wireless data networks introduction -...

X ELATEX — page 1— transp. 1

Wireless data networksIntroduction

Martin Heusse

Intro. — page 2— transp. 2

History — what are we talking about?

IBM PC (81)

IEEE 802.3Audio CD (82)

DECT

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

Infrared

Shortwaveradio

B&WTV

FM radio

3MHz

30MHz

300MHz

3GHz

30GHz

300GHz

Color TV

Satellite(experimental) Cordless phone

Satellitecommunications

IR WLAN

Walkie Talky

“Mobile”phone

CBradio

Digital era

AlohaNet

Tw

iste

d pa

irCoa

x

λf

1m

10cm

1mm

1cm

ArpanetCyclades

RFC 1 RFC 791 (IPv4)Transistor

Point to point

IRIDIUMsat. to sat.

WWWGSMLinux

SS7

iPod iPhoneADSL

Cisco

WiMAX

WLAN

3G 4G / LTE

2G (GPRS)

DVB-T LTE

WLAN (5GHz)

Sigfox

15.4

FacebookGoogle

..


IBM PC (81)

IEEE 802.3Audio CD (82)

DECT

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

Infrared

Shortwaveradio

B&WTV

FM radio

3MHz

30MHz

300MHz

3GHz

30GHz

300GHz

Color TV

Satellite(experimental) Cordless phone

Satellitecommunications

IR WLAN

Walkie Talky

“Mobile”phone

CBradio

Digital era

AlohaNet

Tw

iste

d pa

irCoa

x

λf

1m

10cm

1mm

1cm

ArpanetCyclades

RFC 1 RFC 791 (IPv4)Transistor

Point to point

IRIDIUMsat. to sat.

WWWGSMLinux

SS7

iPod iPhoneADSL

Cisco

WiMAX

WLAN

3G 4G / LTE

2G (GPRS)

DVB-T LTE

WLAN (5GHz)

Sigfox

15.4

FacebookGoogle


We will talk about wireless LANs, mobile networks, satellite

1. Very high data rates – compare with baseband transmission media !(Except optical fiber)

2. RFC 1: “Host Software” by Steve Crocker, 19693. The big arrows refer to digital technologies4. Point to point (in blue): high data rate wireless links for data and/or

telephony, e.g. running SDH – note the earlier conversion to digital…5. In red: Widely deployed consumer oriented technologies6. 2 trends: higher and higher carrier freq., wider channels (the vertical

axis has a log scale!)


Many different use of the wirelesschannel

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing &

Sensor

Netw

ork

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1

Information theory model

22

Input

Source coding

Encryption

Channel coding

Modulation Channel

Output

Source decoding

Decryption

Channel decoding

Demodulation

Data source

Noise

! Digitization, coding

! PCM, ASCII

! Data compression

! MPEG, ZIP

! Protection

! authentication,

integrity,

confidentiality

! Protecting data

against noise and

interferences

+s(t) r(t) = s(t) + n(t)

r(t)

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing &

Sensor

Netw

ork

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1

23

Wireless communication systems

! Diversity in

! Range / scope

! Data rate

! Mobility support

person

al

neigh

borh

ood

coun

try wide

cont

inen

tal

globa

l

Dat

a ra

te

Range

WLLsatelliteWLAN

cordless phone

trunked radio

pagers

mobile phone

WPAN

sensorkbps

Mbps

Wirele

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etw

ork

ing &

Sensor

Netw

ork

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1

24

Wired infrastructure network

! Wireless networks system usually rely on a wired infrastructure

! Telephone : POTS

! Circuit-based

! Connection set-up / tear-down

! Wireless LAN : Internet

! Packet-switching network

! “Always connected”

! Infrastructure-less networks

! Ad hoc networks

! Mesh networks

! Sensor networks

IoT

Cellulardata

..

Many different use of the wirelesschannel

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing &

Sensor

Netw

ork

s —

1


22

Input

Source coding

Encryption

Channel coding

Modulation Channel

Output

Source decoding

Decryption

Channel decoding

Demodulation

Data source

Noise

! Digitization, coding

! PCM, ASCII

! Data compression

! MPEG, ZIP

! Protection

! authentication,

integrity,

confidentiality

! Protecting data

against noise and

interferences

+s(t) r(t) = s(t) + n(t)

r(t)

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing &

Sensor

Netw

ork

s —

1

23


! Diversity in

! Range / scope

! Data rate

! Mobility support

person

al

neigh

borh

ood

coun

try wide

cont

inen

tal

globa

l

Dat

a ra

te

Range

WLLsatelliteWLAN

cordless phone

trunked radio

pagers

mobile phone

WPAN

sensorkbps

Mbps

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing &

Sensor

Netw

ork

s —

1

24


! Wireless networks system usually rely on a wired infrastructure

! Telephone : POTS

! Circuit-based

! Connection set-up / tear-down

! Wireless LAN : Internet

! Packet-switching network

! “Always connected”

! Infrastructure-less networks

! Ad hoc networks

! Mesh networks

! Sensor networks

IoT

Cellulardata

Many different use of the wireless channel

1. Both “scales” are “logarithmic”…2. Trunked radio : firefighters, police…3. Mobile networking

– Cellular 2G, 3G… : much more than just radio links :…accounting, mobility management…

Wireless LAN (802.11)WLL = Wireless local loop (802.11, 802.16 ( a.k.a. WiMAX))Wireless personal area network (802.15.1—Bluetooth)

– High rate, short range, low power consumptionSensor networks (802.15.4—Zigbee)

– Low power consumption* Ad hoc networks (Mobile multihop network)

– Routing– Performance issues

4. SigFox, LoRa : “long” range (tens of km) for IoT


Radio waves

• Radio propagation modes:✓ Line of sight✓ Sky wave (Reflection on the ionosphere — 70 → 300km)(for HF and bellow)✓ Ground wave

f < 2MHz — ex.: AM radio

• Diffraction, reflections, refraction, absorption, scattering✓ Diffraction: λ @ 2.4GHz is 12.5cm✓ Scattering

▶ The phenomenon behind the blue color of the sky▶ Radio waves: mostly on pointed or sharp metal edges

⇒ Multi-paths, fading

..

Radio waves

• Radio propagation modes:✓ Line of sight✓ Sky wave (Reflection on the ionosphere — 70 → 300km)(for HF and bellow)✓ Ground wave

f < 2MHz — ex.: AM radio

• Diffraction, reflections, refraction, absorption, scattering✓ Diffraction: λ @ 2.4GHz is 12.5cm✓ Scattering

▶ The phenomenon behind the blue color of the sky▶ Radio waves: mostly on pointed or sharp metal edges

⇒ Multi-paths, fading

Radio waves

1. We are talking mostly about line of sight and/orreflected/scattered/diffracted waves in the context of this course

2. Light illustrates well how EM waves are reflected, but radio waves amore often diffracted and/or scattered – This causes some amount ofretro-propagation that radars use for instance…

3. Multipath propagation cause randomly constructive or destructiveinterference ; obstacles may attenuate the signal. We speak of a“Fading channel”

4. (On the att. figure) Microwave ovens do not work at a specialfrequency w.r.t. water

5. The 2 peaks of dry air are due to absorption by 02


Radio waves (cont.)


The wireless channel• Free space propagation

✓ Typical attenuation: λ = 0.1m, d = 1m→ -40dB✓ Attenuation # 1

dn with 2 ≤ n (often, n=4 — why?)At best, the radiated power is projected on (a part of) a spherewhose surface grows in the order of 4πd2.

• The atmosphere is (mostly) transparent✓ 10−2dB/km attenuation for radio waves in the air✓ Twisted pair: > 1dB/100m✓ Attenuation is exponential!

(and so it makes sense to measure attenuation in dB)✓ Strong attenuation in concrete, metal; depends on λ→ Good for long distance communications

(if only the world was flat…)

→ Strong attenuation, even over short distances

• No confinement→ Security (authentification, obfuscation), Multiplexing (channel access), Association (no physical cable/plug),

Interferences (→ coding, ARQ, spread spectrum), Channels, Competition with other devices (ovens),

Regulation

..

The wireless channel• Free space propagation

✓ Typical attenuation: λ = 0.1m, d = 1m→ -40dB✓ Attenuation # 1

dn with 2 ≤ n (often, n=4 — why?)At best, the radiated power is projected on (a part of) a spherewhose surface grows in the order of 4πd2.

• The atmosphere is (mostly) transparent✓ 10−2dB/km attenuation for radio waves in the air✓ Twisted pair: > 1dB/100m✓ Attenuation is exponential!

(and so it makes sense to measure attenuation in dB)✓ Strong attenuation in concrete, metal; depends on λ→ Good for long distance communications

(if only the world was flat…)

→ Strong attenuation, even over short distances

• No confinement→ Security (authentification, obfuscation), Multiplexing (channel access), Association (no physical cable/plug),

Interferences (→ coding, ARQ, spread spectrum), Channels, Competition with other devices (ovens),

Regulation

The wireless channel

Radio transmissions have very favorable properties! And unavoidable

1. XdB = 10 log10(X)-40dB↔ 1

100002. Almost no signal absorption, but unavoidable dispersion→ a large fraction of the signal is often lost as it radiates in “alldirections”

3. Fading+No confinement are the 2 reasons why there is a wirelessnetworks class!

4. Directional antennas allow to concentrate the power in one (ormore… See antenna patterns) direction


Digital transmission Channel capacity

• Channel characteristics✓ Bandwidth✓ Signal to Noise power ratio (Signal power limited by regulation,

amplifier performance, distance, antenna…)

• Nyquist bandwidth✓ Channel width B (Hz)→ 2B max. symbol rate✓ (bauds⇔ symbols/s)✓ POTS modems had a capacity of 56kb/s on a channel several kHz

wide…← multilevel signaling

• Shannon capacity (How many levels can I use, how fast?)

✓ The signal is subject to noise. If levels are too close from eachother, there is a risk of error!

C = B log2(1 + SNR)

where SNR is the ratio between signal power and noise power.

..


• Channel characteristics✓ Bandwidth✓ Signal to Noise power ratio (Signal power limited by regulation,

amplifier performance, distance, antenna…)

• Nyquist bandwidth✓ Channel width B (Hz)→ 2B max. symbol rate✓ (bauds⇔ symbols/s)✓ POTS modems had a capacity of 56kb/s on a channel several kHz

wide…← multilevel signaling

• Shannon capacity (How many levels can I use, how fast?)

✓ The signal is subject to noise. If levels are too close from eachother, there is a risk of error!

C = B log2(1 + SNR)

where SNR is the ratio between signal power and noise power.


The fundamentals: how much information can be conveyed?

1. The Nyquist formula tells how quickly symbols can follow eachother on the channel

2. What really matters is the channel capacity, which tells at mosthow many bits/s can/could be carried, theoretically

3. The Shannon capacity is easy to remember:* If the band is twice as large, the capacity should double (C # B)* For many levels, if the signal to noise ratio is doubled, twice as manylevels can be used (C ≈ # log2(SNR))* If SNR=0→ C=0

4. Important: the Shannon formula also applies to cases whereSNR≪ 1, i.e. C≪ B — Generally means a spread spectrumtechnique is used!


Physical layer for wireless

• Antennas✓ Why does an antenna radiate power?

✓ Radiation pattern

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✓ Polarization✓ Antenna diversity

..


• Antennas✓ Why does an antenna radiate power?

✓ Radiation pattern

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(HPBW: half power beam width)Example: cellular net. antennas point toward the ground

✓ Polarization✓ Antenna diversity


Wait? How does it work?

1. Any movement of electric charges will create an EM field that is goingto attract/repulse charges further away – it’s that simple…

2. Charges move in a wire in which a standing wave is present3. There are no perfect omnidirectional antennas, nor perfect directional

antennas…4. Polarization: that gives us 2 channels to play with!5. Antenna diversity: as interferences go from constructive to

destructive over– Short distances– Various time scales

Having several antennas allows to choose the one with the best signal(on receiver side)And there is more (MIMO…)



• Not baseband transmission! (→ modulation)

• Synchronisation (→ preamble, pilot signal…)(Ex.: for AM, to which level does a logical “1” correspond?)

• Scrambling (if not done for spread spectrum)• Spread spectrum

✓ Used to reduce impact of noise or interference✓ Invented by 2 hollywood stars (see www.hedylamarr.at)✓ Used for Multiplexing⇒ CDMA

• Error detection (ex.: CRC), correction (ex.: Convolutioncodes, turbo codes), Interleaving

www.hedylamarr.at

..


• Not baseband transmission! (→ modulation)

• Synchronisation (→ preamble, pilot signal…)(Ex.: for AM, to which level does a logical “1” correspond?)

• Scrambling (if not done for spread spectrum)• Spread spectrum

✓ Used to reduce impact of noise or interference✓ Invented by 2 hollywood stars (see www.hedylamarr.at)✓ Used for Multiplexing⇒ CDMA

• Error detection (ex.: CRC), correction (ex.: Convolutioncodes, turbo codes), Interleaving


No, but I mean, how does it work, really?

1. A standing wave… That means there is a carrier frequency2. Synchro: When and what are the transitions coding the

information3. Scrambling: mix with a pseudo random sequence so that is looks like

noise.Why?

– To make sure there are transitions for clock recovery(or make sure all levels are used evenly… So that the power isnot too low/high, for instance…)

– To avoid radiating in a narrow band– Not for obfuscation!!

4. Spread spectrum: use more bandwidth than would be necessary atfirst… Spread the information over a wide freq. band. A simpleexample is frequency hopping * Multiplexing and interference mitigation may be combined

5. And as things still go wrong often, error detection and correction(combined with interleaving) are often used

www.hedylamarr.at


Link layer for wireless

• ARQ…• Association information

✓ Which network am I connecting to?→ Beacons / discovery

• Multiplexing / channel sharing✓ (Sub-) Channel selection✓ Channel access

▶ Centralized▶ Localized (⊊ distributed)

• Addressing (may include a relay address…)

• Fragmentation/reassembly• Power management

✓ Idle listening is also power consuming⇒ Paging of the mobiles

..


• ARQ…• Association information

✓ Which network am I connecting to?→ Beacons / discovery

• Multiplexing / channel sharing✓ (Sub-) Channel selection✓ Channel access

▶ Centralized▶ Localized (⊊ distributed)

• Addressing (may include a relay address…)

• Fragmentation/reassembly• Power management

✓ Idle listening is also power consuming⇒ Paging of the mobiles


OK, we know how to transmit (streams of) bits, now we need to sendframes, to the intended recipient, share the medium with otherpeople etc.

1. ARQ: Automatic Repeat reQuest. Data networks generally use L2ACKs (802.11, UMTS acknowledged RLC) to combat

– Collisions– Interferences– Fading

2. There are beacons in almost all wireless networks: tells the “user”that a link is available

3. Multiplexing: see next slide…4. Addressing is generally more complex in wireless networks than

wired network where the medium identifies the immediatesource/destination (think about PPP links: they do not have L2addresses!)

5. Radios are often battery powered→ it’s good to shut down the radioas much as possible. Then, it does not allow to communicate!


Multiplexing

�

�Multiplexing: several entities or flows share the same

transmission channel

• In time✓ CSMA✓ TDMA (GSM: 8 uni-directional connection/freq. band)

• FrequencyFDMA: GSM, DECT

• Code✓ CDMA (3G–UMTS, or 2G cdmaOne (a.k.a. IS-95))✓ Frequency hopping (Bluetooth)

• Spatial

..

Multiplexing

�

�Multiplexing: several entities or flows share the same

transmission channel

• In time✓ CSMA✓ TDMA (GSM: 8 uni-directional connection/freq. band)

• FrequencyFDMA: GSM, DECT

• Code✓ CDMA (3G–UMTS, or 2G cdmaOne (a.k.a. IS-95))✓ Frequency hopping (Bluetooth)

• Spatial

Multiplexing

1. CSMA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access↔ listen before talk. WIrelessspecific Variant: /CA (Collision Avoidance: listen longer beforetalk…)…

2. TDMA: Time division MA, senders own the channel periodically3. CDMA: Code Division MA: Combined MUX and spread spectrum4. Spatial MUX: directional antennas, many “relays” (access points, base

stations…)


Network layer

• The mobile stations access the networkthrough one or more base stations/accesspoints which are networked together

• One address identifies the mobile

• Authentication, Authorization andAccounting

• Problematics: signaling, ressourcereservation, interconnection

..

Network layer

• The mobile stations access the networkthrough one or more base stations/accesspoints which are networked together

• One address identifies the mobile

• Authentication, Authorization andAccounting

• Problematics: signaling, ressourcereservation, interconnection

Network layer

We just talked about spatial re-use. That means the “relays” need to benetworked. Mobiles (more generally wireless devices) need to be accessiblewherever they are. This is a network of wires (mostly) but it’s an important part to build awide(r) scale wireless network! (Out of a bunch of wireless links)…

1. This is not only a telecom network problematic, this kind ofinfrastructure also exists for wireless LANs – and DECT networkstoo!


An example: DECTDigital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

• 1880–1900 MHz (EU) or 1920–1930MHz (US); (G)FSK

• FDMA + TDMA

• 32kb/s full duplex basic voice call

• The base station beacons in one slot(→ discovery)

• Intra- and inter-cell handover (changefreq and/or base station)✓ Initiated by handheld device

• Encryption

• Several data profiles (e.g. HDLCframing etc.)

..


• 1880–1900 MHz (EU) or 1920–1930MHz (US); (G)FSK

• FDMA + TDMA

• 32kb/s full duplex basic voice call

• The base station beacons in one slot(→ discovery)

• Intra- and inter-cell handover (changefreq and/or base station)✓ Initiated by handheld device

• Encryption

• Several data profiles (e.g. HDLCframing etc.)


1. Typical of system designed with voice calls as the main application:TDMA also used in

– GSM– Iridium

2. Does not use any spread spectrum technique



(cont.)

The DECT standard explained

© Copyright DECT Forum, February 1997 Page 6

Mobility

Although network-wide mobility is outsidethe scope of the DECT standard, the mobilityfunctions in the DECT standard provide theability to access the mobility capabilities oftelecommunications networks through a(multi) cellular infrastructure giving tremen-dous flexibility to users roaming across theirresidence or business site.Wireless users with authorised access to thenetwork (subscribed users) can make andreceive calls at any location covered by theDECT infrastructure (if the infrastructuresupports mobility) and move around in thisarea even when in active communication.When the radio channel is interfered, theseamless handover capability of DECT as-sures an unnoticeable escape to a newly se-lected non-interfered radio channel.

The MC/TDMA/TDD principle

The DECT radio interface is based on theMulti Carrier, Time Division Multiple Ac-cess, Time Division Duplex(MC/TDMA/TDD) radio access methodol-ogy. Basic DECT frequency allocation uses10 carrier frequencies (MC) in the 1880 to1900 MHz range. The time spectrum forDECT is subdivided into timeframes repeat-

ing every 10 ms. Each frame consists of 24timeslots each individually accessible(TDMA) that may be used for either trans-mission or reception. For the basic DECTspeech service two timeslots - with 5 msseparation - are paired to provide bearer ca-pacity for typically 32 kbit/s (ADPCM G.726coded speech) full duplex connections. Tosimplify implementations for basic DECT the10 ms timeframe has been split in two halves(TDD); where the first 12 timeslots are usedfor FP transmissions (downlink) and theother 12 are used for PP transmissions(uplink).

The TDMA structure allows up to 12 si-multaneous basic DECT (full duplex) voiceconnections per transceiver providing a sig-nificant cost benefit when compared withtechnologies that can have only one link pertransceiver (e.g. CT2). Due to the advancedradio protocol, DECT is able to offer widelyvarying bandwidths by combining multiplechannels into a single bearer. For data trans-mission purposes error protected netthroughput rates of n x 24 kbit/s can beachieved, up to a maximum of 552 kbit/swith full security as applied by the basicDECT standard.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23Timeslots

b

a

b

a

UplinkDownlinkcycle = 10ms

RFchannels

0123456789

Figure 4. The DECT frequency/time spectrumhttp://www.dect.org/userfiles/file/General%5CDECT%20Background/DECT_Technical%20Document_1997.pdf

http://www.dect.org/userfiles/file/General%5CDECT%20Background/DECT_Technical%20Document_1997.pdf


Radio spectrum—FCC Freq. alloc.

U.S. DEPARTMENT O F C O MMERCE

NATIO

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M

UN I C ATI O NS & INF O RM ATION

AD

MIN

ISTR

ATIO

N

MO

BILE

(AE

RONA

UTIC

AL T

ELEM

ETER

ING

)

S)

5.68

5.73

5.90

5.95

6.2

6.52

5

6.68

56.

765

7.0

7.1

7.3

7.35

8.1

8.19

5

8.81

5

8.96

59.

040

9.4

9.5

9.9

9.99

510

.003

10.0

0510

.110

.15

11.1

7511

.275

11.4

11.6

11.6

5

12.0

5

12.1

0

12.2

3

13.2

13.2

613

.36

13.4

113

.57

13.6

13.8

13.8

714

.014

.25

14.3

5

14.9

9015

.005

15.0

1015

.10

15.6

15.8

16.3

6

17.4

117

.48

17.5

5

17.9

17.9

718

.03

18.0

6818

.168

18.7

818

.919

.02

19.6

819

.80

19.9

9019

.995

20.0

0520

.010

21.0

21.4

521

.85

21.9

2422

.0

22.8

5523

.023

.223

.35

24.8

924

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25.0

05

25.0

125

.07

25.2

125

.33

25.5

525

.67

26.1

26.1

7526

.48

26.9

526

.96

27.2

327

.41

27.5

428

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29.7

29.8

29.8

929

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30.0

UNITED

STATES

THE RADIO SPECTRUM

NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE

GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDGOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE

RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND

ACTIVITY CODE

NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION FIXED

MARITIME MOBILEFIXED

MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE

Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION

FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

Radiolocation

FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

Aero

naut

ical

Mob

ileM

aritim

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ion(R

adio

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ons)

MAR

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AVIG

ATIO

N(R

ADIO

BEA

CONS

)

Aero

naut

ical

Radio

navig

ation

(Rad

io Be

acon

s)

3 9 14 19.9

5

20.0

5

30 30 59 61 70 90 110

130

160

190

200

275

285

300

3 kHz 300 kHz

300 kHz 3 MHz

3 MHz30 MHz

30 MHz 300 MHz

3 GHz

300 GHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

AeronauticalRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)

MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)

Aero

naut

ical

Mob

ile

Mar

itime

Radio

navig

ation

(Rad

io Be

acon

s)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

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ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)

AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)

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ical M

obile

RADI

ONAV

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ION

AER

ONA

UTIC

ALRA

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ION

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EM

OBI

LE AeronauticalRadionavigation

MO

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(DIS

TRES

S AN

D CA

LLIN

G)

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MAR

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ONA

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NS)

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ESS

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CALL

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DARD

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IME

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500k

Hz)

STAN

DARD

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ch MARITIMEMOBILE

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REQ.

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000

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Radio-location

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39.0

40.0

42.0

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ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz

ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz

ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz

ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz

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38.0

38.6

39.5

40.0

40.5

41.0

42.5

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PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.

AERONAUTICALMOBILE

AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE


AMATEUR

AMATEUR SATELLITE

BROADCASTING

BROADCASTINGSATELLITE

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE

FIXED

FIXED SATELLITE

INTER-SATELLITE

LAND MOBILE

LAND MOBILESATELLITE

MARITIME MOBILE

MARITIME MOBILESATELLITE

MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION

METEOROLOGICALAIDS

METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE

MOBILE

MOBILE SATELLITE

RADIO ASTRONOMY

RADIODETERMINATIONSATELLITE

RADIOLOCATION

RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE

RADIONAVIGATION

RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE

SPACE OPERATION

SPACE RESEARCH

STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL

STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE

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ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION

SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Primary FIXED Capital Letters

Secondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management

October 2003

MOB

ILE

BROA

DCAS

TING

TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz

59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES

Fixed

AE

RO

NA

UTI

CA

LR

AD

ION

AV

IGA

TIO

N

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH (P

assiv

e)

* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)

** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE WAVELENGTH

BANDDESIGNATIONS

ACTIVITIES

FREQUENCY

3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å

0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz

THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz

VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray

Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves Infrared

P L S XC RadarBands

LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY

X-ray

ALLOCATIONS

FREQUENCY

BR

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AS

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S..

This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.


NATIO

NA

L TELEC

OM

M


AD

MIN

ISTR

ATIO

N

MO

BILE

(AE

RONA

UTIC

AL T

ELEM

ETER

ING

)

S)

5.68

5.73

5.90

5.95

6.2

6.52

5

6.68

56.

765

7.0

7.1

7.3

7.35

8.1

8.19

5

8.81

5

8.96

59.

040

9.4

9.5

9.9

9.99

510

.003

10.0

0510

.110

.15

11.1

7511

.275

11.4

11.6

11.6

5

12.0

5

12.1

0

12.2

3

13.2

13.2

613

.36

13.4

113

.57

13.6

13.8

13.8

714

.014

.25

14.3

5

14.9

9015

.005

15.0

1015

.10

15.6

15.8

16.3

6

17.4

117

.48

17.5

5

17.9

17.9

718

.03

18.0

6818

.168

18.7

818

.919

.02

19.6

819

.80

19.9

9019

.995

20.0

0520

.010

21.0

21.4

521

.85

21.9

2422

.0

22.8

5523

.023

.223

.35

24.8

924

.99

25.0

05

25.0

125

.07

25.2

125

.33

25.5

525

.67

26.1

26.1

7526

.48

26.9

526

.96

27.2

327

.41

27.5

428

.0

29.7

29.8

29.8

929

.91

30.0

UNITED

STATES

THE RADIO SPECTRUM




ACTIVITY CODE



MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE


FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

Radiolocation

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MARITIMEMOBILE

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(Rad

io Be

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s)

3 9 14 19.9

5

20.0

5

30 30 59 61 70 90 110

130

160

190

200

275

285

300

3 kHz 300 kHz

300 kHz 3 MHz

3 MHz30 MHz

30 MHz 300 MHz

3 GHz

300 GHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz



Aero

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3.0

3.02

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3.4

3.5

4.0

4.06

3

4.43

8

4.65

4.7

4.75

4.85

4.99

55.

003

5.00

55.

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5.45

MARITIMEMOBILE

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300

325

335

405

415

435

495

505

510

525

535

1605

1615

1705

1800

1900

2000

2065

2107

2170

2173

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2501

2502

2505

2850

3000

RADIO-LOCATION

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MARI

TIME

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30.0

30.5

6

32.0

33.0

34.0

35.0

36.0

37.0

37.5

38.0

38.2

5

39.0

40.0

42.0

43.6

9

46.6

47.0

49.6

50.0

54.0

72.0

73.0

74.6

74.8

75.2

75.4

76.0

88.0

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0

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975

121.

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123.

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0

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7.02

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7.17

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7.82

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6.0

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1.57

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1.62

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1.77

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2.01

25

173.

217

3.4

174.

0

216.

0

220.

022

2.0

225.

0

235.

0

300


ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz

ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz


300.

0

322.

0

328.

6

335.

4

399.

9

400.

0540

0.15

401.

0

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http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf

http://www.fcc.gov/oet/spectrum/table/fcctable.pdf

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/SGP_2002-2006/

JGRES09/CEPT2.pdf

http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf

http://www.fcc.gov/oet/spectrum/table/fcctable.pdf

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/SGP_2002-2006/JGRES09/CEPT2.pdf

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/SGP_2002-2006/JGRES09/CEPT2.pdf


Radio spectrum—FCC Freq. alloc. (cont.)


NATIO

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6

17.4

117

.48

17.5

5

17.9

17.9

718

.03

18.0

6818

.168

18.7

818

.919

.02

19.6

819

.80

19.9

9019

.995

20.0

0520

.010

21.0

21.4

521

.85

21.9

2422

.0

22.8

5523

.023

.223

.35

24.8

924

.99

25.0

05

25.0

125

.07

25.2

125

.33

25.5

525

.67

26.1

26.1

7526

.48

26.9

526

.96

27.2

327

.41

27.5

428

.0

29.7

29.8

29.8

929

.91

30.0

UNITED

STATES

THE RADIO SPECTRUM




ACTIVITY CODE



MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE


FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

Radiolocation

FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE

FIXED

MARITIMEMOBILE


AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

Aero

naut

ical

Mob

ileM

aritim

eRa

diona

vigat

ion(R

adio

Beac

ons)

MAR

ITIM

ERA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

N(R

ADIO

BEA

CONS

)

Aero

naut

ical

Radio

navig

ation

(Rad

io Be

acon

s)

3 9 14 19.9

5

20.0

5

30 30 59 61 70 90 110

130

160

190

200

275

285

300

3 kHz 300 kHz

300 kHz 3 MHz

3 MHz30 MHz

30 MHz 300 MHz

3 GHz

300 GHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz



Aero

naut

ical

Mob

ile

Mar

itime

Radio

navig

ation

(Rad

io Be

acon

s)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)


AeronauticalMobile

Aero

naut

ical M

obile

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

AER

ONA

UTIC

ALRA

DIO

NAVI

GAT

ION

MAR

ITIM

EM

OBI


MO

BILE

(DIS

TRES

S AN

D CA

LLIN

G)

MAR

ITIM

E M

OBI

LE

MAR

ITIM

EM

OBI

LE(S

HIPS

ONL

Y)

MO

BILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONA

VIG

ATIO

N(R

ADIO

BEA

CONS

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(RAD

IO B

EACO

NS)


MAR

ITIM

E M

OBIL

E (T

ELEP

HONY

)

MAR

ITIM

E M

OBIL

E (T

ELEP

HONY

) M

OBI

LE (D

ISTR

ESS

AND

CALL

ING

)

MARITIMEMOBILE

LAND MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED STAN

DARD

FRE

Q. A

ND T

IME

SIGN

AL (2

500k

Hz)

STAN

DARD

FRE

Q. A

ND T

IME

SIGN

AL

Spac

e Re

sear

ch MARITIMEMOBILE

LAND MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(R)

STAN

DARD

FRE

Q.

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(OR)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(R)

FIXED

MOBILE**

Radio-location

FIXE

DM

OBI

LE*

AMATEUR

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

FIXED

FIXE

DMARITIMEMOBILE

MO

BILE

*

MO

BILE

*

MO

BILE

STAN

DARD

FRE

Q. A

ND T

IME

SIGN

AL (5

000

KHZ)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(OR)

STAN

DARD

FRE

Q.Sp

ace

Rese

arch

MOBILE**

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MO

BILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(OR) FIX

ED

MO

BILE

*

BRO

ADCA

STIN

G

MAR

ITIM

E M

OBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MO

BILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(OR) FIXE

DM

obile

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLIT

EAM

ATEU

R

AMAT

EUR

FIXED

Mobile

MAR

ITIM

E M

OBILE

MARITIMEMOBILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MO

BILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(OR)

FIXE

D

BRO

ADCA

STIN

G

FIXE

DST

ANDA

RD F

REQ.

AND

TIM

E SI

GNAL

(10,

000

kHz)

STAN

DARD

FRE

Q.Sp

ace

Rese

arch

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(R)

AMAT

EUR

FIXED

Mobile* AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(OR)

FIXE

D

FIXE

DBRO

ADCA

STIN

G

MAR

ITIM

EM

OBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (R

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE (O

R)

RADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

Mob

ile*

AMAT

EUR

BRO

ADCA

STIN

G

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLIT

E

Mob

ile*

FIXE

D

BRO

ADCA

STIN

G

STAN

DARD

FRE

Q. A

ND T

IME

SIGN

AL (1

5,00

0 kH

z)ST

ANDA

RD F

REQ.

Spac

e Re

sear

ch

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(OR)

MAR

ITIM

EM

OBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(OR)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(R)

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

BRO

ADCA

STIN

G

STAN

DARD

FRE

Q.Sp

ace

Rese

arch

FIXE

D

MAR

ITIM

E M

OBI

LE

Mob

ileFI

XED

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLIT

E

BRO

ADCA

STIN

GFI

XED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MOB

ILE

(R)

MAR

ITIM

E M

OBI

LE

FIXE

DFI

XED

FIXE

D

Mob

ile*

MO

BILE

**

FIXE

D

STAN

DARD

FRE

Q. A

ND T

IME

SIGN

AL (2

5,00

0 kH

z)

STAN

DARD

FRE

Q.Sp

ace

Rese

arch

LAN

D M

OBI

LEM

ARIT

IME

MO

BILE

LAN

D M

OBI

LE M

OBI

LE**

RAD

IO A

STRO

NOM

YBR

OAD

CAST

ING

MAR

ITIM

E M

OBI

LE L

AND

MO

BILE

FIXE

D M

OBI

LE**

FIXE

D

MO

BILE

**

MO

BILE

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

FIXE

DFI

XED

FIXE

D

LAND

MOB

ILE

MO

BILE

**

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLIT

E

MO

BILE

LAN

D M

OBI

LE

MO

BILE

MO

BILE

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

MO

BILE

MO

BILE

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

LAN

DM

OBI

LE

LAN

DM

OBI

LE

LAN

DM

OBI

LE

LAND

MO

BILE

Radi

o As

trono

my

RADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

LAND

MO

BILE

FIXE

DFI

XED

MO

BILEMO

BILE

MOBILE

LAND

MO

BILE

FIXED

LAN

DM

OBI

LE

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

MO

BILE

MOBI

LE

LANDMOBILE AMATEUR


FIXE

DM

OBI

LE

FIXE

DM

OBI

LE

FIXE

DM

OBI

LEFI

XED

MO

BILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIG

ATIO

N




AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MO

BILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MO

BILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MO

BILE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MO

BILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MO

BILE

(R)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

MO

BILE

(R)

MO

BILE

FIXE

DAM

ATEU

R


MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILE SATELLITE

FIXED

MOBILESATELLITE

MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILESATELLITE

MOBILE

FIXE

DM

OBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIG

ATIO

N

STD.

FRE

Q. &

TIM

E SI

GNAL

SAT

. (40

0.1

MHz

)ME

T. SA

T.(S

-E)

SPAC

E RE

S.(S

-E)

Earth

Exp

l.Sa

tellit

e (E

-S)

MO

BILE

SAT

ELLI

TE (E

-S)

FIXE

DM

OBI

LERA

DIO

ASTR

ONOM

Y

RADI

OLO

CATI

ON

Amat

eur

LAND

MO

BILE


LAND

MO

BILE

BR

OA

DC

AS

TIN

G

(TV

CH

AN

NE

LS 1

4 - 2

0)


TV BROADCASTINGRAD

IO A

STR

ON

OM

Y

RADI

OLO

CATI

ON

FIXE

D

Amat

eur


MO

BILE

**FI

XED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADIO

NAVIG

ATION

Radio

locat

ion

Radi

oloc

atio

nM

ARIT

IME

RADI

ONA

VIG

ATIO

N

MAR

ITIM

ERA

DIO

NAVI

GAT

ION

Radi

oloc

atio

n

Radiolocation

Radiolocation


LOCATION

Amateur

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

(Gro

und)

RADI

O-LO

CATI

ONRa

dio-

locati

on

AERO

. RAD

IO-

NAV.

(Grou

nd)

FIXED

SAT.

(S-E

)RA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

Radio

-loc

ation

FIXED

FIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

FIXE

D

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIG

ATIO

N MO

BILE

FIXE

DM

OBI

LE

RADI

O A

STRO

NOM

YSp

ace

Rese

arch

(Pas

sive)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIG

ATIO

N

RADI

O-

LOCA

TIO

NRa

dio-

loca

tion

RADI

ONA

VIG

ATIO

N

Radi

oloc

atio

n

RADI

OLO

CATI

ON

Radi

oloc

atio

n

Radi

oloc

atio

n

Radi

oloc

atio

n

RADI

OLO

CATI

ON

RADI

O-

LOCA

TIO

N

MAR

ITIM

ERA

DIO

NAVI

GAT

ION

MAR

ITIM

ERA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

NM

ETEO

ROLO

GICA

LAI

DS

Amat

eur

Amat

eur

FIXED

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)M

OBIL

E

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)M

OB

ILE

FIXE

D FIXE

D

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DSP

ACE

RESE

ARCH

(E-S

)FI

XED

Fixe

dMO

BILE

SATE

LLIT

E (S

-E)

FIXED

SAT

ELLIT

E (S

-E)

FIXED

SAT

ELLIT

E (S

-E)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)FI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E (S

-E)

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)FI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E (E

-S) FIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE(E

-S) FIX

EDSA

TELL

ITE(E

-S)

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

MET.

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)Mo

bile

Satel

lite (S

-E)

Mobil

eSa

tellite

(S-E

)

Mobil

eSa

tellite

(E-S

)(no

airb

orne)

Mobil

e Sa

tellite

(E-S

)(no

airbo

rne)

Mobil

e Sa

tellite

(S-E

)

Mobil

eSa

tellite

(E-S

)

MOB

ILE

SATE

LLIT

E (E

-S)

EART

H EX

PL.

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)

EART

H EX

PL.

SAT.

(S-E

)

EART

H EX

PL.

SATE

LLITE

(S-E

)

MET.

SATE

LLITE

(E-S

)

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH (S

-E)

(dee

p sp

ace

only)

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH (S

-E)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONA

VIG

ATIO

N

RADI

OLO

CATI

ON

Radi

oloc

atio

n

Radi

oloc

atio

n

Radio

locat

ion

Radio

locat

ion

MAR

ITIM

ERA

DIO

NAVI

GAT

ION M

eteo

rolog

ical

Aids

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

RADI

OLO

CATI

ON

Radi

oloc

atio

n

RADI

O-

LOCA

TIO

N

Radio

locati

on

Radio

locat

ionAm

ateu

r

Amat

eur

Amat

eur

Sate

llite

RADI

OLO

CATI

ON

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

FIXED

FIX

EDFIXED

SATELLITE(S-E)

FIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

Mobile **

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH(P

assiv

e)EA

RTH

EXPL

.SA

T. (P

assiv

e)RA

DIO

ASTR

ONOM

Y

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH (P

assiv

e)EA

RTH

EXPL

.SA

TELL

ITE

(Pas

sive)

RADI

OAS

TRO

NOM

Y

BRO

ADCA

STIN

GSA

TELL

ITE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

V.Sp

ace

Rese

arch

(E-S

)

SpaceResearch

Land

Mob

ileSa

tellite

(E-S

)

Radio

-loc

ation

RADI

O-LO

CATI

ON

RADI

ONA

VIGA

TION FI

XE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)La

nd M

obile

Sate

llite

(E-

S)

Land

Mob

ileSa

tellite

(E-S

)Fi

xed

Mob

ileFI

XED

SAT

. (E-

S)

Fixe

dM

obile

FIXE

D

Mob

ileFI

XED

MOB

ILE

Spac

e Re

sear

chSp

ace

Rese

arch

Spac

e Re

sear

ch

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH(P

assiv

e)RA

DIO

ASTR

ONOM

YEA

RTH

EXPL

. SAT

.(P

assiv

e)

Radio

locati

onRA

DIO

LOCA

TIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

FX S

AT (

E-S)

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(E-

S)FI

XE

D

FIXE

D

FIX

ED

MO

BIL

E

EART

H EX

PL.

SAT.

(Pas

sive)

MO

BIL

E

Earth

Exp

l.Sa

tellite

(Acti

ve)

Stan

dard

Freq

uenc

y an

dTim

e Si

gnal

Satel

lite (E

-S)

Earth

Explo

ratio

nSa

tellite

(S-S

)M

OBIL

EFI

XED

MO

BIL

E

FIX

ED

Earth

Explo

ratio

nSa

tellite

(S-S

)

FIX

ED

MO

BIL

EFI

XE

DSA

T (E

-S)

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)M

OBIL

E SA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)

MOB

ILE

SATE

LLIT

E(E

-S)

Stan

dard

Freq

uenc

y an

dTim

e Si

gnal

Satel

lite (S

-E)

Stan

d. Fr

eque

ncy

and

Time

Sign

alSa

tellite

(S-E

)FI

XED

MOB

ILE

RADI

OAS

TRON

OMY

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(P

assiv

e)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

T. (P

assiv

e)

RADI

ONA

VIG

ATIO

N

RADI

ONA

VIG

ATIO

NIN

TER-

SATE

LLIT

E

RADI

ONA

VIG

ATIO

N

RADI

OLO

CATI

ON

Radi

oloc

atio

n

SPAC

E RE

..(

Pass

ive)

EART

H EX

PL.

SAT.

(Pas

sive)

FIX

ED

MO

BIL

E

FIX

ED

MO

BIL

E

FIX

ED

MOB

ILE

Mob

ileFi

xedFIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(S-E

)

BR

OA

D-

CA

STI

NG

BC

ST

SA

T.

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E

FX

SAT(

E-S)

MO

BIL

EFI

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D

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE

FI XE

DSA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)

MOBI

LESA

TELL

ITE (E

-S)

MO

BIL

EFI

XE

D

SP

AC

ER

ES

EA

RC

H(P

assi

ve)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE

(Pas

sive)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

T. (P

assiv

e)

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CH(P

assiv

e)

INTE

R-SA

TELL

ITE

RADI

O-LO

CATIO

N

SPAC

ERE

SEAR

CHFI

XE

D

MOBILE

F IX E D

MOBILESATELLITE

(E-S)

MOB

ILESA

TELL

ITE

RADI

ONA

VIGA

TION

RADI

O-NA

VIGA

TION

SATE

LLIT

E

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE F IX E D

SATELLITE(E-S)

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DFI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E (E

-S)

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLIT

E

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLIT

E

Amat

eur

Sate

llite

Amat

eur

RA

DIO

-LO

CAT

ION

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DM

OBIL

ESA

TELL

ITE

(S-E

)

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(S-E

)

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DBR

OAD-

CAST

ING

SATE

LLIT

E

BROA

D-CA

STIN

G

SPACERESEARCH

(Passive)

RADIOASTRONOMY

EARTHEXPLORATION

SATELLITE(Passive)

MOBILE

FIX

ED

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DRA

DIO-

LOCA

TION

FIXE

DSA

TELL

ITE

(E-S

)

MOBILESATELLITE


RADIO-NAVIGATION

Radio-location

EART

H E

XPL.

SATE

LLIT

E (P

assiv

e)SP

ACE

RESE

ARCH

(Pas

sive)

FIX

ED

FIX

ED

SATE

LLIT

E(S

-E)

SPACERESEARCH

(Passive)

RADIOASTRONOMY

EARTHEXPLORATION

SATELLITE(Passive)

FIXED

MOBILE

MO

BIL

EIN

TER-

SATE

LLIT

E

RADIO-LOCATION

INTER-SATELLITE

Radio-location

MOBILE

MOBILESATELLITE

RADIO-NAVIGATION


AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

SATE

LLIT

E

Amat

eur

Amat

eur S

atel

liteRA

DIO

-LO

CATI

ON

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DFI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E (S

-E)

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DFI

XED

SATE

LLIT

E(S

-E)

EART

HEX

PLOR

ATIO

NSA

TELL

ITE

(Pas

sive)

SPAC

E RE

S.(P

assiv

e)

SPAC

E RE

S.(P

assiv

e)

RADI

OAS

TRON

OMY

FIXEDSATELLITE

(S-E)

FIXED

MOB

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Radio spectrum UHF — France

802.11b

880915

17101880

GSM900 DCS1800 UMTS

19202170

DECT

UMTS TDD

ISM

Bluetooth…

Source: ARCEP

ISM

802.15.4…

925960 1785

18051980

21102484

2400433.05434.79

TV

MSS

Iridium

Europasat

ISM

Remote controls Alarms…

4G 4G

Digital dividend

WiMAX: 3.5GHz ⇒

GPS L1GPS L2

Galile

o

Glona

ss

Inm

arsa

t

Met

eoro

logy

…

Globalstar

Globalstar

(Linear Frequency axis)

What is this antenna over there? ⇒ http://www.cartoradio.fr

What is the spectrum used for? ⇒ http://www.anfr.fr/fr/planification-international/

tnrbf/tableau-derive.html

http://www.cartoradio.fr

http://www.anfr.fr/fr/planification-international/tnrbf/tableau-derive.html


..


802.11b

880915

17101880

GSM900 DCS1800 UMTS

19202170

DECT

UMTS TDD

ISM

Bluetooth…

Source: ARCEP

ISM

802.15.4…

925960 1785

18051980

21102484

2400433.05434.79

TV

MSS

Iridium

Europasat

ISM

Remote controls Alarms…

4G 4G

Digital dividend

WiMAX: 3.5GHz ⇒

GPS L1GPS L2

Galile

o

Glona

ss

Inm

arsa

t

Met

eoro

logy

…

Globalstar

Globalstar

(Linear Frequency axis)

What is this antenna over there? ⇒ http://www.cartoradio.fr

What is the spectrum used for? ⇒ http://www.anfr.fr/fr/planification-international/

tnrbf/tableau-derive.html


1. Avalanche beacons operate in MF band (457kHz)2. Globalstar is a mobile satellite telecom operator, the LEO satellite

reflects the signal to a base station located not too far away.3. GPS L2 was added to the GPS system, used to remove ionosphere

distorsions

http://www.cartoradio.fr




Wireless data networks“Data Networks” perspective

Session

Transport

Network

Link

Physical

HTTP

MIME

HTTP Cookies

TCP

IP

Application

Presentation

PPP(HDLC framing)

RS-232

11a 11b

…

UDP SCTP

(adresses, security, channel access, ARQ)

Phy. Layer Converg. Protocol

Phy. medium dependent

MAC

…

DNS FTP SSH

LLC

10ba

seT

100b

aseT

X

6Mb/

s9M

b/s …

XDR

SLIP

SSL Session

X11SMTP XMMP

SSL

…

SOCKS

Ethernet 802.11

Blue-tooth

..

Wireless data networks“Data Networks” perspective

Session

Transport

Network

Link

Physical

HTTP

MIME

HTTP Cookies

TCP

IP

Application

Presentation

PPP(HDLC framing)

RS-232

11a 11b

…

UDP SCTP

(adresses, security, channel access, ARQ)

Phy. Layer Converg. Protocol

Phy. medium dependent

MAC

…

DNS FTP SSH

LLC

10ba

seT

100b

aseT

X

6Mb/

s9M

b/s …

XDR

SLIP

SSL Session

X11SMTP XMMP

SSL

…

SOCKS

Ethernet 802.11

Blue-tooth

Wireless data networks “Data Networks” perspective

The focus in this course will be quite a bit on L2, a pinch of L1, a grain of L3

1. BT appears as a byte-carrying PHY layer here, but it obviously has aL2, and even data profiles, so there is more to it than that…

2. 802.11 has more sublayers than just PHY/link… As all IEEE-definedstandards, it does not care mentioning what type of PDU is carried, soLLC is needed!

3. SCTP is a transport protocol mostly used today to carry telecomsignaling (call setup…) in IP packets. It could be used for other things.

4. This is a “data network”-centric picture. Telecom networks are notbuild around IP, except for the latest generation!


Wireless data networks“Information Theory” perspective

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing &

Sensor

Netw

ork

s —

1


22

Input

Source coding

Encryption

Channel coding

Modulation Channel

Output

Source decoding

Decryption

Channel decoding

Demodulation

Data source

Noise

Digitization, coding

PCM, ASCII

Data compression

MPEG, ZIP

Protection

authentication,

integrity,

confidentiality

Protecting data

against noise and

interferences+s(t) r(t) = s(t) + n(t)

r(t)

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing &

Sensor

Netw

ork

s —

1

23


Diversity in

Range / scope

Data rate

Mobility support

person

al

neigh

borh

ood

coun

try wide

cont

inen

tal

globa

l

Dat

a ra

te

Range

WLLsatelliteWLAN

cordless phone

trunked radio

pagers

mobile phone

WPAN

sensorkbps

Mbps

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing &

Sensor

Netw

ork

s —

1

24


Wireless networks system usually rely on a wired infrastructure

Telephone : POTS

Circuit-based

Connection set-up / tear-down

Wireless LAN : Internet

Packet-switching network

“Always connected”

Infrastructure-less networks

Ad hoc networks

Mesh networks

Sensor networks

..

Wireless data networks“Information Theory” perspective

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing

& S

enso

r N

etw

ork

s —

1


22

Input

Source coding

Encryption

Channel coding

Modulation Channel

Output

Source decoding

Decryption

Channel decoding

Demodulation

Data source

Noise

Digitization, coding

PCM, ASCII

Data compression

MPEG, ZIP

Protection

authentication,

integrity,

confidentiality

Protecting data

against noise and

interferences+s(t) r(t) = s(t) + n(t)

r(t)

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing

& S

enso

r N

etw

ork

s —

1

23


Diversity in

Range / scope

Data rate

Mobility support

person

al

neigh

borh

ood

coun

try wide

cont

inen

tal

globa

l

Dat

a ra

te

Range

WLLsatelliteWLAN

cordless phone

trunked radio

pagers

mobile phone

WPAN

sensorkbps

Mbps

Wirele

ss N

etw

ork

ing

& S

enso

r N

etw

ork

s —

1

24


Wireless networks system usually rely on a wired infrastructure

Telephone : POTS

Circuit-based

Connection set-up / tear-down

Wireless LAN : Internet

Packet-switching network

“Always connected”

Infrastructure-less networks

Ad hoc networks

Mesh networks

Sensor networks

Wireless data networks “Information Theory” perspective

1. Source coding⇔ sampling, digitization, compression (remove/triminformation)

2. Encryption⇔ ensure integrity, confidentiality, authentication (addsome data)

3. Channel coding⇔ Data protection through redundancy (add –a lotof– data) Hamming error correcting code: max. rate ECC. Otherwise typically rate is 3/4, 1/2, 1/3 (← this the ratio of the actualdata to the amount of bits transmitted)…Interleaving

4. Modulation⇔ attach the data to a physical carrier5. N.B.: In wireless networks there can be more than one link. In cellular

networks, source coding often happens in other places than just theend points

wireless data networks introduction -...

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