Windy Hills CaledonRenewable Energy

Renewable Energy for your

Home - Educational Workshop

Program Part One

About Windy Hills Caledon – who are we? what do we do?

Part Two Small scale renewable projects –assessing your

resources, developing, and implementing Part Three

The financing – Net Metering, SOCs, Payback

Who is Windy Hills Caledon?

• Windy Hills Caledon Renewable Energy is a group of local residents interested in creating a community-owned, wind-based renewable energy project

http://www.windyhillscaledon.org

Why are we creating projects?• Community can generate and own green power• Way to directly positively affect the environment• Contributes to local economic development

Future Workshops/Seminars• Seminar: Solar Hot Water Heating

– Wednesday, Feb 14, 2007, 6:00-9:00pm – Albion Bolton Community Centre, 150 Queen St. S., Bolton

• Seminar: Determining if a Home Renewable Energy System is Right for You– Wednesday, Feb 21, 2007, 6:00-9:00pm – Alton Library, 35

Station St, Alton – Thursday, March 1, 2007, 6:00-9:00pm – Albion Bolton

Community Centre, 150 Queen St. S., Bolton – Thursday, March 22, 2007, 6:00-9:00pm – Inglewood

Community Centre, 15825 McLaughlin Rd, Inglewood• Renewable Energy for Your Home: Workshop

– Saturday, Feb 10, 2007, 9:00am-12:00pm – Caledon Community Complex, 6215 Old Church St, Caledon East

– Tuesday, Feb 27, 2007, 6:00-9:00pm – Caledon Village Library, 18313 Hwy 10, Caledon Village

– Wednesday, March 21, 6:00-9:00pm – Albion Bolton Community Centre, 150 Queen St. S., Bolton

Part Two -Part Two -

Small Scale Renewable Small Scale Renewable Energy ProjectsEnergy Projects

• Economic– Market supply and demand (Prices )– Reduce dependence on expensive and heavily

subsidized conventional fuel sources– Life cycle costs – quicker implementation and

decommissioning

• Environmental– Reduce air pollution associated with

conventional fuel sources

• Social– Increase employment opportunities– Decentralize energy supply

Need for Renewable Energies!

Renewable vs. Conventional Energy• Typically higher initial cost

• Generally lower operating costs

• Environmentally cleaner

• More optimized wire distribution network

• Life cycle cost effective

• Faster to commission and decommission

Terms• Voltage: electrical potential or force

– measured in Volts (V)

• Current: flow of electrons – measured in Amperes (A)

• Power: rate of doing work - product of current flowing at given voltage – Measured in Watts (W) [equal to joules/second]

• Energy: Power x Time– Commonly measured in Watt-hours (Wh)

[1 Wh equals 3600 joules]

• Common prefixes: kilo(k) = 1,000 and Mega(M) = 1,000,000 Ex: 1kWh = 1,000Wh

Difference between kW and kWh• kW - unit of Power (rate of energy usage)

– Analagous to Speed (rate distance/time) • How fast consuming/generating energy

• kWh – unit of Energy: (amount of energy used)– Analagous to distance

• To calculate how far you travel– Distance=speed x time

• 60km/hour x 2 hours = 120 km

• To calculate energy usage– Energy = Power x time

• 60 Watts * 2 hours = 120 Wh

Cost of Energy in Ontario?• Average HOEP (Hourly Ontario Energy Price) as per Independent

Electricity System Operator (IESO)– May 2005 – Dec 2005 - 7.78¢ / kWh

– May 2005 – May 2006 - 6.95¢ / kWh

– May 2006 – Dec 2006 - 4.77¢ / kWh

• Residential price of electricity:

Below Threshold

Winter <1000 kWh

Summer < 600kWh

Each additional kWh

Prior April 1, 2005 4.7¢ / kWh 5.5¢ / kWhApril 1, 2005 5.0¢ / kWh 5.8¢ / kWhMay 1, 2006 5.8¢ / kWh 6.7¢ / kWhNov 1, 2006 5.5¢ / kWh 6.4.¢ / kWh

Cost of Energy in Ontario • A typical Utility bill will include the following;

– Meter reading- for a given period (30 or 60 day) – Billable Energy Consumption - includes loss factor (3%

to 10%, area dependent)– Energy Cost– Delivery – transmission, distribution, administration,– Regulatory Charge– Debt Retirement Charge - ~$30 Billion– GST

• When above costs are included, actual cost of electricity is much higher - 10.0¢ – 13.5¢ / kWh

Sample Hydro Bill

•Electricity Cost - $0.055/kWh

•Delivery Charge - $0.0483/kWh

•Regulatory Charge - $0.0062/kWh

•Debt Retirement Charge - $0.007/kWh

• TOTAL - $0.1165/kWh

Kingston Electricity Distribution Limited (KEDL)

•Electricity Cost-

-$0.055/kWh

•Delivery Charge

(assuming use of 540 kWh)

-$0.0451/kWh

•Regulatory Charge

- $0.0062/kWh

•Debt Retirement Charge

- $0.007/kWh

• TOTAL - $0.1133/kWhhttp://www.utilitieskingston.com

Ontario Energy Usagehttp://www.ieso.ca

Hourly Ontario Energy Price (HOEP) http://www.ieso.ca

Hourly Ontario Energy Price (HOEP) http://www.ieso.ca

1028.42

September 3, 2002

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Ontario Energy Usage ???http://www.ieso.ca

•Aug 13-19, 2003

What do I need to get started?• Energy Audit

• Site Analysis & System Feasibility

• Wind Turbine(s) or Solar Panels

• Other System Components

• Overall System Design(s) Possibilities

• Costing

• Where to get more information – if interconnecting to the grid

Energy Audit• Why do one?

• Every dollar spent on conservation saves at least $5 on equipment costs

• Objective: estimate energy requirements, so you can: – Estimate storage capacity– Size wind turbine/solar array– Estimate system cost

Energy Audit… continued

Energy Audit! continued• What kind of electrical appliances do I use?• Do electrical appliance inventory of high

voltage and/or current devices: – heaters, pumps, AC’s, fridge, freezers, washers,

hair dryers, vacuum cleaners, power tools, etc.

• Include smaller electrical loads such as:– TV, VCR, computers, modems, telephones,

night lights, electronic clocks etc.

• Many of these devices may be “Phantom Loads” – devices which continually consume electricity even when turned off or in “Power Saving” mode.

Energy Audit… continued• How often and how long are they on?• Even low wattage adds up if on continually • Replace incandescent light bulbs

– Replace 60 W incandescent with 13 W compact fluorescent

• Replace old appliances– Ex: old fridge uses 4 kWh/day, new fridge 1.4

kWh/day – Buying new fridge costs $1000 but generating

extra 2.6 kWh for old fridge requires at least 800 W of solar panels at ($5,000 min) or a 1 kW wind turbine ($5,000)

Appliance Use ChartAppliance

Average Wattage

Monthly Hours of Use

Kitchen Barbecue Grill (indoor electric) 1350 5 - 10 7 - 14 $0.77 - $1.54Broiler 1400 4 - 12 5 - 17 $0.55 - $1.87Can Opener 175 .08 - 1 .01 - 0.18 $0.00 - $0.02Carving Knife 90 1 - 2 .1 - 0.2 $0.01 - $0.02Coffee Maker 900 4 - 30 4 - 27 $0.44 - $2.97Deep Fat Fryer 1500 5 - 10 8 - 15 $0.88 - $1.65Dishwasher (Electric Hot Water) 1300 8 - 40 20 - 102 $2.20 - $11.22Dishwasher (Non-Electric Hot Water)** 1300 8 - 40 3 - 16 $0.33 - $1.76Food Blender 390 3 - 5 1 - 2 $0.11 - $0.22Food Freezer (15 Cubic Feet) 335 180 - 420 60 - 140 $6.60 - $15.40Food Mixer (Hand &amp; Table) 100 1 - 5 .1 - 0.5 $0.01 - $0.06Frying Pan 1150 10 - 20 12 - 23 $1.32 - $2.53Hot Plate 1320 2 - 6 3 - 8 $0.33 - $0.88Kettle 1500 1 - 10 1 - 15 $0.11 - $1.65Microwave Oven 1000 5 - 30 5 - 30 $0.55 - $3.30Range 12500 10 - 50 125 - 625 $13.75 - $68.75Range (Self Cleaning Cycle Only) 3200 0.5 - 1.5 2 - 5 $0.22 - $0.55Refrigerator Freezer-Frost Free-17 Cu. Ft. 500 150 - 300 75 - 150 $8.25 - $16.50Refrigerator-Non Frost Free-13 Cu. Ft. 300 190 - 300 56 - 90 $6.16 - $9.90Toaster 1150 1 - 3.5 1 - 4 $0.11 - $0.44Toaster Oven 1250 2 - 24 2.5 - 30 $0.28 - $3.30Waffle Iron 1100 1 - 2 1 - 2 $0.11 - $0.22

Monthly kWhApproximate Cost per

Month

Appliance Use Chart

ApplianceAverage Wattage

Monthly Hours of Use

LightingHeat Lamp (Infrared) 250 2 - 4 .5 - 1 $0.06 - $0.1160 Watt Incandescent Lamp 60 17 - 200 1 - 12 $0.11 - $1.32Compact Fluorescent-60 Watt Equivalent 18 17 - 200 .3 - 3.6 $0.03 - $0.40Ceiling Fixture - 3 X 60 Watt Bulbs 180 6 - 195 2 - 35 $0.22 - $3.85Tri-Light (Table Lamp) 100 10 - 200 1 - 20 $0.11 - $2.20Chandelier - 5 Lamp 300 10 - 183 3 - 55 $0.33 - $6.05Fluorescent - 2 Tubes X 4 Feet 100 10 - 200 1 - 20 $0.11 - $2.20Sun Lamp 280 1 - 4 .28 - 1 $0.03 - $0.11 Bedroom & Bathroom Electric Blanket 180 30 - 90 5 - 16 $0.55 - $1.76Hair Dryer (Portable) 1000 1 - 10 1 - 10 $0.11 - $1.10Heating Pad 65 15 - 30 1 - 2 $0.11 - $0.22Shaver 15 3 - 5 .05 - 0.08 $0.01 - $0.01Toothbrush 10 1 - 2 .01 - 0.02 $0.00 - $0.00Water Bed Heater 400 150 - 300 20 - 120 $2.20 - $13.20

Monthly kWhApproximate Cost per

Month

Appliance Use ChartAppliance

Average Wattage

Monthly Hours of Use

Laundry Room Dryer 5000 6 - 28 30 - 140 $3.30 - $15.40Washer (Electric Hot Water) 500 7 - 40 33 - 196 $3.63 - $21.56Washer (Non Electric Hot Water) 500 7 - 40 3 - 16 $0.33 - $1.76Iron 1000 1 - 10 16 - 10 $1.76 - $1.10Sewing Machine 75 4 - 14 .3 - 1 $0.03 - $0.11Home EntertainmentComputer - Monitor & Printer 200 25 - 160 5 - 32 $0.55 - $3.52Stereo 30 1 - 170 .03 - 5.1 $0.00 - $0.56Television 80 60 - 440 5 - 35 $0.55 - $3.85Video Cassette Recorder 40 50 - 200 1 - 8 $0.11 - $0.88Heating and CoolingAir Cleaner (Room & Furnace)* 40 250 - 720 10 - 29 $1.10 - $3.19Air Conditioner (Room) 6000 BTU* 750 120 - 720 90 - 540 $9.90 - $59.40Air Conditioner (Room) 9000 BTU* 1050 120 - 720 126 - 756 $13.86 - $83.16Air Conditioner (Central) 2.5 Tons* 3500 240 - 860 850 - 3000 $93.50 - $330.00Dehumidifier 350 120 - 720 42 - 252 $4.62 - $27.72Electric Heater (Portable) 1000 30 - 90 30 - 90 $3.30 - $9.90Fan (Portable) 115 18 - 52 2 - 6 $0.22 - $0.66Furnace Fan Motor (Intermittent) 350 160 - 415 56 - 145 $6.16 - $15.95Furnace Fan Motor (Continuous) 350 720 252 - 252 $27.72 - $27.72Heat Exchange / HRV's 125 300 - 720 37 - 150 $4.07 - $16.50Humidifier (Portable) 100 80 - 540 8 - 54 $0.88 - $5.94Oil Furnace (Burner) 260 96 - 288 25 - 75 $2.75 - $8.25

Monthly kWhApproximate Cost per

Month

Appliance Use ChartAppliance

Average Wattage

Monthly Hours of Use

Water HeatingWater Heater - Typical Family of 4 3800 98 - 138 375 - 525 $41.25 - $57.75Water Heater - Typical Family of 2 3800 66 - 92 250 - 350 $27.50 - $38.50

Outdoor - MiscellaneousBlock Heater 500 120 - 480 60 - 240 $6.60 - $26.40Car Interior Heater 850 120 - 480 102 - 408 $11.22 - $44.88Hedge Trimmer 125 4 - 8 .5 - 1 $0.06 - $0.11Lawn Mower 1500 2 - 4 3 - 6 $0.33 - $0.66Swimming Pool Filter Motor - 1/2 HP 900 720 648 $71.28Swimming Pool Filter Motor - 3/4 HP 1200 720 864 $95.04Swimming Pool Filter Motor - 1.0 HP 1500 720 1080 $118.80Swimming Pool Filter Motor - 1.5 HP 2100 720 1512 $166.32

Indoor - MiscellaneousCeiling Fan 60 15 - 330 1 - 20 $0.11 - $2.20Clock 5 720 4 $0.44Drill 300 3 - 7 1 - 2 $0.11 - $0.22Floor Polisher 300 3 - 7 1 - 2 $0.11 - $0.22Power Saw 275 2 - 4 .6 - 1 $0.07 - $0.11Vacuum Cleaner (Portable) 800 2 - 6 2 - 5 $0.22 - $0.55Vacuum Cleaner (Central) 1600 2 - 6 4 - 10 $0.44 - $1.10

Monthly kWhApproximate Cost per

Month

Energy Audit WorksheetsENERGY AUDIT WORKSHEET

User enters information in cells of this colourAppliance and Average wattage may also be changed if desired

Monthly Energy Usage 352.29 kWh $0.11Average Daily Energy Usage 11.74 kWh [$/kWh]

Monthly Cost of Energy $38.75Daily Cost of Energy $1.29

ApplianceAverage Wattage

Monthly Hours of Use

Monthly kWh

Cost per Month

Common Monthly Hours of Use

Kitchen Coffee Maker 900 2 1.80 $0.20 4 - 30Food Freezer (15 Cubic Feet) 335 124 41.54 $4.57 180 - 420Food Mixer (Hand & Table) 100 2 0.20 $0.02 1 - 5Kettle 1500 5 7.50 $0.83 1 - 10Microwave Oven 1000 7 7.00 $0.77 5 - 30Range 12500 10 125.00 $13.75 10 - 50Refrigerator Freezer-Frost Free-17 Cu. Ft. 500 108 54.00 $5.94 150 - 300Toaster 1150 3 3.45 $0.38 1 - 3.5Compact Fluorescent-60 Watt Equivalent 13 2000 26.00 $2.86 17 - 200Hair Dryer (Portable) 1000 1 1.00 $0.11 1 - 10Dryer 5000 6 30.00 $3.30 6 - 28Washer (Non Electric Hot Water) 500 15.2 7.60 $0.84 7 - 40Computer - Monitor & Printer 200 180 36.00 $3.96 25 - 160Television 80 100 8.00 $0.88 60 - 440Vacuum Cleaner (Central) 1600 2 3.20 $0.35 2 - 6

Price of Electricity

Home Energy Audit Guide

•We will be providing the guide as well as lending out Kill-a-Watt meters

• How do you use the guide?

•How do you use the Kill-a-Watt meter to calculate power and/or energy usage?

Efficacy of Various Light Sources

CFLs Incandescent BulbsPower

(Watts)

Output

(Lumens)

LPW Power

(Watts)

Output

(Lumens)

LPW

11 600 54.4 40 505 12.6

15 900 60.0 60 865 14.4

20 1200 60.0 75 1190 15.9

25 1550 62.0 95 1610 16.9

28 1750 62.5 100 1710 17.1

38 2780 73.2 150 2850 19.0

Comparison of Incandescent Bulb and CFL (Compact Fluorescent Light)

Cost ComparisonIncandescent Bulb versus CFLBULB 60W Incandescent 15W CFL

Life (hours) 2000 8000

Bulbs needed for 8000 hour life

4 1

Price of Energy $0.11/kWh $0.11/kWh

Energy used (kWh) 480 kWh 120 kWh

Cost of Energy ($) $52.80 $13.20

Cost of Bulbs 4x$0.25=$1.00 1x$3.00=$3.00

TOTAL COST $53.80 $16.20

TOTAL LIFETIME SAVING ACHIEVED WITH 15W CFL $37.60

Site Analysis – Why?Determine local wind patterns

• Gut feel

• Check out trees in the area

• Check yearly weather reports (Airports, Environment Canada)

• Environment Canada’s Wind Energy Atlas – website: www.windatlas.ca

• Ontario Wind Atlas– website: www.ontariowindatlas.ca

• Wind resource assessment – install anemometers

– takes 1 year and costs approx. $30,000

http://www.middelgrund.com

Middelgrunden Off-Shore Wind Park, Denmark

Middelgrunden Off-Shore Wind Park, Denmark

http://www.middelgrund.com

Middelgrunden Off-Shore Wind Park, Denmark

http://www.middelgrund.com

Site Analysis – Why?Complete site wind analysis

• Do you have a suitable location for the wind turbine on your property?

• What height does turbine have to be at to be at least 30 ft above nearest obstruction

• Need to have all equipment relatively close to home to reduce line losses

• Estimate storage capacity

• Size wind turbine

• Estimate system cost

Wind Turbines - Types / Sizes• Southwest Windpower

– 400W, 900W, 1.0kW and 3.0kW

• Bergey Windpower– 1kW, 7.5kW and 10kW

• Rutland Windpower– 90W, 400W

• How do you compare different turbines? – Rotor swept area will determine how much

energy the turbine produces

Turbines

Bergey Turbine

Southwest Windpower Turbine

Wind Turbine General Prices

Model Name Plate Power Rating

Price Web Site

AIRX 400W $800 www.canadiantire.ca Whisper H40 900W $1,495 www.windenergy.com Bergey BWC XL.1 1,000W $1,695 www.bergey.com Proven Engineering WT600 600W $3,338 tom@positivepower.ca Whisper H80 1,000W $1,995 www.windenergy.com Proven WT 2500 2,500W $6,900 tom@positivepower.ca Whisper 175 3,000W $5,455 www.windenergy.com Proven WT 6000 6,000W $13,100 tom@positivepower.ca Bergey BWC Excel-R 7,500W $19,400 www.bergey.com Bergey BWC Excel-S 10,000W $22,900 www.bergey.com Wind Turbine Industries Jacobs 31-20

20,000W $23,500 www.windturbine.net

Taken from Home Power Magazine, 2002.

Prices in US Dollars. Use general guide of $3/W

Other System Components• Turbine support: tower, guyed, stand alone?• Conductors (wiring) should minimize losses:

– Keep wiring short as possible– Must use heavy gauge wires

• Batteries (energy storage)– Must use deep discharge batteries– Flooded lead Acid most affordable – shorter life cycle– Gel, Ni Cads good alternative but more costly

• DC/AC control panel/charge controller (safety requirements)– Main shut off/fuses between batteries and equipment

Other System Components •Wind turbines produce wild AC, store as DC

–Direct Current (DC) – rate of flow of electrons is constant traveling in one direction between two points. –Ex: all car electrical components and other battery operated appliances run on 12V DC

Other System Components •Alternating Current (AC):

–Magnitude of electron flow constantly changing, reversing direction once every ½ cycle –Typical of household current–AC can be stepped up or down by transformer

•Inverter (converts energy from DC to AC)

–Modified Sine Wave – works with most AC appliances, few exceptions –True Sine Wave – works with all appliances and is required to connect to grid

•True Sine Wave

•Modified Sine Wave

System Configurations: Stand-Alone

•Small Stand Alone Wind/ Solar System

System Configurations: Grid-Tied

•Hybrid “Stand alone” – Solar/ Wind and Generator Combination System

System Configurations

Grid-tie – Solar / Wind Combination system – with battery back up

Grid-tie Solar/Wind System – without

battery back up

Pros and Cons of Grid Interconnect•Pros:

–Batteries not required–Reduces your electricity bill–Reduces demand for conventional energy–Uninterrupted power available with back-up batteries

•Cons:–Will lose power when grid goes out–May require bi-directional meter –May require an ON/ OFF switch for utility–Require approvals from local utility and ESA (Electrical Safety Authority)

Generator – size categories

> 10 MWLarge

a)> 500 kW connected on distribution system voltage <15 kV

b)> 1 MW < 10 MW connected on distribution system voltage > 15 kV

Mid-Sized

a)< 500 kW connected on distribution system voltage <15 kV

b)< 1 MW connected on distribution system voltage > 15 kV

Small

< 10 kW and for customers use only – this could produce maximum 240 kWh/dayMicro

Connections – Micro <10kW Grid tied1. Provide system plans to local utility and

ESA

2. Get plan approval from local utility

3. Submit connection request to local utility

4. They should respond within 15 calendar days

5. If they approve, proceed with installation

6. Complete ESA inspection

Connections, continued1. Sign connection agreement with local utility

– Micro-Embedded Load Displacement Generation Connection Agreement

2. Notify local utility of completion, ESA approval

3. Local utility may verify connection

4. Keep all approvals and agreements on file!

Part Three -Part Three -

SOP, Net Metering and SOP, Net Metering and FinancingFinancing

Standard Offer Program (SOP)

• Hoped to add up to 1000 megawatts of renewable energy to Ontario’s grid over next 10 years

• Eligibility– Generation of electricity from renewable sources

• Wind, solar photovoltaic(PV), thermal electric solar, renewable biomass, biofuel, landfill gas or waterpower

– Installed generating capacity of less than 10 MW

– Connected to LDC distribution system (less than 50 kV)

– Applicants must meet certain requirements• Environmental assessment, demonstrated site access,

connection impact assessment (not required < 10kW), etc.

Standard Offer Program (SOP)

Standard Offer Program (SOP)

• All generating facilities with output of 10 megawatts (MW) or less are required to pay a one-time OEB generator licence fee of $100

• Payment – LDC pays the Hourly Ontario Electricity Price (HOEP)

– OPA pays the difference between the contract price and the HOEP via LDC through the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO)

Standard Offer Program (SOP)

• Subtracts energy generated from energy used, resulting in “net” energy total from which bill is calculated– Receive retail or market price for generated electricity

• Must be less than 50 kW

• Cannot sell excess power, only offset energy usage

• For system less than 10kW a dual register meter installed

• Contact LDC about approval process and to obtain net-metering agreement

Net Metering

RETScreen Natural Resources Canada http://www.retscreen.net/ang/home.php

Financial Calculations

Where can I get more info?• Canadian Wind Energy Assoc. Small Wind Page

http://www.canwea.ca/SmallWindSystems.html • Windy Hills Caledon Renewable Energy

http://www.windyhillscaledon.org• Canadian Wind Energy Atlas

http://www.windatlas.ca/en/index.php• Ontario Wind Atlas

http://www.ontariowindatlas.ca• Ontario Sustainable Energy Association

http://www.ontario-sea.org/• Home Power Magazine (US):

http://www.homepower.ca• Canadian Solar Industries Association:

http://www.cansia.ca/solarmap.asp (Solar Map)

Where can I get more info? COURSES ON RENEWABLE ENERGY

• Everdale Environmental Learning Centre: http://www.everdale.org

• The Kortright Centre: http://www.kortright.org

Referenceshttp://www.nrel.gov/research/wind/wind_bib.html

National Renewable Energy Laboratory Photo Exchange

Southwest Windpower

Bergey Windpower

Rutland Windpower

Wind Power Magazine

Energy Alternatives

Questions and Answers

Thank you!

• This workshop has been made possible through the support of the Community Conservation Initiative Program of the Ontario Ministry of Energy

• For systems diagrams courtesy of Positive Power Co-op http://www.positivepowerco-op.com