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M-CommerceM-Commerce

Wireless ApplicationProtocol(WAP)

By Prof. T.R. Vaidyanathan


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Wireless Application Protocol(WAPWireless Application Protocol(WAP))

Definition

Wireless application protocol (WAP) is an openspecification that offers a standard method to accessInternet based content and services from wireless devicessuch as mobile phones and PDAs (Personal DigitalAssistants).

The WAP model is very similar to the traditional desktopinternet. The mobile device has an embedded browser,and the operators network that optimizes thetransmission of the content software that connects to aWAP Gateway (software infrastructure residing in for thewireless network) and makes requests for informationfrom Web servers in the normal form of a URL.

The content for wireless devices can be stored on anyWeb server on the Internet. Content must be formatted

suitably for the mobile phones small screen and lowbandwidth / high latency connection. Content is written in


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Wireless ApplicationWireless Application

Protocol(WAPProtocol(WAP))

BENEFITS OF WAP Non proprietary method to access

Internet-based content and services

It is network independent

It has been adopted by 95% percent ofhandset manufacturers and is beingimplemented by the majority of carriers

WAP browsers can be built on top of any

operating system, including PalmOS,EPOC, Windows CE, FLEXOS, OS/9, JavaOSetc.


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Wireless ApplicationWireless ApplicationProtocol(WAP)Protocol(WAP)

WAP has four key components, namely

Micro-browser It defines how WML and WMLScriptare interpreted by a WAP enabled device forpresentation to the end user

Wireless Markup Language (WML) It is similar to

HTML and defines how data should be formatted andpresented to the user

WMLScript It is similar to JavaScript. WMLScriptprovides some programming logic for performingcalculations within an application

Wireless Telephony Applications. WTA providesfunctionality so that developers can integrate microbrowser functions with the telephone. For example,an incoming call may trigger the micro browser tosearch your contact list and show the information atthe time call is received.


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Protocol(WAPProtocol(WAP))WAP Step-by-Step

The steps involved to retrieve information from Web server

A user requests a URL by entering it into a WAP device(Alternatively, an already running WAP program requests a

URL on behalf of the user). For example, let us say requestis for www.wmlserver.com/myweather.wml.

The WAP device encodes the request into an encrypted,compact binary format suitable for transmission over awireless link, and sends it to the WAP gateway.

The gateway examines the message, converts it into a validHTTP-based URL request, and forwards it towww.wmlserver.com

When wmlserver.com receives the request, it fulfils it byreturning the requested document back to the gateway.

The gateway converts HTTP response back into anencrypted, binary format and ships it off to the WAP device.
http://www.wmlserver.com/myweather.wmlhttp://www.wmlserver.com/http://www.wmlserver.com/http://www.wmlserver.com/myweather.wml


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Similarities between Web and WAPBoth use a request-response process,whereby the browser initiates the process.

Both use Web servers to deliver the

requested contentWAP also defines a wireless applicationenvironment (WAE) aimed at enablingoperators, manufacturers, and content

developers to develop advanceddifferentiating services and applicationsincluding a micro browser, scriptingfacilities, e-mail, World Wide Web (WWW)

to-mobile-handset messaging, and mobile-to-telefax access


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Protocol(WAPProtocol(WAP)) The WAP specifications continue to be developed bycontributing members, who, through interoperabilitytesting, have brought WAP into the limelight of themobile data marketplace with fully functional WAPenabled devices (see Figure 1).

. ig u r e 1 WA P E n a b l e dD e v i c e s


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Based on the Internet model, the wirelessdevice contains a micro browser, while contentand applications are hosted on Web servers.

WAP ArchitectureApplication layer (WAE)

The WAP has the following layers and thelayered format mimics the International

Standard Organization (ISO) Open SystemsInterconnections (OSI) network model. The OSIModel defines a layered framework forgenerically describing and designing protocols.


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( )Application layer WAE

( )Session layer WSP

( )Transaction layer WTP

( )Security layer WTLS

( )Transport layer WDP

: , , ,Bearers GSM CDMA CDPD Flex and many others

Other services and applications


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HTTP Interface

The HTTP interface serves to retrieve WAPcontent from the Internet requested by themobile device.

WAP content (WML and WMLScript) isconverted into a

compact binary form for transmission over theair.

The WAP micro browser software within themobile device interprets the byte code anddisplays the interactive WAP content


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BenefitsOperators

For wireless network operators, WAP promises todecrease churn, cut costs, and increase the subscriberbase both by improving existing services, such as

interfaces to voice-mail and prepaid systems, andfacilitating an unlimited range of new value-addedservices and applications, such as account managementand billing inquiries.

New applications can be introduced quickly and easily

without the need for additional infrastructure ormodifications to the phone. This will allow operators todifferentiate themselves from their competitors withnew, customized information services. WAP is aninteroperable framework, enabling the provision of end-to-end turnkey solutions that will create a lasting

competitive advantage, build consumer loyalty, and


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Content ProvidersApplications will be written in wireless markup language(WML), which is a subset of extensible markup language(XML). Using the same model as the Internet, WAP willenable content and application developers to grasp thetag-based WML that will pave the way for services to bewritten and deployed within an operator's networkquickly and easily. As WAP is a global and interoperableopen standard, content providers have immediate accessto a wealth of potential customers who will seek suchapplications to enhance the service offerings given to

their own existing and potential subscriber base. Mobileconsumers are becoming more hungry to receiveincreased functionality and value-add from their mobiledevices, and WAP opens the door to this untappedmarket that is expected to reach 100 million WAP

enabled devices by the end of the year 2000. Thispresents developers with significant revenue


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End UsersEnd users of WAP will benefit from easy, secureaccess to relevant Internet information and servicessuch as unified messaging, banking, andentertainment through their mobile devices.Intranet information such as corporate databasescan also be accessed via WAP technology. Becausea wide range of handset manufacturers alreadysupports the WAP initiative, users will havesignificant freedom of choice when selecting mobileterminals and the applications they support. Userswill be able to receive and request information in acontrolled, fast, and low-cost environment, a factthat renders WAP services more attractive toconsumers who demand more value and

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