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Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTM
Wireless Optical Transmission at 10 Gbps and Beyond
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 22
Table of Contents
PART I – CURRENT TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW•Bandwidth Blowout (RF vs. IR)
•Trade-offs
•Comparison with Fiber Optics
•The atmosphereAttenuationScattering
•Equipment Fade Margins
PART II – The PHOTONIC AIR LINK•Basic concept
•Fiber limitations are dominant
•RF plus IR
•WDM extends bandwidth
•Optical Transformers
•Our wish list for the future
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 33
Wireless Spectrum Carrier Frequencies
Wireless Spectrum Wireless Spectrum Carrier FrequenciesCarrier Frequencies
Wavelength
0.8-1.5 µm 5-10 mm 3 cm 10-30 cm 3 m
100MHz
900-5500MHz
Unlicensed bands
10 GHz18-90 GHz
Licence required
Frequency
TV carriers
SpreadSpectrum
µwaveMm and sumbmillimeter
RF
350THz
No restrictions
IR Beams
Fig. 1
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 44
Trade-offs between RF and IR
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 55
Wireless Infrared Principles
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 66
Comparison of Fiber Optics & FSO (Virtual Fiber)Yyyyyyyyy
yyyyyyy
<50 dB
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 77
Atmospheric Transmission at Sea Level
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 88
Definition of types of ray path
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 99
Polar diagram of scattering of red light
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 1010
Visibility & Losses
The Visibility (or visual range) is defined as that distance where the radiance of a visible light source is reduced to 1/50 of its initial value:
V(in km) = ln 50/α (in km-1)
In FSO, scattering and absorption losses are represented in dB/km(S) so:
S(dB/km) ≈ 17/V(km)
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 1111
Scattering Attenuation of Optical Beams
0.06 to 0.030.06 to 0.03300 to 500300 to 500CloudsClouds0.2 to 0.080.2 to 0.0880 to 20080 to 200Heavy fogHeavy fog
1 to 0.251 to 0.2517 to 7017 to 70Light fogLight fog1.5 to 0.51.5 to 0.510 to 3510 to 35SnowSnow
3 to 13 to 16 to 176 to 17Heavy rainHeavy rain
6 to 36 to 33 to 63 to 6Light rainLight rain
50 to 650 to 60 to 30 to 3Clear weather, light Clear weather, light hazehaze
Visibility (km)Visibility (km)AttenuationAttenuation(dB/km) at 850 nm(dB/km) at 850 nm
Weather ConditionWeather Condition
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 1212
Neither snow nor sleet…
UWIN802 installed in Riga, Latvia by “Erseta” in September, 1996.
Ethernet 10 Mbps, ~200 m
“….it works quite well and we have no problems”.
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 1313
AR
AB
θH
AB
AR
Fade Margin Calculation
Fade Margin calculation
• Loss Factor = L.F. = 10 log AB/AR [dB]
-AB = Beam area; AR = Receiver area
-AB ~ R2θHθV where
-θH = azimuth angle
-θV = elevation angle, R = distance
• Loss Budget = L.B. = 10 log PB/Pt [dB]
-PB = Power in the beam
-Pt = Threshold power
• Fade Margin = F.M. = L.F. - L.B. [dB]R
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 1414
Today, the Photonic Air Link has a special niche in a niche technology
Tomorrow, it may become the key commodity in a mainstream market
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 1515
Wireless Interconnection without Electronics
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 1616
Current MMF Fibers Used in FSO
55880.390.39600600Step IndexStep Index101010100.390.39400400Step IndexStep Index50501001000.370.37200200Semi GISemi GI50501001000.300.30125125Semi GISemi GI50501001000.290.29100100Graded IndexGraded Index2002004004000.280.2862.562.5Graded IndexGraded Index
Max length Max length at Gigabit at Gigabit
ETH ETH (meters)(meters)
BandwidthBandwidthMHz.kmMHz.km
NANACore Core diamdiam. . (microns)(microns)
Fiber typeFiber type
Note: Gradium lens 50 mm diam. has focal length 80 mm (NA ≈ 0.3)
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 1717
Key Components of High Bandwidth Transmission System
Network switch,
PABX, etc
Network Interface Unit
(in or near the equipment closet)
TX
RX
f.o cable NIU Duplex f.o. cable
connectors
Up to 50 m
Optical Antenna Module (OAM)
(on Roof or Tower)
TX
RX
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 1818
Media Converter Designs
Media Converter DesignsMedia Converter DesignsAll All λλ MCMC
S
W
TXVCSEL at 850
RX
850,1310,1550f.o. TX at 850 Si Pin or APD RCVR
f.o. RX at 1550 8 dBm
Protocol – independent
Wavelength – independent
Frequency independent
Fig 2.2
O To PAL TX850 nm
or APD RCVR
200 or 400 micron fiber
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 1919
Media Converter Designs
Media Converter DesignsMedia Converter Designs(For 1550 nm switches only)(For 1550 nm switches only)
O
S
W
EDFATX
To PAL TX10-20 dBm
RX
SMF (or MMF)
f.o. 1550 TX
InGaAs pin or APD RSVR (200 µ)
From PAL RX 200 micron fiber
Fig.2.3
Any
Switch
Protocol-independent Media Converter
SMF
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 2020
RFIR 100 System
RFIR 100 SystemRFIR 100 System
RADIO
f.o. XcVR&MC
NIU
To & from the network
On the roof or tower
RF antenna
FSRF
Patch cable
The Optical Antenna (IR)
lenses
FSIRRFIR 100
duplex f.o.
duplex coax
Fig. 2.1
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 2121
MUX/DeMUX with MMF
1549 nm 1557 nm
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 2222
Optical Wireless WDM Experimental Arrangement
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 2323
Experimental test under FSO conditions of Nanonics OPT XF
SOURCE (Note 1)
Experimental test under FSO conditions of Nanonics OPT XF
PAL RCVR.
MMF
Plano-convex collimator
f = 80 mm
1.5 meters
OPTXF
FC/PC22 µW
MMF
SMF 9 µ
POWER METER
NANONICS DEVICE
400 nW
Nanonics Taper(62.5 to 9 microns)
17 dB loss
Note: Same experiment repeated with taper from 200 to 70 microns and 75 micron photodiode 10 micronsdistant, 1 dB loss.
Connectivity Unlimited Connectivity Unlimited TMTMSlide No. Slide No. 2424
Future Research
• Large core broadband fiber with high N.A. (BW>200 MHz-km for d>150 microns)
• CWDM demux with large core common input fiber
• Large core EDFA
•Low capacitance, large area photodiodes (MSM?)(BW ≈10 GHz, d≥80 microns)
•Migration to 10 micron wavelength