winston churchill
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We shall not flag or fail.We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We We shall fightshall fight in France, we we shall fightshall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fightwe shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we we shall defendshall defend our island,
whatever the whatever the cost may becost may be. We We shall fightshall fight on the beaches, we shall fightwe shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall we shall fightfight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never we shall never surrender. surrender. Never give in--Never give in--never, never, never, never,
never, nevernever, never, in nothing , in nothing great or small, large or petty, great or small, large or petty, never never give in except to give in except to convictions of honour and convictions of honour and good sense. good sense. Never yield Never yield to to force; force; never yieldnever yield to the to the apparently apparently overwhelming might of the enemy.
Hitler knowsHitler knows that he will have to break usto break us in this island or lose the waror lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fallBut if we fall, then the whole world, including the United Statesincluding the United States, including
all that we have known and cared for, will sink will sink into the abyss of a new Dark into the abyss of a new Dark AgeAge made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of by the lights of perverted scienceperverted science.
Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, menfor a thousand years, men will still say, “This was their finest hour!”“This was their finest hour!”
Terrace Farming
The RISE of UNIONSThe RISE of UNIONSThe RISE of UNIONSThe RISE of UNIONS
With the With the rise of big businessrise of big business, , workers lost all bargaining powerworkers lost all bargaining power with their employers. Since most with their employers. Since most work was unskilled, workers could easily be replaced. Employers dictated pay and working work was unskilled, workers could easily be replaced. Employers dictated pay and working conditions. conditions.
Some workers formed unions in order to act as a group instead of as individuals.Some workers formed unions in order to act as a group instead of as individuals.
The The KNIGHTS of LABORKNIGHTS of LABOR, formed in 1869, hoped to create a , formed in 1869, hoped to create a single national single national union by joining together all skilled and unskilled workersunion by joining together all skilled and unskilled workers. The . The KNIGHTS proved to be too loosely organized. KNIGHTS proved to be too loosely organized.
Skilled workers resented being in the same union as unskilled laborersSkilled workers resented being in the same union as unskilled laborers . After . After losing a series of strikes (work stoppage or protest in order to obtain better working conditions), losing a series of strikes (work stoppage or protest in order to obtain better working conditions), the Knights of Labor fell apart.the Knights of Labor fell apart.
The The AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFLAFL)) was founded in 1881 by was founded in 1881 by Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers. Gompers hoped to create a powerful union by . Gompers hoped to create a powerful union by uniting uniting workers with similar economic interest.workers with similar economic interest.
Unlike the the Knights of Labor, Unlike the the Knights of Labor, the the AFLAFL consisted of separate unions of consisted of separate unions of skilled skilled workersworkers which had joined together into a federation which had joined together into a federation. The participating craft . The participating craft unions unions limited their memberships to SKILLED workerslimited their memberships to SKILLED workers such as such as carpenters and cigar markers.carpenters and cigar markers.
With the With the rise of big businessrise of big business, , workers lost all bargaining powerworkers lost all bargaining power with their employers. Since most with their employers. Since most work was unskilled, workers could easily be replaced. Employers dictated pay and working work was unskilled, workers could easily be replaced. Employers dictated pay and working conditions. conditions.
Some workers formed unions in order to act as a group instead of as individuals.Some workers formed unions in order to act as a group instead of as individuals.
The The KNIGHTS of LABORKNIGHTS of LABOR, formed in 1869, hoped to create a , formed in 1869, hoped to create a single national single national union by joining together all skilled and unskilled workersunion by joining together all skilled and unskilled workers. The . The KNIGHTS proved to be too loosely organized. KNIGHTS proved to be too loosely organized.
Skilled workers resented being in the same union as unskilled laborersSkilled workers resented being in the same union as unskilled laborers . After . After losing a series of strikes (work stoppage or protest in order to obtain better working conditions), losing a series of strikes (work stoppage or protest in order to obtain better working conditions), the Knights of Labor fell apart.the Knights of Labor fell apart.
The The AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFLAFL)) was founded in 1881 by was founded in 1881 by Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers. Gompers hoped to create a powerful union by . Gompers hoped to create a powerful union by uniting uniting workers with similar economic interest.workers with similar economic interest.
Unlike the the Knights of Labor, Unlike the the Knights of Labor, the the AFLAFL consisted of separate unions of consisted of separate unions of skilled skilled workersworkers which had joined together into a federation which had joined together into a federation. The participating craft . The participating craft unions unions limited their memberships to SKILLED workerslimited their memberships to SKILLED workers such as such as carpenters and cigar markers.carpenters and cigar markers.
A.A.The 1943 invasion of Sicily & The 1943 invasion of Sicily & ItalyItaly
B.B.The invasion of North Africa in The invasion of North Africa in November 1942November 1942
C.C.The Normandy invasion of June The Normandy invasion of June 19441944
D.D.The Battle of the Bulge in The Battle of the Bulge in December 1944December 1944
Push Pull Factors – Immigration/Migration It loosely states that migration can be attributed to states that migration can be attributed to pushpush & & pullpull
factorsfactors.. Taking Poland and England for example. A huge amount of Poles have migrated to England. Why? Largely because of push and pull factors.
Push factorsPush factors are things that push the Polish push the Polish AWAYAWAY from their from their HOMEHOME country (Poland).Pull factorsPull factors are things that ATTRACTATTRACT the Polish from their HOME the Polish from their HOME country country to the host countryto the host country (England).
They're sort of like advantages and disadvantages but relative to the country. It's the It's the disadvantagesdisadvantages in the HOME country in the HOME country and and advantagesadvantages in the HOST country.in the HOST country.
Examples of pull factorsExamples of pull factors - what England has to offer to attract/pullattract/pull Polish migrants: - Higher wages- Better quality of life- More job availability
Examples of push factorsExamples of push factors - what pushespushes Poles out of their home country:- Polish economy is weak- Harder to get jobs- Lower quality of life
Immigrants have always come to the Immigrants have always come to the USAUSA for a variety of for a variety of reasons. Historians often divide these reasons. Historians often divide these “PUSH”“PUSH” and and “PULL”“PULL” factors. factors. A desire to escape oppression, poverty, religious A desire to escape oppression, poverty, religious discrimination or ethnic persecutiondiscrimination or ethnic persecution “PUSHED”“PUSHED” immigrants immigrants out of their homelands.out of their homelands.
A belief that America offered freedom and economic A belief that America offered freedom and economic opportunity as well as ties to relatives already living here opportunity as well as ties to relatives already living here generallygenerally “PULLED”“PULLED” immigrants to these shores. immigrants to these shores.
They saw the USA as a land of unbound They saw the USA as a land of unbound opportunities. Immigrants who fled oppressive opportunities. Immigrants who fled oppressive
regimes in Europe yearned to live in a democratic regimes in Europe yearned to live in a democratic society like the USA.society like the USA.
Immigrants have always come to the Immigrants have always come to the USAUSA for a variety of for a variety of reasons. Historians often divide these reasons. Historians often divide these “PUSH”“PUSH” and and “PULL”“PULL” factors. factors. A desire to escape oppression, poverty, religious A desire to escape oppression, poverty, religious discrimination or ethnic persecutiondiscrimination or ethnic persecution “PUSHED”“PUSHED” immigrants immigrants out of their homelands.out of their homelands.
A belief that America offered freedom and economic A belief that America offered freedom and economic opportunity as well as ties to relatives already living here opportunity as well as ties to relatives already living here generallygenerally “PULLED”“PULLED” immigrants to these shores. immigrants to these shores.
They saw the USA as a land of unbound They saw the USA as a land of unbound opportunities. Immigrants who fled oppressive opportunities. Immigrants who fled oppressive
regimes in Europe yearned to live in a democratic regimes in Europe yearned to live in a democratic society like the USA.society like the USA.
A.Cambodian attacks on U.S. military bases.
B.The Capture of Ho Chi Minh by U. S. troops.
C.The final defeat of North Vietnamese forces.
D.A loss of public confidence in the U.S. government.
THE USA and the Soviet Union emerged from WW II as the WORLD’S strongest nations – the SUPERPOWERS.
The COLD WAR The COLD WAR endedended when the people of when the people of Eastern Europe Eastern Europe overthrewoverthrew their Communist their Communist
GOVERNMENTSGOVERNMENTS
and the and the Soviet UNIONSoviet UNION broke apart into 15 broke apart into 15 independent countriesindependent countries. . . . . . the . . . . . . the symbolicsymbolic
victory victory and the and the AMERICAN AMERICAN WIN WIN OF THE OF THE COLD WARCOLD WAR is evidenced by the is evidenced by the
FALL FALL of theof the BERLIN WALLBERLIN WALL..
Throughout the COLD WAR, the superpowers Throughout the COLD WAR, the superpowers avoidedavoided open open WARFAREWARFARE because each side feared the because each side feared the TERRIBLETERRIBLE effects of effects of NUCLEAR WEAPONSNUCLEAR WEAPONS..
The two sides had completely different political and economic systems, & each The two sides had completely different political and economic systems, & each side tried to increase hits global influence & undermine the power of the other.side tried to increase hits global influence & undermine the power of the other.
THE GHOST DANCETHE GHOST DANCE
1. The dance was a SACRED RITUAL 1. The dance was a SACRED RITUAL expressing a expressing a vision that buffalo would vision that buffalo would return and all the elements return and all the elements of WHITE of WHITE CIVILIZATION would DISAPPEAR.CIVILIZATION would DISAPPEAR.
2. Fearing that the ceremony would 2. Fearing that the ceremony would trigger an Indian trigger an Indian up-rising, the US Army up-rising, the US Army attempted to stamp it out at attempted to stamp it out at the so – the so – called Battle of Wounded Knee.called Battle of Wounded Knee.
3. As many as two hundred Indian men, 3. As many as two hundred Indian men, women, and women, and children were killed in the children were killed in the BATTLE of WOUNDED BATTLE of WOUNDED KNEE on KNEE on December 29, 1890.December 29, 1890.
A. THE HOMEFRONTA. THE HOMEFRONT
1. Native Americans volunteered to work 1. Native Americans volunteered to work in defense in defense industries.industries.
B. B. THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERSTHE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS
1. Fewer than 30 non-NAVAJOS understood the 1. Fewer than 30 non-NAVAJOS understood the Navajo’s Navajo’s unwritten language.unwritten language.
2. Approximately 400 Navajos served as 2. Approximately 400 Navajos served as CODE CODE TALKERSTALKERS in in the the PACIFIC THEATERPACIFIC THEATER (against (against
Japan).Japan). Their primary Their primary job was to job was to transmit vital transmit vital battlefield informationbattlefield information via telegraphs via telegraphs & & radios radios in their in their native dialectnative dialect. They were able to . They were able to save save countless lives and played a key role in the countless lives and played a key role in the
BATTLE of IWO JIMA.BATTLE of IWO JIMA.
• The Channel Tunnel (French: (31.4 mi) undersea rail tunnel linking the United Kingdom, GREAT BRITAIN/ENGLAND with northern France beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is 75 metres (250 ft) deep.
• At 37.9 kilometres (23.5 mi), the Channel Tunnel Channel Tunnel possesses the possesses the longest undersea portion of longest undersea portion of any tunnelany tunnel in the world in the world.
• The tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, In 1996 the American Society of Civil Engineers identified the tunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.
• Construction started 1988 and opened in 1994. Since its construction, the tunnel has faced several problems. Fires have disrupted operation of the tunnel. Illegal immigrants and asylum seekers have attempted to use the tunnel to enter the UK/Great Britain.
NATO
NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, headquarters are in Brussels, BelgiumBelgium, and the organization constitutes constitutes a system of a system of collective defense collective defense whereby its member states whereby its member states agree to mutual defenseagree to mutual defense in in response to an attack by any response to an attack by any external partyexternal party.
Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact• Was an organization of communist states in Central and Eastern an organization of communist states in Central and Eastern
Europe. The pact was a Soviet initiative aimed at countering Europe. The pact was a Soviet initiative aimed at countering NATONATO. East Germany, Hungary, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and the Soviet Union were the founding members.
• The treaty was signed in Warsaw, Poland on May 14, 1955. The The treaty was an initiative of the Soviet Union and was in direct treaty was an initiative of the Soviet Union and was in direct response to West Germany joining the North Atlantic Treaty response to West Germany joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1955.Organization (NATO) in 1955.
• As such, the Warsaw Pact was the Soviet-sponsored military-treaty organization and the European Communist Bloc's counterpart to NATO.
• It was similar to NATO in that there was a political Consultative Committee, followed by a civilian secretary-general, while down the chain of command there was a military commander in chief and a combined staff, although the similarities between the two international organizations ended there.
Traditional EconomyTraditional Economy – – EconomicEconomic systems in which systems in which decisions decisions are made are made on the basis of on the basis of customcustom….Example: poor developing ….Example: poor developing nations. nations.
Command EconomyCommand Economy – an economy in which – an economy in which economic economic decisions decisions (supply, prices, demand, etc.) (supply, prices, demand, etc.) are are made by the governmentmade by the government rather rather than by market forces…. Examples: than by market forces…. Examples: communists nations such as the former communists nations such as the former
Soviet Union & CUBASoviet Union & CUBA..
Free Enterprise EconomyFree Enterprise Economy – a system by which people can – a system by which people can conduct business FREE of conduct business FREE of
government government control control except for except for reasonable regulations reasonable regulations made for the public good…. Example: made for the public good…. Example:
developed nations such as the developed nations such as the USA.USA.
The farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family The farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family with nothing left for purchasing manufactured goods.with nothing left for purchasing manufactured goods.
Agricultural goods are produced in mass quantities with the Agricultural goods are produced in mass quantities with the intention of selling them on the market. CASH Cropsintention of selling them on the market. CASH Crops
Business or industry that employs a large number of workers to Business or industry that employs a large number of workers to produce goods in a factory.produce goods in a factory.
A region made up of several large cities and their surrounding A region made up of several large cities and their surrounding areas.areas.
Business or industry in which goods are produced primarily Business or industry in which goods are produced primarily in the in the homehome of the produced for local family use. of the produced for local family use.
1.1.Declaration Declaration of of IndependenceIndependence, 1776, Thomas Thomas
JeffersonJefferson, not our Govt.
2. Constitution, 1787, James Madison, 1st 10 Amendments –Bill of RightsBill of Rights
3. Civil War 1861-65 3. Civil War 1861-65 North/Union WinsNorth/Union Wins Lincoln Lincoln assassinated 1 wk assassinated 1 wk laterlater
4. 4. RED SCARERED SCARE 11stst – after – after WWIWWI,, 2 2ndnd after after WWIIWWII, , Anti-Anti-Communist Communist
5. World War I 1914 – 1918, 5. World War I 1914 – 1918, 1917-USA1917-USA, , Zimmerman Zimmerman Telegram, Lusitania Telegram, Lusitania SINKSSINKS
6. Scopes TRIAL, 6. Scopes TRIAL, Monkey TRIALMonkey TRIAL, Evolution , Evolution vs.vs. CreationismCreationism
7. Great Depression 1929 7. Great Depression 1929 Stock Market CrashStock Market Crash, , Banks failBanks fail, , farmers losefarmers lose Securities & Exchange Securities & Exchange Commission is formed Commission is formed to regulate the STOCK to regulate the STOCK MARKET (SEC)MARKET (SEC)
8. 8. New DEALNew DEAL – first – first 100100 days – Franklin Roosevelt days – Franklin Roosevelt passed legislation (15) passed legislation (15) to combatto combat the Great the Great DepressionDepression..
9. Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941, Japan attacks 9. Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941, Japan attacks the Headquarters the Headquarters of the USA Pacific fleet in Hawaii, of the USA Pacific fleet in Hawaii, USA USA enters WWII.enters WWII.
10. 10. Battle Battle ofof Stalingrad Stalingrad - GERMANS lose to Russia. - GERMANS lose to Russia. To To COLDCOLD, , GeographyGeography plays a role in Russia’s plays a role in Russia’s victoryvictory during WWII. during WWII.
11. 11. ““DD” ” DayDay – Americans, Britain's, Canadians land – Americans, Britain's, Canadians land in Normandy FRANCE, (over 1 million men) in Normandy FRANCE, (over 1 million men) open open a second FRONTa second FRONT in the war against in the war against GERMANY-GERMANY-turning point in WW II – European Theatre of turning point in WW II – European Theatre of WAR.WAR.
12. Battle of MIDWAY – 12. Battle of MIDWAY – turning point in the PACIFIC turning point in the PACIFIC war against JAPANwar against JAPAN. AMERICAN defeats Japan & . AMERICAN defeats Japan & Japan fights a DEFENSIVE WAR afterwards.Japan fights a DEFENSIVE WAR afterwards.
13.13. Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project – – Code name for ATOMIC Code name for ATOMIC bombbomb dropped on Japan (2). dropped on Japan (2). EINSTEINEINSTEIN most famous most famous scientist on the project.scientist on the project.
14. 14. TRUMAN DOCTRINETRUMAN DOCTRINE – – COMBATCOMBAT the spread ofthe spread of COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM- - by the use of by the use of MILTARY\TROOPSMILTARY\TROOPS..
15. 15. MARSHALL PLANMARSHALL PLAN – COMBAT – COMBAT the the spread ofspread of COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM – – by the use of MONEY $$$by the use of MONEY $$$ - to - to help help rebuild countries after WWIIrebuild countries after WWII
16. 16. COLD WARCOLD WAR after WWII to 1989, after WWII to 1989, symbolic war symbolic war of might & powerof might & power between the USSR and USAbetween the USSR and USA – – America America wins the SYMBOLIC warwins the SYMBOLIC war with the with the Fall of Fall of the BERLIN WALL in 1989the BERLIN WALL in 1989..
17. Korean WAR – 17. Korean WAR – Communist North Korea vs. Communist North Korea vs. Democratic South KoreaDemocratic South Korea, , USSR vs. the USAUSSR vs. the USA. . ENDS in STALMATE – ENDS in STALMATE – nobody wins.nobody wins.
18. 18. SPUTNIKSPUTNIK 1957 – RUSSIA (USSR) 1957 – RUSSIA (USSR) beats the USA beats the USA
into Spaceinto Space..
19. CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS 19. CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS 19621962 – USA – USA BLOCKADEBLOCKADE of CUBA.of CUBA.
20. 20. WAR POWERS ACTWAR POWERS ACT – Congress limits the power – Congress limits the power of the President in War – came about because of of the President in War – came about because of VIETNAM WAR.VIETNAM WAR.
21 21 TET OFFENSIVETET OFFENSIVE – – North Vietnam attacks the South/USA – 30 North Vietnam attacks the South/USA – 30 locations in one daylocations in one day
22. 22. VietnamizationVietnamization – – USA to Slowly had over the war to South Vietnam- USA to Slowly had over the war to South Vietnam- they/we losethey/we lose
23. 23. PasteurizationPasteurization – super heat milk/wine to – super heat milk/wine to preserve, rabies vaccinepreserve, rabies vaccine
24. 24. Jonas SalkJonas Salk – develops the – develops the POLIOPOLIO vaccine. vaccine.
25. 25. Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh – – transatlantic crossingtransatlantic crossing, , American/World heroAmerican/World hero
1313thth DeclaredDeclared slavery illegal slavery illegal in the USAin the USA
1414thth Gave Gave citizenshipcitizenship to slaves and “DUE PROCESS” to slaves and “DUE PROCESS”
1515thth Gave slave/citizens the right to Gave slave/citizens the right to votevote (men over 21 yrs.) (men over 21 yrs.)
1616thth Creates the Federal Creates the Federal Income TaxIncome Tax provisions provisions
1717thth Provides for the direct Provides for the direct election of Senatorselection of Senators
1818thth Started Started PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION
1919thth Provides women the Provides women the right to voteright to vote (suffrage) (suffrage)
2020thth Term of President & VP to end on January 20 Term of President & VP to end on January 20thth
2121stst Ends Ends PROHIBITION PROHIBITION Liquor is legal nowLiquor is legal now
2424thth Eliminated Eliminated POLL TAXPOLL TAX as a as a requirement to voterequirement to vote
2626thth Extends the right to Extends the right to vote to 18 yr. oldsvote to 18 yr. olds
77th th Trial by JuryTrial by Jury
Telephone, Internet, Computers aided by Satellites Telephone, Internet, Computers aided by Satellites 1990-2010 1990-2010
1950’S1950’S
Canals – early 1800’s Railroads – late Canals – early 1800’s Railroads – late 1800’s1800’s
1313thth DeclaredDeclared slavery illegal slavery illegal in the USAin the USA
1414thth Gave Gave citizenshipcitizenship to slaves and “DUE PROCESS” to slaves and “DUE PROCESS”
1515thth Gave slave/citizens the right to Gave slave/citizens the right to votevote (men over 21 yrs.) (men over 21 yrs.)
1616thth Creates the Federal Creates the Federal Income TaxIncome Tax provisions provisions
1717thth Provides for the direct Provides for the direct election of Senatorselection of Senators
1818thth Started Started PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION
1919thth Provides women the Provides women the right to voteright to vote (suffrage) (suffrage)
2020thth Term of President & VP to end on January 20 Term of President & VP to end on January 20thth
2121stst Ends Ends PROHIBITION PROHIBITION Liquor is legal nowLiquor is legal now
2424thth Eliminated Eliminated POLL TAXPOLL TAX as a as a requirement to voterequirement to vote
2626thth Extends the right to Extends the right to vote to 18 yr. oldsvote to 18 yr. olds
77th th Trial by JuryTrial by Jury
Telephone, Internet, Computers aided by Satellites Telephone, Internet, Computers aided by Satellites 1990-2010 1990-2010
1950’S1950’S
Canals – early 1800’s Railroads – late Canals – early 1800’s Railroads – late 1800’s1800’s