WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS SECOND EDITION

William Stallings

PIARSON

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Upper saddle River, NJ 07458

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CONTENTS

Preface xi

Chapter 1 Introduct ion 1

1-1 Wireless Comes of Age 2

1.2 The Cellular Revolution 3

1.3 The Global Cellular Network 4

1.4 Broadband 5

1.5 Future Trends 5

1.6 The Trouble with Wireless 7 1.7 Out l ine of the Book 7

1.8 Internet and Web Resources 10

P A R T O N E T E C H N I C A L B A C K G R O U N D 13

Chapter 2 Transmiss ion Fundamentals 14

2.1 Signals for Conveying Information 15

2.2 Analog and Digital Data Transmission 22

2.3 Channel Capacity 27

2.4 Transmission Media 31

2.5 Multiplexing 36

2.6 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 40

2.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 41

Appendix 2A Decibels and Signal Strength 43

Chapter 3 C o m m u n i c a t i o n Networks 46

3.1 LANs, MANs, and WANs 47 3.2 Switching Techniques 49

3.3 Circuit Switching 50 3.4 Packet Switching 54 3.5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 60 3.6 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 65

3.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 66

Chapter 4 Protocols and the T C P / I P Suite 69 4.1 The Need for a Protocol Architecture 70 4.2 The T C P / I P Protocol Architecture 71

4.3 The OSI Model 75 4.4 Internetworking 77 4.5 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 83 4.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 83

Appendix 4A Internet Protocol 85 Appendix 4B Transmission Control Protocol 88 Appendix 4C User Datagram Protocol 92

vii

\n i l CONTENTS

R \ R T TAXO UTRELESS C O M M U N I C A T I O N TECHNOLOGY 94 Chapter 5 Antennas and Propagation 95

5.1 .\ntennas 96

5.2 Propaganon Modes 101 5.3 Line-ot-Sight Transmission 105 5.4 Fading in the Mobile Em^ronment 115 5.5 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 122 5.6 Ke\'Terms, Re\new Questions, and Problems 123

Chapter 6 Sigrtal Encoding Techniques 127

6.1 Signal Encoding Criteria 129 6.2 Digital Data. Analog Signals 131 6.3 Analog Dau , Analog Signals 142 6.4 Analog Dau , Digital Signals 148 6.5 Recommended Readings 155 6.6 Kev Terms. Re \ i ew Questions, and Problems 155

Chapter 7 Spread Spectrum 159

7.1 The Concept of Spread Spectrum 160 7.2 Frequency- Hopping Spread Spectrum 161 7.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 166 7.4 Code Dh-ision Multiple Access 170

7.5 Generanon of Spreading Sequences 173 7.6 Recommended Readings and Web Sues 186 7.7 Ke\ Terms. Re\'iew Questions, and Problems 186

Chapter 8 Coding and Error Control 192

8.1 Error Detection 193 8.2 Block Error Correction Codes 200

8.3 Convolutional Codes 216 8.4 Automatic Repeat Request 223 8.5 Recommended Readings 230 8.6 Ke\'Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 231

PART T H R E E W I R E L E S S N E T W O R K I N G 236

Chapter 9 Satellite Communicat ions 237

9.1 Satellite Parameters and Configuranons 238^ 9.2 Capacity Allocanon—Frequency Division 250

9 3 Capacity Allocarion—Time Division 256 9 4 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 261 9.5 Key Ternxs, Review Questions, and Problems 262

Chapter 10 CeUular Wireless Networks 264

10.1 Principles of CeUular Netxvorks 265 10.2 First-Generadon Analog 282 10 3 Second-Generation TDMA 285 10.4 Second-Generanon CDMA 298 10.5 Third-Generation Systems 304

11.3 11.4 11.5

i n A D t:ONTENTS ix 0.6 Recomn^ended Read, , , , , and Web S,tes 3 , ,

10.7 K e > T e r n . , R e v , e w Q „ e s t , o „ s . a , . d . . . , b l e , . s 3 , 4

C h a p t e r n Cordless Systen^s and Wireless Local Loop 317

11.1 Cordless Systems 318 11.2 Wireless Local Loop 329

WiMAX and IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Sundards 342 Reconmiended Readings and Web Sites 354 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 355 Appendix H A Linear Predictive Filters 356

C h a p t e r 12 MobUe I P and Wireless Access Pro tocol 358

12.1 Mobile IP 359

12.2 Wireless AppHcation Protocol 373

12.3 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 394

12.4 Key Terms, Review Quesnons, and Problems 396

AppendLx 12A Internet Control Message Protocol 397

Appendix 12B Message Authentication 401

Appendix 12C Service Primitives and Parameters 402

P A R T F O U R W I R E L E S S L A N S 404

C h a p t e r 13 Wireless Lan Technology 405

13.1 Overxiew 406

13.2 Infrared LANs 413 13.3 Spread Spectrum LANs 417 13.4 Narrowband Microwave LANs 418 13.5 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 419

13.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 419

C h a p t e r 14 Wi-F i and the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Lan Standard 421

14.1 IEEE 802 Protocol Architecture 422

14.2 IEEE 802.11 Architecture and Services 428 14.3 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control 433 14.4 IEEE 8 0 2 . n Physical Layer 442 14.5 Other IEEE 802.11 Standards 451 14.6 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 458 14.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 459

Appendix 14A Scrambling 460

C h a p t e r 15 Blue too th and IEEE 802.15 463

15.1 Overview 464 15.2 Radio Specification 471 15.3 Baseband Specification 472 15.4 Link Manager Protocol 491

15.5 Logical Link Control and Adapution Protocol 495

15 6 IEEE 802.15 501 XSJ Recommended Rcadmgs and Web S.cs 50« 15.8 Key Terms. Review Quest.om. and Problem. 51W

X CON 1 IN IS

A P P E N D I C E S 511

Appendix A TratVic Analysis 511

A . l Basic Traffic Concepts 512 A.2 Multiserver Models 513 A.3 Recommended Reading 519

Appendix B Fourier Analysis 520

B 1 Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals 521 B ' , 2 Fourier Transform Representation of Aperiodic Signals 522

B.3 Recommended Readings 525

Appendix C Data Link Control Protocols 526

C.l High-Level Data Link Control 527

Glossary 533

References 540

Index 547