wisconsin - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

State of Wisconsin

Flag Seal

Nickname(s): Badger State; America's Dairyland

Motto(s): Forward

Officiallanguage

English (de facto)

Demonym Wisconsinite

Capital Madison

Largest city Milwaukee

Largest metro Milwaukee metropolitan area

Area Ranked 23rd

- Total 65,497.82 sq mi

(169,639 km2)

- Width 260 miles (420 km)

- Length 310 miles (500 km)

- % water 17

- Latitude 42° 30' N to 47° 05′ N

- Longitude 86° 46′ W to 92° 53′ W

Population Ranked 20th

- Total 5,726,398 (2012 est)[1]

- Density 105/sq mi (40.6/km2)Ranked 23rd

- Medianhouseholdincome

$47,220 (15th)

Elevation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the state. For the river, see Wisconsin River. See also Wisconsin (disambiguation) and WI(disambiguation).

Wisconsin i/wɪsˈkɒnsən/ is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions.It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest,Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to thenortheast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rdstate by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capitalis Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, which is locatedon the western shore of Lake Michigan. The state comprises 72counties.

Wisconsin's geography is diverse, with the Northern Highlandand Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plainoccupying the western part of the state and lowlands stretchingto the shore of Lake Michigan. Wisconsin is second toMichigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline.

Wisconsin is known as "America's Dairyland" because it is oneof the nation's leading dairy producers, particularly famous forcheese. Manufacturing and tourism are also major contributorsto the state's economy.

1 Etymology

2 History

3 Geography

3.1 Climate

4 Demographics

4.1 Religion

4.2 Crime

5 Government

5.1 Executive

5.2 Legislative

5.3 Judicial

5.4 Federal

5.5 Taxes

6 Politics

6.1 Lawmakers in Wisconsin

Coordinates: 44.5°N 89.5°W

Wisconsin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin

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- Highest point Timms Hill[2][3]

1,951 ft (595 m)

- Mean 1,050 ft (320 m)

- Lowest point Lake Michigan[2][3]

579 ft (176 m)

Beforestatehood

Wisconsin Territory

Admission toUnion

May 29, 1848 (30th)

Governor Scott Walker (R)

LieutenantGovernor

Rebecca Kleefisch (R)

Legislature Wisconsin Legislature

- Upper house Senate

- Lower house State Assembly

U.S. Senators Ron Johnson (R)Tammy Baldwin (D)

U.S. Housedelegation

5 Republicans, 3 Democrats(list)

Time zone Central: UTC −6/−5

Abbreviations WI, Wis. US-WI

Website www.wisconsin.gov(http://www.wisconsin.gov)

7 Economy

7.1 Agriculture

7.2 Manufacturing

7.3 Consumer goods

7.4 Tourism

7.5 Film industry

7.6 Energy

8 Transportation

9 Important municipalities

10 Education

11 Culture

11.1 Art

11.2 Music

11.3 Alcohol and Wisconsin culture

12 Recreation

13 Sports

14 See also

15 References

16 Further reading

17 External links

The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking

American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact.[4] French explorer JacquesMarquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing

in his journal.[5] This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time thisbecame the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized thespelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The

current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.[6]

The Algonquian word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, butmost implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks. One leading theory holds that the nameoriginated from the Miami word Meskonsing, meaning "it lies red," a reference to the setting of the Wisconsin

River as it flows through the reddish sandstone of the Wisconsin Dells.[7] Other theories include claims that thename originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning "red stone place," "where the waters gather," or

"great rock."[8]


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Wisconsin in 1718, Guillaume de L'Isle map,

approximate state area highlighted.

Jean Nicolet, depicted in a 1910

painting by Frank Rohrbeck, was

probably the first European to explore

Wisconsin. The mural is located in

the Brown County Courthouse in

Green Bay.

Main article: History of Wisconsin

Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures overthe past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation. These earlyinhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice ageanimals exemplified by the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoricmastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in

southwest Wisconsin.[9] After the ice age ended around 8000BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived byhunting, fishing, and gathering food from wild plants.Agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodlandperiod between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of thisperiod, Wisconsin was the heartland of the "Effigy Moundculture", which built thousands of animal-shaped mounds

across the landscape.[10] Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE,the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial

settlements including the fortified village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin.[11] The Oneota may be the ancestorsof the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of

European contact.[12] Other American Indian groups living in Wisconsin when Europeans first settled includedthe Ojibwa, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, and Pottawatomie, who migrated to Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and

1700.[13]

The first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably theFrench explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay throughthe Great Lakes in 1634, and it is traditionally assumed that he came

ashore near Green Bay at Red Banks.[14] Pierre Radisson and Médard desGroseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay

in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local American Indians.[15]

In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record ajourney on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi

River near Prairie du Chien.[16] Frenchmen like Nicholas Perrot continuedto ply the fur trade across Wisconsin through the 17th and 18th centuries,but the French made no permanent settlements in Wisconsin before GreatBritain won control of the region following the French and Indian War in1763. Even so, French traders continued to work in the region after thewar, and some, beginning with Charles de Langlade in 1764, now settled

in Wisconsin permanently rather than returning to British-controlled Canada.[17]

Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the United States in 1783 after the American Revolutionary War.However, the British remained in control until after the War of 1812, the outcome of which finally established an

American presence in the area.[18] Under American control, the economy of the territory shifted from fur tradingto lead mining. The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from throughout the U.S. and Europe to thelead deposits located at Mineral Point, Wisconsin, Dodgeville, Wisconsin, and nearby areas. Some miners foundshelter in the holes they had dug and earned the nickname "badgers," leading to Wisconsin's identity as the

"Badger State."[19] The sudden influx of white miners prompted tension with the local Native Americanpopulation. The Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832 led to the forced removal of American

Indians from most parts of the state.[20] Following these conflicts, Wisconsin Territory was organized in 1836.


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The Little White Schoolhouse in

Ripon, Wisconsin, held the nation's

first meeting of the Republican Party

Drawing of Industrial Milwaukee in 1882

The Daniel E. Krause Stone Barn in

Chase, Wisconsin was built in 1903

as dairy farming spread across the

state

Continued white settlement led to statehood in 1848.

Politics in early Wisconsin were defined by the greater national debateover slavery. A free state from its foundation, Wisconsin became a centerof northern abolitionism. The debate became especially intense in 1854after Joshua Glover, a runaway slave from Missouri, was captured inRacine. Glover was taken into custody under the Federal Fugitive SlaveLaw, but a mob of abolitionists stormed the prison where Glover was heldand helped him escape to Canada. In a trial stemming from the incident,the Wisconsin Supreme Court ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law

unconstitutional.[21] The Republican Party, founded on March 20, 1854, byanti-slavery expansion activists in Ripon, Wisconsin, grew to dominate

state politics in the aftermath of these events.[22] During the Civil War,

around 91,000 troops from Wisconsin fought for the Union.[23]

Wisconsin's economy also diversified during the earlyyears of statehood. While lead mining diminished,agriculture became a principal occupation in thesouthern half of the state. Railroads were built acrossthe state to help transport grains to market, andindustries like J.I. Case & Company in Racine werefounded to build agricultural equipment. Wisconsinbriefly became one of the nation's leading producers

of wheat during the 1860s.[24] Meanwhile, the lumberindustry dominated in the heavily forested northern sections of Wisconsin, and sawmills sprang up in cities likeLa Crosse, Eau Claire, and Wausau. These economic activities had dire environmental consequences. By the closeof the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the

state.[25] These conditions forced both wheat agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline.

Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairyproduction in order to make more sustainable and profitable use of theirland. Many immigrants carried cheese-making traditions that, combinedwith the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by StephenBabcock at the University of Wisconsin, helped the state build a reputation

as "America's Dairyland."[26] Meanwhile, conservationists including AldoLeopold helped reestablish the state's forests during the early 20th

century,[27] paving the way for a more renewable lumber and paper millingindustry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northernwoodlands. Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early20th century, driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving fromEurope. Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and foodprocessing to heavy machine production and toolmaking, leadingWisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in total product value by

1910.[28]

The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of progressive politics championed by Robert M. LaFollette. Between 1901 and 1914, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive

statewide primary election system,[29] the first effective workplace injury compensation law,[30] and the first state

income tax,[31] making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The progressive Wisconsin Idea also promoted


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Wisconsin Governor Robert La

Follette addressing an assembly in

Decatur, Illinois, 1905.

Wisconsin can be divided into five

geographic regions.

The Driftless Area of southwestern

Wisconsin is characterized by bluffs

carved in sedimentary rock by water

from melting Ice Age glaciers.

the statewide expansion of the University of Wisconsin through the

UW-Extension system at this time.[32] Later, UW economics professorsJohn R. Commons and Harold Groves helped Wisconsin create the first

unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932.[33]

Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20thcentury, ranging from the anti-communist crusades of Senator JosephMcCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison thatculminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in August 1970. The state becamea leader in welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson

during the 1990s.[34] The state's economy also underwent furthertransformations towards the close of the 20th century, as heavy industryand manufacturing declined in favor of a service economy based onmedicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism.

Two U.S. Navy battleships, BB-9 and BB-64, were named for the state.

Main article: Regions of Wisconsin

Wisconsin is bordered by the Montreal River; Lake Superior and Michiganto the north; by Lake Michigan to the east; by Illinois to the south; and byIowa to the southwest and Minnesota to the northwest. A border disputewith Michigan was settled by two cases, both Wisconsin v. Michigan, in1934 and 1935. The state's boundaries include the Mississippi River andSt. Croix River in the west, and the Menominee River in the northeast.

With its location between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River,Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The state isdivided into five distinct regions. In the north, the Lake Superior Lowlandoccupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the NorthernHighland has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including

the 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2) Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, aswell as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point, TimmsHill. In the middle of the state, the Central Plain has some uniquesandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition torich farmland. The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast ishome to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. The ridges include the NiagaraEscarpment that stretches from New York, the Black River Escarpment

and the Magnesian Escarpment.[35][36] The bedrock of the NiagaraEscarpment is dolomite, while the two shorter ridges have limestonebedrock. In the southwest, the Western Upland is a rugged landscape witha mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the MississippiRiver. This region is part of the Driftless Area, which also includesportions of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. This area was not covered byglaciers during the most recent ice age, the Wisconsin Glaciation.

Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest. Langlade


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Wisconsin Pole of Inaccessibility

County has a soil rarely found outside of the county called Antigo SiltLoam.

Areas under the management of the National Park Service include the

following:[37]

Apostle Islands National Lakeshore along Lake Superior

Ice Age National Scenic Trail

North Country National Scenic Trail

Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway

There is one national forest managed by the U.S. Forest Service inWisconsin, Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest.

Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with the Germany's Hesse, Japan's Chiba Prefecture, Mexico's Jalisco,

China's Heilongjiang, and Nicaragua.[38]

The pole of inaccessibility for Wisconsin, located approximately 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Wausau at, marks the location furthest from any point not within Wisconsin.

Climate

The southern third of Wisconsin is classified as hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) and thecolder northern portion is classified as warm summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The highesttemperature ever recorded in the state was in the Wisconsin Dells, on July 13, 1936, where it reached 114 °F (46°C). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the village of Couderay, where it reached −55 °F(−48 °C) on both February 2 and 4, 1996. Wisconsin also receives a large amount of regular snowfall averagingaround 40 inches in the southern portions with up to 160 inches annually in the Lake Superior snowbelt each

year.[39]

44.8824°N 89.912°W


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Historical population

Census Pop. %±

1820 1,444 —1830 3,635 151.7%1840 30,945 751.3%1850 305,391 886.9%1860 775,881 154.1%1870 1,054,670 35.9%1880 1,315,457 24.7%1890 1,693,330 28.7%1900 2,069,042 22.2%1910 2,333,860 12.8%1920 2,632,067 12.8%1930 2,939,006 11.7%1940 3,137,587 6.8%

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for selected Wisconsin cities [°F (°C)]

City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Green Bay

25/10

(−4/−12)

29/13

(−2/−11)

40/23

(5/−5)

55/35

(13/1)

67/45

(19/7)

76/55

(25/13)

81/59

(27/15)

79/58

(26/14)

71/49

(22/10)

58/38

(14/4)

43/28

(6/−2)

30/15

(−1/−9)

Hurley

19/0

(−7/−18)

26/4

(-4/−16)

36/16

(2/−9)

49/29

(9/-2)

65/41

(18/5)

73/50

(23/10)

76/56

(25/13)

75/54

(24/12)

65/46

(18/8)

53/35

(12/2)

36/22

(2/-6)

24/8

(-5/−14)

La Crosse

26/6

(−3/−14)

32/13

(0/−11)

45/24

(7/−4)

60/37

(16/3)

72/49

(22/9)

81/58

(27/14)

85/63

(29/17)

82/61

(28/16)

74/52

(23/11)

61/40

(16/4)

44/27

(7/−3)

30/14

(−1/−10)

Madison

27/11

(−3/−12)

32/15

(0/−9)

44/25

(7/−4)

58/36

(14/2)

69/46

(21/8)

79/56

(26/13)

82/61

(28/16)

80/59

(27/15)

73/50

(23/10)

60/39

(15/3)

45/28

(7/−2)

31/16

(−1/−9)

Milwaukee

29/16

(−2/−9)

33/19

(0/−7)

42/28

(6/−2)

54/37

(12/3)

65/47

(18/8)

75/57

(24/14)

80/64

(27/18)

79/63

(26/17)

71/55

(22/13)

59/43

(15/6)

46/32

(8/0)

33/20

(0/−7)

Superior[40]

21/2

(−6/−17)

26/6

(-3/−14)

35/17

(2/−8)

46/29

(8/-2)

56/38

(13/3)

66/47

(19/8)

75/56

(24/13)

74/57

(23/14)

65/47

(18/8)

52/36

(11/2)

38/23

(3/−5)

25/9

(−4/−13)

See also: Hmong in Wisconsin

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wisconsin was5,742,713 on July 1, 2013, a 1.0% increase since the 2010 United States

Census.[1]

Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous. Following theperiod of French fur traders, the next wave of settlers were miners, many ofwhom were Cornish, who settled the southwestern area of the state. The nextwave was dominated by "Yankees," migrants of English descent from NewEngland and upstate New York; in the early years of statehood, they dominatedthe state's heavy industry, finance, politics and education. Between 1850 and1900, large numbers of European immigrants followed them, includingGermans, Scandinavians (the largest group being Norwegian), and smallergroups of Belgians, Dutch, Swiss, Finns, Irish, Poles, Italians, and others. In the20th century, large numbers of Mexicans and African Americans came, settlingmainly in Milwaukee; and after end of the Vietnam War came an influx ofHmongs.

According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of the population was:


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1950 3,434,575 9.5%1960 3,951,777 15.1%1970 4,417,731 11.8%1980 4,705,767 6.5%1990 4,891,769 4.0%2000 5,363,675 9.6%2010 5,686,986 6.0%

Est. 2013 5,742,713 1.0%

Source: 1910–2010[41]

Wisconsin 2010 Population Density

Map

86.2% White American (83.3% non-Hispanic white, 2.9% White

Hispanic)

6.3% Black or African American

1.0% American Indian and Alaska Native

2.3% Asian American

1.8% Multiracial American

2.4% Some other race

In the same year, 5.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin

(they may be of any race).[42]

Wisconsin Racial Breakdown of Population

Racial composition 1990[43] 2000[44] 2010[45]

White 92.2% 88.9% 86.2%

Black 5.0% 5.7% 6.3%

Asian 1.1% 1.7% 2.3%

Native 0.8% 0.9% 1.0%

Native Hawaiian andother Pacific Islander

- - -

Other race 0.9% 1.6% 2.4%

Two or more races - 1.3% 1.8%

The six largest ancestry groups in Wisconsin are: German (42.6%), Irish

(10.9%), Polish (9.3%), Norwegian (8.5%), English (6.5%), and Italian (6.1%).[46] German is the most common

ancestry in every county in the state, except Menominee, Trempealeau and Vernon.[47] Wisconsin has the highest

percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state.[46] The various ethnic groups settled in different areas ofthe state. Although Germans settled throughout the state, the largest concentration was in Milwaukee. Norwegianssettled in lumbering and farming areas in the north and west. Small colonies of Belgians, Swiss, Finns and othergroups settled in their particular areas, with Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants settling primarily in urban

areas.[48] African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. Menominee County is the only countyin the eastern United States with an American Indian majority.

86% of Wisconsin's African-American population live in four cities: Milwaukee, Racine, Beloit, Kenosha, withMilwaukee home to nearly three-fourths of the state's black Americans. In the Great Lakes region, only Detroitand Cleveland have a higher percentage of African-American residents.

33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is Hmong, with significant communities in Milwaukee, Wausau, Green Bay,

Sheboygan, Appleton, Madison, La Crosse, Eau Claire, Oshkosh, and Manitowoc.[49]

Of the residents of Wisconsin, 71.7% were born in Wisconsin, 23.0% were born in a different US state, 0.7% were

born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.6% were foreign born.[50]

Religion

Christianity is the predominant religion of Wisconsin. As of 2008, the three largest denominational groups in


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The Roman Catholic Shrine of Our

Lady of Guadalupe, in La Crosse,

Wisconsin

The Wisconsin State Capitol

Wisconsin were Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, and Mainline

Protestant.[51] As of 2010, the Catholic Church had the highest number ofadherents in Wisconsin (at 1,425,523), followed by the EvangelicalLutheran Church in America with 414,326 members, and the Lutheran

Church–Missouri Synod with 223,279 adherents.[52] As of 2008, thenon-religious population of Wisconsin surpassed 850,000. The percentage

of Wisconsin residents who belong to various affiliations are [53] Christian81%, Protestant 50%, Roman Catholic 29%, Mormon 0.5%, Jewish 0.5%,Muslim 0.5%, Buddhist 0.5%, Hindu 0.5% and the unaffiliated at 15%.

Circle Sanctuary, based in southwestern Wisconsin, is one of the largest

Wiccan churches in the country.[54]

Crime

Statewide FBI Crime statistics for 2009 include 144 murders/nonnegligent manslaughter; 1,108 rapes; 4,850

robberies; 8,431 aggravated assaults; and 147,486 property crimes.[55] Wisconsin also publishes its own statistics

through the Office of Justice Assistance.[56] The OJA reported 14,603 violent crimes in 2009, with a clearance

rate (% solved) of 50%.[57] The OJA reported 4,633 sexual assaults in 2009, with an overall clearance rate forsexual assaults of 57%. Of note, in Wisconsin juveniles are nearly three times more likely than adults to be

victims of sexual assault, with 11- to 15-year-old children as the highest victimized age group.[58]

The Wisconsin Blue Book is the primary published reference about the government and politics of the state,documenting the organization of the state’s three branches of government. Published every two years withupdated information, copies are available by contacting state legislators.

Wisconsin's Constitution outlines the structure and function of state government. Wisconsin's government isorganized into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Executive

The executive branch is headed by the governor. The current governor,Scott Walker, assumed office on January 3, 2011. In addition to thegovernor, the executive branch includes five other elected constitutionalofficers: Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General,Treasurer, and State Superintendent of Public Instruction.

Legislative

The Wisconsin State Legislature is Wisconsin's legislative branch. TheLegislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Assembly and the Senate.

Judicial

Wisconsin's court system has four levels: municipal courts, circuit courts,the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. Municipal courts typically handle cases involving local ordinance


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Year Republican Democratic

2012 45.89% 1,407,966 52.83% 1,620,985

2008 42.31% 1,262,393 56.22% 1,677,211

2004 49.31% 1,478,120 49.71% 1,489,504

2000 47.56% 1,237,279 47.83% 1,242,987

1996 38.48% 845,029 48.81% 1,071,971

1992 36.78% 930,855 41.13% 1,041,066

1988 47.80% 1,047,794 51.41% 1,126,794

Presidential elections results

matters. The circuit courts are Wisconsin's trial courts, they have original jurisdiction in all civil and criminalcases within the state. Challenges to circuit court rulings are heard by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, consistingof sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. As the state's highest appellate court, the WisconsinSupreme Court may hear both appeals from lower courts and original actions. In addition to deciding cases, theSupreme Court is responsible for administering the state's court system and regulating the practice of law in

Wisconsin.[59]

Federal

In the United State Senate Wisconsin is represented by Ron Johnson and Tammy Baldwin. Wisconsin is dividedinto eight congressional districts.

Taxes

Wisconsin collects personal income taxes (based on five income brackets) which range from 4.6% to 7.75%. The

state sales and use tax rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%.[60] MilwaukeeCounty and four surrounding counties have an additional temporary 0.1% tax that helps fund the Miller Parkbaseball stadium, which was completed in 2001.

The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real property tax, or their residentialproperty tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles, but does levy an annual registration fee.Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as majormethods of funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incrementalfinance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except foragricultural land. In order to provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined byits value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used todistribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by localassessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities.

Wisconsin does not assess a tax on intangible property. Wisconsin does not collect inheritance taxes. UntilJanuary 1, 2008, Wisconsin's estate tax was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state

imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates.[61]

There are no toll roads in Wisconsin; highway construction and maintenance are funded in part by motor fuel taxrevenues, and the remaining balance is drawn from the State General Fund. Non-highway road construction andmaintenance are funded by local governments (municipalities or counties).

During the period of the Civil War, Wisconsin was a Republican state; infact it is the state that gave birth to the Republican Party, although ethno-religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in theRepublican coalition. Through the first half of the 20th century,Wisconsin's politics were dominated by Robert La Follette and his sons,originally of the Republican Party, but later of the revived ProgressiveParty. Since 1945, the state has maintained a close balance betweenRepublicans and Democrats. Republican Senator Joe McCarthy was acontroversial national figure in the early 1950s. Recent leadingRepublicans include former Governor Tommy Thompson and


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Congressman F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr.; prominent Democrats include Senators Herb Kohl and Russ Feingold,

and Congressman David Obey.[62]

The most famous controversy in the state's political history dealt with foreign language teaching in schools. Thiswas fought out in the Bennett Law campaign of 1890, when the Germans switched to the Democratic Partybecause of the Republican Party's support of the Bennett Law, which led to a major victory for the Democrats.

The cities of Wisconsin have been active in increasing the availability of legislative information on the internet,thereby providing for greater government transparency. Currently three of the five most populous cities inWisconsin provide their constituents with internet-based access of all public records directly from the cities’databases. Wisconsin cities started to make this a priority after Milwaukee began doing so, on their page(http://legistar.milwaukee.gov/mattersearch/), in 2001. One such city, Madison, has been named the Number 1digital city by the Center for Digital Government (http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/cnet/2006-12-01-wired-cities_x.htm) in consecutive years.

In recent decades, Wisconsin has become a Democratic-leaning state at the presidential level; it has voted forDemocratic candidates in each of the last seven presidential elections. The last Republican to carry the state wasRonald Reagan in 1984. In 2012, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney chose Wisconsin CongressmanPaul Ryan, a native of Janesville, as his running mate against incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama andVice President Joe Biden. Despite Ryan's presence on the Republican ticket, Obama still carried Wisconsin by amargin of 53% to 46%.

At the statewide level, Wisconsin is competitive, with control regularly alternating between the two parties. The2010 elections saw a huge Republican resurgence in Wisconsin. Republicans took control of the governor's officeand both houses of the state legislature. Republican Ron Johnson defeated Democratic incumbent U.S. SenatorRuss Feingold, and Republicans took two previously Democratic-held House seats, creating a 5–3 Republicanmajority House delegation.

On February 14, 2011, the Wisconsin State Capitol erupted with protests when the Legislature took up a bill thatwould end most collective bargaining rights for state employees, except for wages, to address the $3.6 bil. deficit.The protests attracted tens of thousands of people each day, and garnered international attention.

The Assembly passed the bill 53–42 on March 10 after the State Senate passed it the night before, and sent it to

the Governor for his signature.[63] In response to the bill, enough signatures were gathered to force a recallelection against Governor Walker. Tom Barrett, the mayor of Milwaukee and Walker's 2010 opponent, won theDemocratic primary and faced Walker again. Walker won the election by 53% to 46% and became the firstgovernor in United States history to retain his seat after a recall election.

Further information: 2011 Wisconsin protests, Political party strength in Wisconsin, and Wisconsingubernatorial recall election

Lawmakers in Wisconsin

The last election in which Wisconsin supported a Republican Presidential candidate was in 1984. However, boththe 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were close, with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertisingbecause it was a "swing", or pivot, state. Al Gore carried the presidential vote in 2000 by 5,700 votes, and JohnKerry won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11,000 votes. However, in 2008, Barack Obama carried the state by 381,000votes and with 56%. Republicans had a stronghold in the Fox Valley, but elected a Democrat, Steve Kagen, ofAppleton, for the 8th Congressional District in 2006. However, Kagen survived only two terms and was replacedby Republican Reid Ribble in the Republican Party's sweep of Wisconsin in November 2010, the first time theRepublican Party has taken back both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship in the same election.


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Republicans have held Waukesha County. The City of Milwaukee heads the list of Wisconsin's Democraticstrongholds, which also includes Madison and the state's Native American reservations. Wisconsin's largestCongressional district, the 7th, had voted Democratic since 1969. Its representative, David Obey, chaired the

powerful House Appropriations Committee.[64] However, Obey retired and the once Democratic seat wasovertaken by Republican Sean Duffy in November 2010.

Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive

movement; and on the other, the Republican and anti-Communist Joe McCarthy.

In the early 20th century, the Socialist Party of America had a base in Milwaukee. The phenomenon was

referred to as "sewer socialism" because the elected officials were more concerned with public works and

reform than with revolution (although revolutionary socialism existed in the city as well). Its influence

faded in the late 1950s, largely because of the red scare and racial tensions.[65] The first Socialist mayor of

a large city in the United States was Emil Seidel, elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist,

Daniel Hoan, was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940; and a third, Frank P. Zeidler, from 1948 to

1960. Socialist newspaper editor Victor Berger was repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative, although he

was prevented from serving for some time because of his opposition to the First World War.

William Proxmire, a Democratic Senator (1957–89), dominated the Democratic party for years; he was best

known for attacking waste and fraud in federal spending.

Democrat Russ Feingold was the only Senator to vote against the Patriot Act in 2001.

Democrat Tammy Baldwin from Madison was the first openly lesbian U.S. Representative.[66] She was also

the first openly gay U.S. Senator.

Republican Paul Ryan was, at age 28, the youngest member of the Congressional freshmen class when he

took office in January 1999. In 2012, he was selected as the Republican party's candidate for Vice President,

running with Mitt Romney.

In 2004, Gwen Moore, a Democrat from Milwaukee, became Wisconsin's first African-American U.S.

Representative.

In 2006, Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the Bush administration, and the Iraq War. Theretiring GOP 8th District Congressman, Mark Green, of Green Bay, ran against the incumbent Governor JimDoyle. Green lost by 8% statewide, making Doyle the first Democratic governor to be re-elected in 32 years. TheRepublicans lost control of the state Senate. Although Democrats gained eight seats in the state Assembly,Republicans retained a five-vote majority in that house. In 2008, Democrats regained control of the StateAssembly by a 52–46 margin, marking the first time since 1987 that the governor and state legislature were bothDemocratic. However, Republicans won both chambers of the legislature and the governorship in 2010, the firsttime all three changed partisan control in the same election. In November 2012, Tammy Baldwin became the first

openly gay senator to be elected into office in the nation.[67]

See also: Wisconsin locations by per capita income

In 2010 Wisconsin’s gross state product was $248.3 billion, making it 21st among U.S. states.[68] The economy ofWisconsin is driven by manufacturing, agriculture, and health care. The state's economic output from


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The U.S. Bank Center in Milwaukee

is Wisconsin's tallest building.

Badger State

State Animal: Badger

State DomesticatedAnimal:

Dairy cow

State Wild Animal: White-tailed deer

manufacturing was $48.9 billion in 2008, making it the tenth largest

among states in manufacturing gross domestic product.[69] Manufacturingaccounts for about 20% of the state's gross domestic product, a proportion

that is third among all states.[70] The per capita personal income was$35,239 in 2008.

In June 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 8% (seasonally

adjusted).[71]

In quarter four of 2011, the largest employers in Wisconsin were:

Wal-Mart1.

University of Wisconsin–Madison2.

Milwaukee Public Schools3.

U.S. Postal Service4.

Wisconsin Department of Corrections5.

Menards6.

Marshfield Clinic7.

Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs8.

Target Corporation, and9.

City of Milwaukee.[72]10.

Agriculture

Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America's cheese, leading the nation in cheese production.[73][74] It is

second in milk production, after California,[75] and third in per-capita milk production, behind California and

Vermont.[76] Wisconsin is second in butter production, producing about one-quarter of the nation's butter.[77] The

state ranks first nationally in the production of corn for silage, cranberries[78] ginseng,[79] and snap beans for

processing. It grows over half the national crop of cranberries.[78] and 97% of the nation's ginseng.[79] Wisconsinis also a leading producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn for processing. Thesignificance of the state's agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn,

and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's state quarter design.[80]

A large part of the state's manufacturing sector includes commercial food processing, including well-knownbrands such as Oscar Mayer, Tombstone frozen pizza, Johnsonville brats, and Usinger's sausage. Kraft Foodsalone employs over 5,000 people in the state. Milwaukee is a major producer of beer and was formerlyheadquarters for Miller Brewing Company — the nation's second-largest brewer – until it merged with CoorsBrewing Company. Formerly, Schlitz, Blatz, and Pabst were cornerstone breweries in Milwaukee.

Manufacturing

Wisconsin is home to a very large and diversifiedmanufacturing economy, with special focus on transportationand capital equipment. Major Wisconsin companies in thesecategories include the Kohler Company; Mercury Marine;


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State Beverage: Milk

State Fruit: Cranberry

State Bird: Robin

State Capital: Madison

State Dog: American water spaniel

State pro football team: Green Bay Packers

State pro baseball team: Milwaukee Brewers

State pro basketball team: Milwaukee Bucks

State pro hockey team: Milwaukee Admirals

State Fish: Muskellunge

State Flower: Wood violet

State Fossil: Trilobite

State Grain: Corn

State Insect: European honey bee

State Motto: Forward

State Song: "On, Wisconsin!"

State Tree: Sugar maple

State Mineral: Galena (Lead sulfide)

State Rock: Red granite

State Soil: Antigo silt loam

State Dance: Polka

State Symbol ofPeace:

Mourning dove

State Microbe Lactococcus lactis

State Pastry: Kringle

Wisconsin state welcome sign

Rockwell Automation; Johnson Controls; Seagrave FireApparatus; Pierce Manufacturing (fire apparatus); JohnDeere;Briggs & Stratton; Miller Electric; Milwaukee ElectricTool Company; Caterpillar Inc.; Joy Global; The ManitowocCompany; Modine Manufacturing; Reliance Controls; LadishCo.; Oshkosh Truck; Harley-Davidson; Case IH; S. C.Johnson & Son; Ashley Furniture; Ariens;and EvinrudeOutboard Motors.

Consumer goods

Wisconsin is a major producer of paper, packaging, and otherconsumer goods. Major consumer products companies basedin the state include SC Johnson & Co., and Diversey Inc.,Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production ofpaper products; the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago toGreen Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 miles (63 km)stretch.

The development and manufacture of health care devices andsoftware is a growing sector of the state's economy, with keyplayers such as GE Healthcare, Epic Systems, andTomoTherapy.

Tourism

Tourism is a major industry in Wisconsin – the state's thirdlargest, according to the Department of Tourism. Touristdestinations such as the House on the Rock near SpringGreen, Circus World Museum in Baraboo, and The Dells ofthe Wisconsin River draw thousands of visitors annually, andfestivals such as Summerfest and the EAA Oshkosh Airshowdraw international attention, along with hundreds ofthousands of visitors.

Given the large number of lakes and rivers in the state, water recreation isvery popular.

The distinctive Door Peninsula, which extends off the eastern coast of thestate, contains one of the state's tourist destinations, Door County. DoorCounty is a popular destination for boaters because of the large number ofnatural harbors, bays, and ports on the Green Bay and Lake Michigan sideof the peninsula that forms the county. The area draws hundreds ofthousands of visitors yearly to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and fish boils.

Film industry

On January 1, 2008, a new tax incentive for the film industry came into effect. The first major production to takeadvantage of the tax incentive was Michael Mann's Public Enemies. While the producers spent $18 million on thefilm, it was reported that most of that went to out-of-state workers and for out-of-state services; Wisconsin


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Wisconsin counties

taxpayers had provided $4.6 million in subsidies, and derived only $5 million in revenues from the film's

making.[81]

Energy

Wisconsin has the potential to generate 255,266 GWh from 103,751 MW of land based wind turbines and317,755 GWh from 80,672 MW of offshore wind turbines located in Lake Superior and in Lake Michigan, as wellas 5,042,259 GWh from 3,206,830 MW of rural utility scale photovoltaics, and 13,939 GWh from 12,262 MW of

rooftop mounted photovoltaics.[82]

Wisconsin Wind Generation (GWh, Million kWh)

YearCapacity

(MW)Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Eff. %

2009 449 1,052 99 115 123 116 114 62 53 70 35 80 94 94 26.7%

2010 469 1,088 114 62 88 137 90 59 60 66 90 94 128 108 26.5%

2011 631 1,196 84 129 97 126 127 85 57 46 75 106 135 127 21.6%

2012 193 123 173 145 135

Source:[83][84][85]

Wisconsin is served by eight commercial service airports, in addition to a number of general aviation airports.

The Wisconsin Department of Transportation is responsible for planning, building and maintaining the state'shighways. Seven Interstate Highways transverse the state.

Further information: List of municipalities in Wisconsin bypopulation and Political subdivisions of Wisconsin

Over 68% of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas, with the GreaterMilwaukee area home to roughly one-third of the state's

population.[86] Milwaukee is at the northern edge of an urban areabordering Lake Michigan that stretches southward into greaterChicago and northwestern Indiana, with a population of over 11million. With over 594,000 residents, Milwaukee is the 30th-largest

city in the country.[87] The string of cities along the western edge ofLake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of amegalopolis.

With a population of around 233,000 and metropolitan area of over600,000, Madison has a dual identity as state capital and college town.Madison's suburb, Middleton, was ranked the "Best Place to Live inAmerica" in 2007 by Money Magazine. Medium-size cities dot the


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Music stage at Summerfest in 1994

The Milwaukee Art Museum

state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. As of 2011, there were 12 cities in Wisconsin

with a population of 50,000 or more, accounting for 73% of the state's employment.[88]

Wisconsin has three types of municipality: cities, villages, and towns. Cities and villages are incorporated urbanareas. Towns are unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties with limited self-government.

Wisconsin, along with Minnesota and Michigan, was among the Midwestern leaders in the emergent Americanstate university movement following the Civil War in the United States. By the start of the 20th century, educationin the state advocated the "Wisconsin Idea", which emphasized service to the people of the state. The "Wisconsin

Idea" exemplified the Progressive movement within colleges and universities at the time.[89] Today, publicpost-secondary education in Wisconsin includes both the 26-campus University of Wisconsin System, with theflagship university University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the 16-campus Wisconsin Technical College System.Private colleges and universities include Beloit College, Cardinal Stritch University, Carroll University, CarthageCollege, Concordia University Wisconsin, Edgewood College, Lakeland College, Lawrence University,Marquette University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Ripon College, St.Norbert College, and others.

See also: List of colleges and universities in Wisconsin, List of high schools in Wisconsin and List of schooldistricts in Wisconsin

Residents of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites. The traditionalprominence of references to dairy farming and cheesemaking inWisconsin's rural economy (the state's license plates have read "America's

Dairyland" since 1940[90]) have led to the nickname (sometimes usedpejoratively among non-residents) of "cheeseheads" and to the creation of"cheesehead hats" made of yellow foam in the shape of a wedge of cheese.

Numerous ethnic festivals are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate theheritage of its citizens. Such festivals include Summerfest, Oktoberfest,Polish Fest, Festa Italiana, Irish Fest, Bastille Days, Syttende Mai(Norwegian Constitution Day), Brat(wurst) Days in Sheboygan, CheeseDays in Monroe and Mequon, African World Festival, Indian Summer,Arab Fest, and many others.

Art

The Milwaukee Art Museum, with its brise soleil designed by SantiagoCalatrava, is known for its interesting architecture. Monona Terrace inMadison, a convention center designed by Taliesin architect Anthony

Puttnam, is based on a 1930s design by Frank Lloyd Wright.[91] Wright'shome and studio in the 20th century was at Taliesin, south of SpringGreen. Decades after Wright's death, Taliesin remains an architectural office and school for his followers.


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Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin in

Spring Green

Music

Main article: Music of Wisconsin

Wisconsin has more country music festivals than any other state,[92]

including Miller Lite Presents Country Fest, Bud Light Presents CountryJam USA, the Coors Hodag Country Festival, Porterfield Country Music

Festival, Country Thunder USA in Twin Lakes,[92] and Ford PresentsCountry USA.

Milwaukee also hosts Summerfest, dubbed "The World's Largest MusicFestival," every year. This festival is held at the lakefront Henry Maier Festival Park just south of downtown, asare a summer-long array of ethnic musical festivals such as the Milwaukee Irish Fest.

The Wisconsin Area Music Industry provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for topWisconsin artists.

Alcohol and Wisconsin culture

Drinking has long been considered a significant part of Wisconsin culture, and the state ranks at or near the top ofnational measures of per-capita alcohol consumption, binge drinking, driving under the influence, and proportion

of drinkers.[93] Factors such as cultural identification with the state's heritage of German immigration, thelongstanding presence of major breweries in Milwaukee, and a cold climate are often associated with theprevalence of drinking in Wisconsin. The minimum legal age for recreational consumption of alcohol is 21 unlessaccompanied by a parent or guardian. Wisconsin is the only state that treats a first offense drunk driving (OWI) as

a traffic violation and not a misdemeanor.[94]

The Wisconsin Tavern League is a strong political force and the state legislature, reluctant to lower a DUI offensefrom BAC 0.10 to 0.08, did so only as a result of federal government pressure. The League also opposes raisingthe alcoholic beverage tax. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel series "Wasted in Wisconsin" examined this

situation.[95]

The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation. Winterevents include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin is situated on two Great Lakes and has

many inland lakes of varied size; the state contains 11,188 square miles (28,980 km2) of water, more than all but

three other states - Alaska, Michigan, and Florida.[96]

Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin, especially hunting and fishing. One of the most prevalent game

animals is the whitetail deer. Each year in Wisconsin, well over 600,000 deer hunting licenses are sold.[97] In2008, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources projected the pre-hunt deer population to be about 1.5 to1.7 million.

Main article: Sports in Wisconsin


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Lambeau Field in Green Bay is home to the NFL's Green Bay

Packers.

Miller Park is the home stadium of

Major League Baseball's Milwaukee

Brewers

Wisconsin is represented by major leagueteams in three sports: football, baseball, andbasketball. Lambeau Field, located in GreenBay, Wisconsin, is home to the NationalFootball League's Green Bay Packers. ThePackers have been part of the NFL since theleague's second season in 1921 and hold therecord for the most NFL titles, earning the cityof Green Bay the nickname "Titletown USA".The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL, and is the only one owned by shareholders statewide. Thefranchise was founded by "Curly" Lambeau who played and coached for them. The Green Bay Packers are one ofthe most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 13 NFLchampionships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II), Super BowlXXXI and Super Bowl XLV. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the 81,000-person waiting list for

season tickets to Lambeau Field.[98]

The Milwaukee Brewers, the state's only major league baseball team, playin Miller Park in Milwaukee, the successor to Milwaukee County Stadiumsince 2001. In 1982, the Brewers won the American LeagueChampionship, marking their most successful season. The team switchedfrom the American League to the National League starting with the 1998season. Before the Brewers, Milwaukee had two prior Major Leagueteams. The first team, also called the Brewers, played only one season inthe newly founded American League in 1901 before moving to St. Louisand becoming the Browns, who are now the Baltimore Orioles. Milwaukeewas also the home of the Braves franchise when they moved from Bostonfrom 1953 to 1965, winning the World Series in 1957 and the NationalLeague pennant in 1958, before they moved to Atlanta.

The Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association play homegames at the Bradley Center. The Bucks won the NBA Championship in 1971.

The state also has minor league teams in hockey (Milwaukee Admirals) and baseball (the Wisconsin TimberRattlers, based in Appleton and the Beloit Snappers of the Class A minor leagues). Wisconsin is also home to theMadison Mallards, the La Crosse Loggers, the Lakeshore Chinooks, the Eau Claire Express, the Green BayBullfrogs, the Wisconsin Woodchucks, and the Wisconsin Rapids Rafters of the Northwoods League, a collegiateall-star summer league. In arena football Wisconsin is represented by three teams: the Wisconsin Wolfpack inMadison in the CIFL; the Green Bay Blizzard of the IFL, and the Milwaukee Mustangs of the AFL. The state isalso home to the 6 Time Major Indoor Soccer League Champion Milwaukee Wave.

Wisconsin also has many college sports programs, including the Wisconsin Badgers, of the University ofWisconsin–Madison and the Panthers of University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. The Wisconsin Badgers footballformer head coach Barry Alvarez led the Badgers to three Rose Bowl championships, including back-to-backvictories in 1999 and 2000. The Badger men's basketball team won the national title in 1941 and made a secondtrip to college basketball's Final Four in 2000. The Badgers claimed a historic dual championship in 2006 whenboth the women's and men's hockey teams won national titles. In 2014, the Badgers also made it to the Final Four

The Marquette Golden Eagles of the Big East Conference, the state's other major collegiate program, is known forits men's basketball team, which, under the direction of Al McGuire, won the NCAA National Championship in1977. The team returned to the Final Four in 2003.


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Many other schools in the University of Wisconsin system compete in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate AthleticConference at the Division III level. The conference is one of the most successful in the nation, claiming 92

NCAA national championships in 15 different sports as of the 2011–12 academic year.[99]

The Semi-Professional Northern Elite Football League consists of many teams from Wisconsin. The league ismade up of former professional, collegiate, and high school players. Teams from Wisconsin include: The GreenBay Gladiators from Green Bay, WI, The Fox Valley Force in Appleton, WI, The Kimberly Storm in Kimberly,WI, The Central Wisconsin Spartans in Wausau, WI, The Eau Claire Crush and the Chippewa Valley Predatorsfrom Eau Claire, WI, and the Lake Superior Rage from Superior, WI. The league also has teams in Michigan andMinnesota. Teams play from May until August.

Wisconsin is home to the world's oldest operational racetrack. The Milwaukee Mile, located in Wisconsin State

Fair Park in West Allis, Wisconsin, held races there that considerably predate the Indy 500.[100]

Wisconsin is home to the nation's oldest operating velodrome in Kenosha where races have been held every year

since 1927.[101]

Index of Wisconsin-related articles

List of ecoregions in Wisconsin

Outline of Wisconsin – organized list of topics about Wisconsin

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/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=WI)

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and Military History of the State from its First Exploration down to 1875 (http://books.google.com

/books?id=jBCvxBTJQHYC&printsec=frontcover&

dq=An+Illustrated+History+of+the+State+of+Wisconsin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WlZRU4dGj53IBKGqgaAJ&

ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&

q=An%20Illustrated%20History%20of%20the%20State%20of%20Wisconsin&f=false), Madison, WI: B.

B. Russell.

Geographic data related to Wisconsin (http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/165466) at

OpenStreetMap


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Wisconsin (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Wisconsin) at DMOZ

Wisconsin (http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=Wisconsin&

CISOFIELD1=statep&CISOOP2=all&CISOBOX2=wisconsin+--+maps&CISOFIELD2=subjec&

CISOROOT=/agdm&t=s) (Maps), The American Geographical Society Library.

Preceded byIowa

List of U.S. states by date of statehoodAdmitted on May 29, 1848 (30th)

Succeeded byCalifornia

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisconsin&oldid=607580893"

Categories: Wisconsin States of the United States States and territories established in 1848

Populated places in the United States with German-American plurality populations

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