Wireless Distributed Sensor Challenge Problem: Demo of Physical Modelling ApproachBart Selman, Carla Gomes, Scott Kirkpatrick, Ramon Bejar, Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Johannes SchneiderIntelligent Information Systems Institute, Cornell University & Hebrew UniversityAutonomous Negotiating Teams C&D Meeting, June 27, 2002Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN

Outline Overview of our approach

Movie conventions Computational cost (can be small) Phase diagram

Connections with distributed agents We demonstrate results of varying amounts of

renegotiationEnhancements and restrictions

Reduce sector changes Scale to larger sensor arrays

Overview of ApproachWe develop heuristics more powerful than greedy, not compromising speedGoal:

Principled, controlled, hardness-aware systems

ANTs Challenge Problem Multiple doppler radar sensors track moving

targets Energy limited sensors Constrained, fallible

communications Distributed computation Real time requirements

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Physical model (and annealing)

Represent acquisition and tracking goals in terms of a system objective functionDefine such that each sensor, with info from its 1-hop neighbors, can determine which target to track“Energy” per target depends on # of sensors tracking

More on annealing

Target Cluster (TC) is >2 1-hop sensors tracking the same target – enough to triangulate and reach a decision on response.Classic technique – Metropolis method simulates asynchronous sensor decision, thermal annealing allows broader search (with uphill moves) than greedy, under control of annealing schedule.

Moving targets, tracking and acquisition

100 sensors, t targets (t=5-30) incident on the array, curving at random. Movies of 100 frames for each of several values of (sensors in range)/target and (1-hop neighbors)/sensor. Sensors on a regular lattice, with small irregularities. Between each frame a “bounce,” or partial anneal using only a low temperature, is performed to preserve features of the previous solution as targets move.

Physical Model as Distributed Agents

To compare with agent-based approaches: Our sensors are independent agents At each time step, each chooses a target to track,

based on the energy function, and informs its neighbors.

At T=0, sensors optimize locally T>0 is like renegotiation with reduced constraints,

except that “uphill moves” may occur at any point in the search, not only when stuck.

As targets move, sensor re-allocation is done using “heat bumps” – low T is restricted renegotiation, higher T allows more extensive search for alternatives.

Moving Targets -- Movies Conventions:

Targets (blue pts)Target range (green circles)Sensors (crosses)

Sectors active in a TC are shown

Target Clusters (red lines)Fraction of targets covered (thermometer)

Introduce reduced connectivity

2.8 ngbrs/sensor

6.16 ngbrs/sensor

Analysis of physical model results

When t targets arrive at once, perfect tracking can take time to be achieved.Target is considered “tracked” when a TC of 3+ sensors keeps it in view continuously.We analyze each movie for longest continuous period of coverage of each target, report minimum and average over all targets.

Analyzing the moviesSummary frames:

easy case (10 targets) hard case (30 targets)color code: red (1 TC), green (2 TCs), blue (3 TCs), purple (4TCs) , …

Additional summary information:

Total time tracked, max continuous time tracked

Computation can be speeded up >100x without loss of quality

Determine Phase Boundary

Results with moving targetsTarget visibility range and targets/sensor bounds seen:

Movies to show:

Results of pure agent, agents with renegotiation, and “annealing” operating points CR10 = 4 ngbrs on average 15 targets incident on the array Cases: T0, T0.3, T3.0

15 targets, no renegotiation

15 targets, T=0.3 in iterations

15 Targets, T=3.0 in iterations

15 targets, no renegotiation

15 targets, T = 0.3 renegotiation

15 targets, T = 3.0

Results of renegotiation

Harder cases see bigger improvement, but effect of small amounts hard to control.

Control of sector assignmentPrevious movies allowed sensor to sample all sectors while choosing target. Now we make that choice only at the outset of time step.Problem is harder. We lose about 8% average coverage, hold same continuous coverage. An intermediate approach is desireable.Phase boundary (or threshold of dif ficulty) moves in.

Finding the phase boundary

Finding the phase boundary

Comparing coverage, 10 targets, CR10

Sectors fixed

Sectors varying

Comparing coverage, 10 targets, CR10

Varying sectors Fixed sectors

How much can search be speeded up?

Conservative setting (100x) uses <10 msec/sensor/time step (850 MHz Pentium)Further 10-100x reductions possible except near phase bndry.

As the problems get bigger…Physical model effort, in principle, scales linearly, not exponentially, as number of sensors managed grows.In our model, biggest cost is the communications cost of keeping cluster information (TC’s) current in a well-connected model with few targets present. As the problem gets uglier, this cost decreases because TC’s get smaller!Example – series of simulations with 400 sensors, 40-120 targets incoming. One movie can be seen at http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~kirk/darpa/film.gif .

How often must sectors change?

Note that varying sectors change less often, and give better solution.

Fraction of sensors covering targets

Once targets spread, nearly all sensors contribute.

Fraction of sensors covering targets

Fixing sectors reduces available sensors ~12%.

Average # of TCs per target tracked

Not wasteful, >1 TC’s helps handoff as targets move.

Average # of sensors tracking a target

Excessive coverage of some targets. Can sensors be freed up to improve detection, save power?

Ways to further improve big array performance:

Explore restricted # of sector changes in a time step.Reallocate sensors from overtracked targets, e.g. by tuning the potential for high densities.Introduce target-identity memory to reduce need for continuous tracking. Create a derived MRF object, like edge detection in image processing.

Summary Graph-based physical models capture

the ANTs challenge domain Results on the tradeoffs between:

Computation, Communication, Radar range, and Performance are captured in phase

diagram. Techniques handle realistic constraints, fast enough for use in real distributed system.

IISI, Cornell University

The End

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