…(Marshall, 2009c)

In-text: Marshall (2009a)…Marshall (2009b)…Marshall (2009c)

Citation Format

• Notice that we have not yet come across differences between the 5th and 6th edition!

• In other words, you do not have to re-learn how to cite sources in your paper.

• With these few exceptions:

Citation Format: 6th Edition Changes

Per APA (2010), if the first citation in the paragraph is in-text, as it is here, then subsequent in-text citations within this same paragraph do not need to carry a year. However, all parenthetical citations do (APA, 2010). The rule as APA described it is a bit different if the first citation of the paragraph is a parenthetical citation, as is demonstrated on the next slide.

Citation Format: 6th Edition Changes

If the first citation in the paragraph is a parenthetical citation, as it is here, then the first in-text citation must carry a year (APA, 2010). APA (2010) also indicated that all parenthetical citations with a paragraph, regardless of the number of previous citations within that paragraph, must carry a year. There are no exceptions to this rule (APA, 2010). In addition, APA has provided new guidelines for how often to cite a source in a paragraph, as is demonstrated on the next slide.

Citation Format: 6th Edition Changes

Per the 6th edition Publication Manual, referents such as “the authors said” or “the same author indicated” are no longer sufficient ways to cite a source. If the assertion you make does not refer to the author by name, you must provide a parenthetical citation. For example:Marshall (2009) indicated that proper APA enhances a

paper’s scholarly tone. The author also indicated that APA is easy to use if students familiarize themselves with the manual (Marshall, 2009).

Citation Format: 6th Edition Changes

When citing a direct quote, you need to cite the page or paragraph number for where that quote appears in the original source.

Now, APA no longer accepts the use of a paragraph symbol (¶). Instead, use the abbreviation for the word paragraph:

(Jones, 2009, para. 6)

Citation Format: 6th Edition Changes

If citing two different authors with the same surname, use the authors’ first initial:

M. King (2005) and W. King (2007) discovered King is a more common

last name than typically thought.

Reference FormatBook

Marshall, H. (2009). Best book ever. New York, NY: Publisher House.

Chapter in an edited book

Timmerman, B. (2009). Best chapter ever. In H. Marshall (Ed.), Best book ever (pp. 14-27). New York, NY: Publisher House.

Per 6th Edition, include the state abbreviation in ALL cases, even for

well known cities

Reference Format

.

Journal Article

Marshall, H. (2009). Best article ever composed. Journal of Good Things, 6(2), 199-207. doi:10.123456789

If there is no DOI:

The next preferred option is to reference the journal’s homepage:Marshall, H. (2009). Best article ever composed. Journal of Good Things, 6(2), 199-

207. Retrieved from http://www.journalofgoodthings.com

If you cannot locate the journal’s homepage, the last option is to reference the database homepagr:Marshall, H. (2009). Best article ever composed. Journal of Good Things, 6(2), 199-

207. Retrieved http://www.ebscomost.com

Reference FormatPer the 6th edition, include the issue

number if the journal is paginated separately by issue. If the journal is not paginated separately by issue, then do not include the issue number:

Marshall, H. (2009). Best article ever composed. Journal of Good Things, 6, 1099-1107. doi:10.123456789

Reference Format

.

A source with seven or more authors

5th edition (up to & including six, abbreviate the rest):

Timmerman, B., Cook, A. Patterson, J., Wold, K., Marshall, H., King, M., et al. (2009).

6th edition (up to & including seven; if eight or more, include six, insert ellipses, and include last):

Timmerman, B., Cook, A. Patterson, J., Wold, K., Marshall, H., King, M., & Walsh, L. (2009).

Timmerman, B., Cook, A. Patterson, J., Wold, K., Marshall, H., King, M., … Brown, M. (2009).

Reference FormatOther electronic material

Report from an organization

Cook, A. (2008). The effect of war on graduate students in the military (Report 601). Retrieved from The Organization For World Peace website: http://www...

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Treating warts. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/...

Reference Format

DO NOT USE WIKIPEDIA

Per APA 6th edition, “Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time

(e.g., Wikis).”

In general, you will only need a retrieval date if you are referencing text from the web page rather than from an archived report or pdf. There are few cases, if any, in which such text would be considered a scholarly source, so reference website text sparingly.

APA Style Rules

Past tense

Use the past tense when discussing the literature that you

read:

Percy (1935) found

Mathieu (1955) argued

Korrapati (1975) wrote

Lynch (1995) discussed

APA Style RulesCommasUse commas to:Separate elements in a series of three or more (serial comma)

Lions, tigers, and bears

Set off nonessential information

the girl, who was a red head, ate all of my cookies

Separate two independent clauses joined by a conjunction

Jamie went to the grocery store, and she bought dinner.

APA Style Rules

HyphenationIn general, words with prefixes such as non, semi, pre,

post, anti, multi, and inter are not hyphenated: pretest, posttest, antibiotic, antisocial, nonprofit, semipro, multiphased, subsample

All self- compounds are hyphenated: self-esteem, self-efficacy

Proper nouns ending in s have an ’s added: Rogers’s

APA Style Rules

Students love block quotations because they fill up a

paper. Sometimes they have not even read the entire

quote themselves. If they use too many their professors

might not give them the credit as writers and

researchers that they deserve. (p. 4)

Zuckerman (2008) advises against the use of block quotes in academic writing. In fact, Zuckerman indicated:

Per 6th Edition, Double Space Block Quotes

APA Style Rules

Headings

In the 5th edition, the heading hierarchy is as follows:

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW [L5]

History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]

Oranges at a Glance [L2]

Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L3]

Why there are no more apples. [L4]

APA Style Rules

6th Edition Headings

Note that the concept of hierarchy is still the same; they are only cosmetically different

Oranges as Indicators for Progress [Title of Paper]

History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]

Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L2]

Why apples didn’t work. [L3]

Dependable cheap labor. [L4]

Union busting in sunny Florida. [L5]

APA Style Rules

NumbersExpress numbers 10 and above as numerals.Express numbers nine and lower as words

Differences are in the exceptions

APA Style Rules

5th edition: Use figures to represent statistical or mathematical functions, percentages, time, dates, age, population size, number subjects/participants, scores, points on a scale, money

in about 3 years 6-year-olds2 weeks ago 3 participants1 hr 12 min $5at 7:00 p.m. 75%

APA Style Rules

6th edition: Use figures to represent statistical or mathematical functions, percentages, time, dates, age, population size, scores, points on a scale, money

No longer need to express number of subjects/participants as figure if there are fewer than nine (six students participated)

Now will express approximate numbers of days, months, and years as a words if they are less than nine (about three years old)

5th Edition SeriationThe three preferred food choices of State Fair goers are

(a) chocolate chip cookies, (b) bacon on a stick, and (c) deep-fried cheese curds (Timmerman, 2009).

Timmerman (2009) concluded State Fair goers:

1. Consume more calories than they burn.

2. Regularly suffer severe sun burns.

3. Prefer bacon on a stick to chocolate-covered bacon.

APA Style Rules

6th Edition Seriation; Use bullet points when you do not need to imply a specific order

Timmerman (2009) indicated that the preferred food choices of State Fair goers are

• chocolate chip cookies,

• bacon on a stick, and

• deep-fried cheese curds.

APA Style Rules

APA Style Rules

Greater emphasis on this rule in the 6th edition:Third person. To avoid ambiguity, use a personal pronoun rather than the third person when describing steps taken in your experiment.Correct for one author:I reviewed the literature.Correct for more than one author:We reviewed the literatureIncorrect: This author reviewed the literature.These authors reviewed the literature.

APA Style Rules

• Do not capitalize the names of models or theories (theory of learned behavior).

• Do not capitalize the names of disorders or diseases (bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], multiple sclerosis)

• Express the word website as one word, lowercase

• Use two spaces after the final punctuation mark at the end of a sentence

• Double space the reference list

• Include the running head on every page in the location of the former page header. Running head is flush left and page number is flush right.

• Limit your use of the pronoun we to refer only to yourself and the coauthor(s) of a paper

THE END

Questions?