wired equivalent privacy
TRANSCRIPT
• wired equivalent privacy
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AirPort Security
1 The original graphite AirPort base station used 40-bit Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP).
The second generation model (known as Dual Ethernet or Snow) AirPort base station, like most other Wi-Fi products, used 40-bit or 128-bit Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). AirPort Extreme and Express base stations
retain this option, but also allow and encourage the use of Wi-Fi Protected Access
(WPA) and, as of July 14, 2005, WPA2.
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Wi-Fi Data security risks
1 The most common wireless encryption-standard, Wired
Equivalent Privacy (WEP), has been shown to be easily breakable even
when correctly configured
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Wi-Fi Securing methods
1 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping but it is no longer considered
secure. Tools such as AirSnort or Aircrack-ng can quickly recover WEP encryption keys.
Because of WEP's weakness the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which uses TKIP. WPA was specifically designed to
work with older equipment usually through a firmware upgrade. Though more secure than
WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities.
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Stream cipher attack - Reused key attack
1 This is done in several common systems that use the popular stream
cipher RC4, including Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), Wi-Fi
Protected Access (WPA) and Ciphersaber
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Cyclic redundancy check - CRCs and data integrity
1 Thirdly, CRC is a linear function with a property that ; as a result, even if the CRC is encrypted with a stream cipher (or mode
of block cipher which effectively turns it into a stream cipher, such as OFB or CFB), both the message and the associated CRC can be manipulated without knowledge of
the encryption key; this was one of the well-known design flaws of the Wired
Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol.
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IEEE 802.11 - Security
1 In 2001, a group from the University of California, Berkeley presented a
paper describing weaknesses in the 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy
(WEP) security mechanism defined in the original standard; they were followed by Fluhrer, Mantin, and
Shamir's paper titled "Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4"
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Wi-Fi Protected Access
1 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) are two
security protocols and security certification programs developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless
computer networks. The Alliance defined these in response to serious
weaknesses researchers had found in the previous system, WEP (Wired
Equivalent Privacy).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-wired-equivalent-privacy-toolkit.html
Wired Equivalent Privacy
1 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a security algorithm for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks.
Introduced as part of the original 802.11 standard ratified in September 1999, its
intention was to provide data confidentiality comparable to that of a traditional wired
network. WEP, recognizable by the key of 10 or 26 hexadecimal digits, was at one time
widely in use and was often the first security choice presented to users by router
configuration tools.
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Cryptanalysis - The development of modern cryptography
1 In 2001, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), a protocol used to secure Wi-Fi wireless networks, was shown to
be breakable in practice because of a weakness in the RC4 cipher and
aspects of the WEP design that made related-key attacks practical. WEP
was later replaced by Wi-Fi Protected Access.
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Wireless LAN - Types of wireless LANs
1 Since wireless communication uses a more open medium for communication in
comparison to wired LANs, the 802.11 designers also included encryption
mechanisms: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP, now insecure), Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA,
WPA2), to secure wireless computer networks. Many access points will also offer Wi-Fi Protected Setup, a method for quick
(but now insecure) method of joining a new device to an encrypted network.
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802.11 - Security
1 In 2001, a group from the University of California, Berkeley presented a
paper describing weaknesses in the 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy
(WEP) security mechanism defined in the original standard; they were followed by Fluhrer, Mantin and
Shamir attack|Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir's paper titled Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4
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List of Xbox 360 accessories - Wireless Network Adapter
1 Encryption mechanisms available when using both versions were
initially limited to Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP and Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA, with WPA2 support added on October 28, 2009 via a
system software update.
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WiFi
1 The early encryption Wired Equivalent
Privacy|WEP, proved easy to break
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WiFi - Data security risks
1 The most common wireless encryption-standard, Wired
Equivalent Privacy (WEP), has been Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack|shown to be easily breakable even
when correctly configured
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WiFi - Securing methods
1 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping but it is no longer considered secure. Tools such as AirSnort or Aircrack-ng can quickly recover WEP
encryption keys. Because of WEP's weakness the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected
Access (WPA) which uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol|TKIP. WPA was specifically designed to work with older equipment usually through a firmware upgrade. Though more secure than
WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities.
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Mobile security - Attacks based on Wi-Fi
1 Initially wireless networks were secured by Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP keys
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Wii - Online connectivity
1 The Wii console connects to the Internet through its built-in IEEE 802.11#802.11b|802.11b/IEEE 802.11#802.11g|g Wi-Fi or
through a USB-to-Ethernet adapter; either method allows players to access the Nintendo
Wi-Fi Connection service. Wireless security|Wireless encryption by Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP, Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA (TKIP/RC4) and IEEE 802.11i-2004|WPA2
(CCMP/AES) is supported. AOSS support was added in System Menu version 3.0.
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Netgear Digital Entertainer - EVA700 Digital Entertainer
1 * Hardware-based Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) 40/64-bit 128-bit encryption
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Zipit Wireless Messenger - Z2
1 *wifi 802.11b/g and now works with open, Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP,
and Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA encrypted wireless networks.
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EAP-TLS - LEAP
1 Cisco distributed the protocol through the CCX (Cisco Certified
Extensions) as part of getting 802.1X and dynamic Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP adoption into the
industry in the absence of a standard
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Cryptographic hash function - Properties
1 Checksum algorithms, such as CRC32 and other cyclic redundancy checks, are designed to meet much weaker
requirements, and are generally unsuitable as cryptographic hash
functions. For example, a CRC was used for message integrity in the
Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP encryption standard, but an attack
was readily discovered which exploited the linearity of the
checksum.
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Wireless access point - Security
1 The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern
access points come with built-in encryption. The first generation
encryption scheme Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP proved easy to crack; the second and third generation
schemes, Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA and IEEE 802.11i|WPA2, are
considered secure if a strong enough password or passphrase is used.
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Wireless access point - Specialized APs
1 Wireless security includes: WPA-PSK, WPA2, IEEE 802.1x/RADIUS, Wireless
Distribution System|WDS, Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP, Temporal
Key Integrity Protocol|TKIP, and CCMP (Advanced Encryption Standard|AES)
encryption
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ARC4
1 While remarkable for its simplicity and speed in software, RC4 has weaknesses that argue
against its use in new systems.[http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~itsik/RC4/rc4.html RC4 Page] lists some of the biases It is especially vulnerable when
the beginning of the output keystream is not discarded, or when nonrandom or related
keys are used; some ways of using RC4 can lead to very insecure cryptosystems such as
Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP.
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ARC4 - History
1 RSA Security has never officially released the algorithm; Rivest has,
however, linked to the English Wikipedia article on RC4 in his own
course notes.[ http://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.857/2008/lecture.html 6.857 Computer and
Network Security Spring 2008: Lectures and Handouts] RC4 has become part of some commonly used encryption protocols and
standards, including Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP and Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA for wireless
cards and Transport Layer Security|TLS.
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ARC4 - Security
1 However, many applications that use RC4 simply concatenate key and
nonce; RC4's weak key schedule then gives rise to related key attacks, like
the Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack (which is famous for breaking
the Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP standard).
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ARC4 - Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack
1 This and related effects were then used to break the Wired Equivalent
Privacy|WEP (wired equivalent privacy) encryption used with 802.11
wireless networks
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Timeline of cryptography - 2000 and beyond
1 *2001 - Scott Fluhrer, Itsik Mantin and Adi Shamir publish an attack on
WiFi's Wired Equivalent Privacy security layer
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Timeline of cryptography - 2000 and beyond
1 *2005 - Agents from the U.S. FBI demonstrate their ability to crack
Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP using publicly available tools
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Interactive whiteboard - General operation
1 An interactive whiteboard (IWB) device is connected to a computer
via USB or a serial port cable, or else wirelessly via Bluetooth or a 2.4GHz
wireless. In the latter case Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP and WPA/PSK
security is available.
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Snom - Phone features
1 snom's phones include security features based on the two VoIP
security standards sips (RFC 5246) and SRTP (RFC 3711). Some devices
also support virtual private networking and wireless encryption (Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP/Wi-Fi
Protected Access|WPA).
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IEEE 802.11i-2004
1 In the process it deprecation|deprecated the broken Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP
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IEEE 802.11i-2004 - Replacement of WEP
1 802.11i supersedes the previous security specification, Wired
Equivalent Privacy (WEP), which was shown to have security
vulnerabilities
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Zune HD - Specifications
1 * 802.11b/g Wi-Fi with open, Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP, Wi-Fi
Protected Access|WPA, and WPA2 authentication modes and WEP 64-
bit and 128-bit, Temporal Key Integrity Protocol|TKIP, and AES
encryption modes
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Nokia E70 - Key features
1 * WiFi (802.11b/g) with Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP/Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA
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Electric beacon - IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi beacons
1 In the field of Wi-Fi (wireless local area networks using the IEEE
802.11b and 802.11g specification), the term beacon signifies a specific data transmission from the wireless access point (AP), which carries the
SSID, the channel number and security protocols such as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi
Protected Access (WPA). This transmission does not contain the link layer address of another Wi-Fi
device, therefore it can be received by any LAN client.
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History of cryptography - Modern cryptanalysis
1 Notable examples of broken crypto designs include the first Wi-Fi encryption scheme Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP,
the Content Scrambling System used for encrypting and controlling DVD use, the A5/1 and A5/2 ciphers used in GSM cell
phones, and the CRYPTO1 cipher used in the widely deployed MIFARE Classic
smart cards from NXP Semiconductors, a spun off division of Philips Electronics
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NetworkManager - History
1 The user is prompted for Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP or Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA keys as
needed.
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Ian Goldberg - Work in cryptography
1 One of the first cryptanalyses on the Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP
wireless encryption protocol was conducted by Goldberg with Nikita
Borisov and David Wagner, revealing serious flaws in its design.
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Monitor mode - Uses
1 for unsecure channels (such as through Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP), and acquiring knowledge of Wi-Fi technology through hands-on
experience
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Ciphertext-only attack
1 * Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), the first security protocol for Wi-Fi,
proved vulnerable to several attacks, most of them ciphertext-only.
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Information security policies - Cryptography
1 Wireless communications can be encrypted using protocols such as
Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA/WPA2 or the older (and less secure) Wired
Equivalent Privacy|WEP
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Strong cryptography - Examples
1 * Wired Equivalent Privacy which is subject to a number of attacks due to flaws in its design.
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David A. Wagner
1 * 2001 Cryptanalysis of Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP, the security
protocol used in 802.11 WiFi networks (with Nikita Borisov and Ian
Goldberg).
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Wireless network interface controller - Infrastructure mode
1 In an infrastructure mode network the WNIC needs a wireless access point: all data is
transferred using the access point as the central hub. All wireless Node (networking)|nodes in an
infrastructure mode network connect to an access point. All nodes connecting to the access point must have the same service set identifier
(SSID) as the access point, and if the access point is enabled with Wired Equivalent Privacy|
WEP they must have the same WEP key or other authentication parameters.
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Aircrack
1 'Aircrack-ng' is a network software suite consisting of a detector, packet
analyzer|packet sniffer, Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP and Wi-Fi
Protected Access|WPA/IEEE 802.11i-2004|WPA2-PSK cracking of wireless networks|cracker and analysis tool
for 802.11 wireless LANs
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IP video surveillance - Potential advantages
1 * Encryption authentication: IP cameras offer secure data
transmission through encryption and authentication methods such as
Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP, Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA, WPA2,
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol|TKIP, Advanced Encryption Standard|AES.
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Pre-shared key
1 To build a key from shared secret, the key derivation function should be used. Such
systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. The term PSK is
used in Wi-Fi encryption such as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi Protected
Access (WPA), notably in Extensible Authentication Protocol, where it is known
as EAP-PSK, where both the wireless access points (AP) and all clients share the same
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Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
1 TKIP was designed by the IEEE 802.11i task group and the Wi-Fi Alliance as an interim solution to replace Wired Equivalent Privacy|
WEP without requiring the replacement of legacy hardware
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Temporal Key Integrity Protocol - Beck-Tews attack
1 The attack is an extension of the Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP chop-chop attack
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Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol
1 Important features of LEAP are dynamic Wired Equivalent Privacy|
WEP keys and mutual authentication (between a wireless client and a
RADIUS server)
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Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol - Security Considerations
1 Cisco LEAP, similar to Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP, has had well-known security weaknesses
since 2003 involving offline password cracking
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802.11i
1 In the process it deprecation|deprecated the broken Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP
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AES-CCMP
1 It was created to address the vulnerabilities presented by Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP, a dated,
insecure protocol.
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Piggybacking (internet access) - Reasons for piggybacking
1 For example the Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite can only access
wireless routers using the discredited Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP
standard, however, the Nintendo DSi now supports Wi-Fi Protected Access|
WPA encryption
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Piggybacking (internet access) - Preventing piggybacking
1 Some claim that Wired Equivalent Privacy is a misnomer, but it generally fits because wired
networks are not particularly secure either.
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Xsupplicant
1 'Xsupplicant' is a supplicant (computer)|supplicant that allows a workstation to
authenticate with a RADIUS server using IEEE 802.1X|802.1X and the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP). It can be
used for computers with wired or wireless LAN connections to complete a strong
authentication before joining the network and supports the dynamic assignment of
Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP keys.
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Ifconfig - Related tools
1 iwconfig, a component of Wireless tools for Linux, which took its name
from ifconfig, manages wireless network interfaces outside the
original scope of Linux's ifconfig. iwconfig sets such specialized
settings as a wireless network's SSID and Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP keys, and functions in tandem with iwlist. Linux also features iwspy, to
read the signal, noise and quality of a wireless connection.
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Wireless security
1 The most common types of wireless security are Wired Equivalent Privacy
(WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
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Wireless security - Caffe Latte attack
1 By using a process that targets the Microsoft Windows|Windows wireless
stack, it is possible to obtain the Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP key
from a remote client
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Wireless security - Regular WEP
1 The Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption standard was the original encryption standard for wireless, but since 2004 with the ratification WPA2 the IEEE has declared it deprecated,
and while often supported, it is seldom or never the default on
modern equipment.
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Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack - Background
1 The FMS attack gained popularity in tools such as AirSnort , weplab and aircrack, both of which can be used to attack Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP encrypted wireless networks.
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Wiretapping - Internet
1 Typically, illegal Internet wiretapping will be conducted via Wi-Fi connection to someone's
internet by cracking the Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP or Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA
key, using a tool such as Aircrack-ng or Kismet (software)|Kismet. Once in, the intruder will
rely on a number of potential tactics, for example an ARP spoofing attack which will
allow the intruder to view Packet (information technology)|packets in a tool such as
Wireshark or Ettercap (computing)|Ettercap.
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Friend Code - Nintendo DS
1 Prior to the release of the Nintendo DSi, neither consoles nor games could support security protocols
more advanced than Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP
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Friend Code - Nintendo Wii
1 It is compatible with Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP, Wi-Fi
Protected Access|WPA with TKIP or CCMP, and IEEE 802.11i-2004|WPA2
with CCMP
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Wireless Distribution System
1 All base stations in a wireless distribution system must be
configured to use the same radio channel, method of encryption (none, Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP, Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA or WPA2) and the same encryption keys. They may be configured to different service set identifiers. WDS also requires every
base station to be configured to forward to others in the system.
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Leech (computing) - Prevention
1 * Wi-Fi networks can implement various authentication and access
control technologies in order to prevent leeching. The most common are client MAC address authorization tables (deprecated due to insecurity), Wired Equivalent Privacy (deprecated
due to insecurity), and Wi-Fi Protected Access.
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Cryptanalyst - The development of modern cryptography
1 *In 2001, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), a protocol used to secure Wi-Fi wireless networks, was shown to
be breakable in practice because of a weakness in the RC4 cipher and
aspects of the WEP design that made related-key attacks practical. WEP
was later replaced by Wi-Fi Protected Access.
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Wireless network interface card - Modes of operation
1 : In an infrastructure mode network the WNIC needs a wireless access point: all data is
transferred using the access point as the central hub. All wireless Node (networking)|nodes in an
infrastructure mode network connect to an access point. All nodes connecting to the access point must have the same service set identifier
(SSID) as the access point, and if the access point is enabled with Wired Equivalent Privacy|
WEP they must have the same WEP key or other authentication parameters.
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40-bit encryption - Description
1 Similar limitations were imposed on other software packages, including early versions of Wired Equivalent
Privacy
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Wpa supplicant
1 * key management for CCMP, Temporal Key Integrity Protocol|TKIP, Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP (both
104/128- and 40/64-bit)
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Tungsten E2
1 The 'Tungsten E2' has the ability to use WiFi, but only as an add-on SDIO card made by PalmOne (now Palm). Palm's WiFi card is manufactured by SyChip. Encryption is restricted to
Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP, the E2 does not offer Wi-Fi Protected Access|
WPA or WPA2.
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Initialization vector
1 Some designs realized in practice are known to be insecure; the Wired
Equivalent Privacy|WEP protocol is a notable example, and is prone to
related-IV attacks.
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Initialization vector - WEP IV
1 The 802.11 encryption algorithm called WEP (short for Wired
Equivalent Privacy) used a short, 24-bit IV, leading to reused IVs with the same key, which led to it being easily cracked. Packet injection allowed for WEP to be cracked in times as short as several seconds. This ultimately
led to the deprecation of WEP.
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Qtek 9000 - Detailed specifications
1 *'Wireless connectivity:' Infrared IrDA FIR, Bluetooth 1.2 Class 2 compliant,
WiFi 802.11b IEEE 802.11b compliant, Internal Antenna (radio)|Antenna, 11, 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbit/s per
channel, 64-, 128- bit Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP Wi-Fi
Protected Access|WPA standard data encryption
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Nintendo DS Browser - Features
1 The browser connects to the network through IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi access
points or hotspots using the built-in wireless capability of the Nintendo
DS. While Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP encryption is supported, Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA encryption is
not.
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AOSS
1 'AOSS' ('AirStation One-Touch Secure System') was a system by Buffalo Technology
which allows a Network security|secure Wireless network|wireless connection to be set up with
the push of a button. AirStation residential gateways incorporated a button on the unit to let the user initiate this procedure. AOSS was
designed to use the maximum level of security available to both connecting devices including both Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi
Protected Access (WPA).
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