winter production in high tunnels - purdue university · vegetable specialist department of...
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Winter Production in High TunnelsLiz Maynard, Dept. of Hort and LA, PurdueMichael O’Donnell, Purdue ExtensionDavid Robb, Eden Prairie FarmJanuary 12, 2017 Indiana Horticultural Congress 1
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FallandWinterVegetableProductioninProtectedStructures• CivilEatsarticle–
http://civileats.com/2017/01/03/winter-the-hottest-thing-in-farming/“Winter:TheHottestThinginFarming”Newtechnology—andgrowingdemandforlocalfood—ismakingwinterfarmingmorepossiblethanever
• Productionofcoolseason/coldhardycrops inlowtunnels,unheated(cold)andminimally-heated(cool)hightunnels,withstrategicuseofrowcovers.
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FallandWinterVegetableProductioninProtectedStructures• Greatwaytodiversifyuseofexistingstructures.
• Greaterincomepotentialpersq ft withcoolseasoncrops?E.g.,MSUExtensionBulletinE-3112,ModelBusinessPlanforSeasonExtensionwithHoophouses
• Moreresources*availableasmoregrowersenterthisspace….andresearchersreact!
• Lotsofquestionsremain:bestpractices(timing,varieties),yieldpotential,financialbenchmarks
• And,eachfarmmicroclimateisunique(alongwithyourfoodshed’s markets).
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• Babyleafgreens,Full-sizeleafvegetables,Headvegetables,Rootcrops
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• http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/
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So…..Whatcrops? Timingandplantingconsiderations?
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DS9-1(Arugula)
10-28
DS10-10(Mizuna)
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Taken1-27
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+beet,carrot(butconsiderversusstoragecrop)8
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Fall-winter production
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• ShorterdaysandfewerGDDsandlesslightrequirelongerDTM(moreonthislater…)
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• http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/
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So…..Whatcrops? Timingandplantingconsiderations?
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10Hartman, Ben. The Lean Farm. 2015. p.181
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Fall-winter production
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• Forcropsharvestedduring‘Persephone,’planforsequentialharvestofcropsthatreach~maturity/sizebystartof‘Persephone.’Continuewithsequentialplantingsthatwillresumegrowthas‘Persophone’ends(beingawareofcrophardiness).
• Sunrise-SunsetCalculatorhttp://www.timeanddate.com/sun/ E.g.,Muncie,Nov13– Jan28
• Resourcesexisttohelpwithscheduling– JSS,MSU,…andsoonfromPurdue
• But,keeprecordstoinformplantingsyeartoyear– woodstakes+waterproofmarkers!
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So…..Whatcrops? Timingandplantingconsiderations?
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MSUtable
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BabyKaleinMuncieLast10-HourDay==Nov.13
S Seedlast weekSep.à firstweekOct.Kale(fullleaf)inMuncie
S StarttransplantsAug.1-15,TPSep.1-15weekSep.à firstweekOct.
JSSWinterGrowingGuide
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Fall-winter production
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• http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/
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• Minimally-heatedhightunnels(keepingTmin >~27F)canresultinsignificantyieldincreaseandpermitgreatercropdiversityforDec-Febharvest
So…..Whatcrops? Timingandplantingconsiderations?
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Coleman, Eliot. The Winter Harvest Handbook. 2009. p.11
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Coleman, Eliot. The Winter Harvest Handbook. 2009. p.11
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ClayBottomFarm– The“LeanFarm”
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RiverRidge Farm– Atrue4seasonfarm!9/23
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10/13
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1-2-2017
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TP11-2H12-22(ready)
TP10-26H12-14
TP12-22H??
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Environment
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StructureConsiderations– HighTunnels
Photo:RutgersUniv.EcoComplexPhoto:PetrusLangenhoven
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SupportsnowloadShedsnowfromroofFrost-freewatersourceInternalrowcoverVentilationPossibly:
–Heatsource–Heatstorage
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PolycoveringtrapsheatfromsunAirandsoilwarmup
ManagingEnvironment
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Light=HeatHeatstorage=soilandsoilwaterHeatloss=• Convection(wind)• Radiation• Conduction(warmtouching
cold)
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AtnightheatradiatesfromsoiltoairHeatislostthroughplastic
KeepingHeatInTunnel
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Outercovering:Reduceslossofheatbyradiationandreduceswind• Airbetweenlayersofplasticinsulates• PlasticitselfisNOTagoodinsulatorRowCovers:Insulateandreducewindreducelossofheatbyconduction,convectionandradiation,increasinghumidityaroundcropHeatsinks:absorbheatandreleaseitslowly• Soil• Water Rowcoverinsidetunnelreducesheatloss
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DatafromCB,2016
Air Temperature and Solar Radiation for a Week in February
2016Air temp in tunnels increases quickly when the sun comes out.
Air under row cover in tunnel
Air above row cover in tunnel
Air outside
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RR_min_air-temp-vs-date-overlayRR_daily-radiation-and-DLI-graph Daily Solar Radiation and Light
Minimum temperature determineswhat will surviveUnder row cover 5-10°F warmer than above, 10–20°F warmer than outside
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CB_Mnthly_GDD40
Ave.TemporGrowingDegreeDaysGrowingdegreedayaccumulationdetermineshowquicklyplantsgrow
(High+Low) – 40=GDD402
Example:[(60+26)/2]– 40=3GDD40
Yield of kale cultivar ‘Black Magic’ at RR.
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EP DLI and SR
DailyLightIntegral(DLI)DLIbelow10:littleplantgrowth
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CB
J F M A M J J A S O N D J
Hours of Daylight
10
12
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DailyLightIntegral(DLI)DLI<10Mid-Nov.toEndofJan.
CorrespondstoDayslessthan10hours
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Eden Prairie Farm
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RecordkeepingIdeas
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EDENPRAIRIEFARM,EDEN,IN
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EDENPRAIRIEFARM,EDEN,IN
Recordkeeping Ideas
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THANKYOUQuestions?Liz Maynard
Vegetable SpecialistDepartment of Horticulture &
Landscape ArchitecturePurdue University
Tel. [email protected]
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Michael O’DonnellOrganic and
Diversified Ag EducatorPurdue Extension
Tel. [email protected]
David RobbOwner and FarmerEden Prairie FarmTel. 317-250-5105
This project was supported by a NCR SARE Partnership Grant through subaward H004403722 to Purdue University from USDA Award 2014-38640-22156 to the University of Minnesota. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the USDA or the U.S. Government.