window - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

5/10/2015 WindowWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window 1/16

WindowoftraditionaldesigninPortoCovo,Portugal

WindowFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Awindowisanopeninginawall,door,rooforvehiclethatallowsthepassageoflightand,ifnotclosedorsealed,airandsound.[1]Modernwindowsareusuallyglazedorcoveredinsomeothertransparentortranslucentmaterial.Windowsareheldinplacebyframes.[2]Manyglazedwindowsmaybeopened,toallowventilation,orclosed,toexcludeinclementweather.[3]Windowsoftenhavealatchorsimilarmechanismtolockthewindowshut.

Typesincludetheeyebrowwindow,fixedwindows,singlehunganddoublehungsashwindows,horizontalslidingsashwindows,casementwindows,awningwindows,hopperwindows,tiltandslidewindows(oftendoorsized),tiltandturnwindows,transomwindows,sidelightwindows,jalousieorlouveredwindows,clerestorywindows,skylights,roofwindows,rooflanterns,baywindows,orielwindows,thermal,orDiocletian,windows,picturewindows,emergencyexitwindows,stainedglasswindows,Frenchwindows,anddoubleandtriplepanedwindows.

TheRomanswerethefirstknowntouseglassforwindows,atechnologylikelyfirstproducedinRomanEgyptInAlexandriaca.100AD.PaperwindowswereeconomicalandwidelyusedinancientChina,KoreaandJapan.InEngland,glassbecamecommoninthewindowsofordinaryhomesonlyintheearly17thcenturywhereaswindowsmadeupofpanesofflattenedanimalhornwereusedasearlyasthe14thcentury.Modernstylefloortoceilingwindowsbecamepossibleonlyaftertheindustrialplateglassmakingprocesseswereperfected.

Contents

1Etymology2History3Types

3.1Eyebrow3.2Fixed3.3Singlehungsash3.4Doublehungsash3.5Horizontalslidingsash3.6Casement

3.6.1Awning3.6.2Hopper

3.7Tiltandslide3.7.1Tiltandturn

3.8Transom3.9Sidelight

3.10JalousieWindow



3.10JalousieWindow3.11Clerestory3.12Skylight3.13Roof3.14Rooflantern3.15Bay

3.15.1Oriel3.16Thermal3.17Picture3.18Multilit3.19Emergencyexit/egress3.20Stainedglass3.21French3.22Doublepaned

4Terms4.1Labeling

5Construction5.1Gridsormuntins5.2Frameandsashconstruction5.3Glazingandfilling5.4Otherconstructiondetails

6Windowsandthesun6.1Sunincidenceangle6.2Solarwindow6.3Passivesolar6.4Windowcoverings

7Gallery8Seealso9References10Externallinks

Etymology

ThewordwindoworiginatesfromtheOldNorse'vindauga',from'vindrwind'and'augaeye',i.e.,windeye.InNorwegianNynorskandIcelandictheOldNorseformhassurvivedtothisday(inIcelandiconlyasalessusedsynonymtogluggi),inSwedishthewordvindgaremainsasatermforaholethroughtheroofofahut,andintheDanishlanguage'vindue'andNorwegianBokml'vindu',thedirectlinkto'eye'islost,justlikefor'window'.TheDanish(butnottheBokml)wordispronouncedfairlysimilarlytowindow.

Windowisfirstrecordedintheearly13thcentury,andoriginallyreferredtoanunglazedholeinaroof.WindowreplacedtheOldEnglisheagyrl,whichliterallymeans'eyehole,'and'eagduru''eyedoor'.ManyGermaniclanguageshoweveradoptedtheLatinword'fenestra'todescribeawindowwithglass,suchasstandardSwedish'fnster',orGerman'Fenster'.TheuseofwindowinEnglishisprobablybecauseoftheScandinavianinfluenceontheEnglishlanguagebymeansofloanwordsduringtheVikingAge.InEnglishthewordfenesterwasusedasaparalleluntilthemid18thcenturyandfenestrationisstillusedtodescribethearrangementofwindowswithinafaade.Also,wordssuchas"defenestration"areinuse,meaningtothrowsomethingoutofawindow.



FragmentofaRomanwindowglassplatedatedto1stto4thcenturyA.D.Notetheobviouscurvature,thisisnotaflatpane.

Alabaster'mullion'divideddecorativewindowsinSantaMariaLaMajorchurch(Morella,Spain).

FromWebster's1828Dictionary:Window,n.[G.Thevulgarpronunciationiswindor,asiffromtheWelshgwyntdor,winddoor.][4]However,20thand21stcenturyetymologyshowsthatthewordcamefromOldNorsevindauga,fromvindrwind+augaeye..[5]

History

Theearliestwindowswerejustholesinawall.Later,windowswerecoveredwithanimalhide,cloth,orwood.Shuttersthatcouldbeopenedandclosedcamenext.Overtime,windowswerebuiltthatbothprotectedtheinhabitantsfromtheelementsandtransmittedlight:mullionedglasswindows,whichjoinedmultiplesmallpiecesofglasswithleading,paperwindows,flattenedpiecesoftranslucentanimalhorn,andplatesofthinlyslicedmarble.IntheFarEast,paperwasusedtofillwindows.[2]TheRomanswerethefirstknowntouseglassforwindows,atechnologylikelyfirstproducedinRomanEgyptInAlexandriaca.100AD,castglasswindows,albeitwithpooropticalproperties,begantoappearbuttheseweresmallthickproductions,littlemorethanblownglassjars(cylindricalshapes)flattenedoutintosheetswithcircularstriationpatternsthroughout.Itwouldbeoveramillenniumbeforeawindowglassbecametransparentenoughtoseethroughclearly,aswethinkofitnow.Overthecenturiestechniquesweredevelopedtoshearthroughonesideofablownglasscylinderandproducethinnerrectangularwindowpanesfromthesameamountofglassmaterial.Thisgaverisetotallnarrowwindows,usuallyseparatedbyaverticalsupportcalledamullion.MullionedglasswindowswerethewindowsofchoiceamongEuropeanwelltodo,whereaspaperwindowswereeconomicalandwidelyusedinancientChina,KoreaandJapan.InEngland,glassbecamecommoninthewindowsofordinaryhomesonlyintheearly17thcenturywhereaswindowsmadeupofpanesofflattenedanimalhornwereusedasearlyasthe14thcentury.[6]Notedsciencehistorian,authorandtelevisionshowhost/producerJamesBurkeattributestherapiddeforestationofGreatBritaininthelate1500stotheuptickinproductionofglazedwindowsaswellasironcannonproduction(1stCastin1547).Hewritesfurtherthisgaverisetocoalforfuel,whichspurredironproduction,requiringmorecoal,andmoreiron,thensteamenginepumps,canals...andmoreironallbecausewindowsbecameamiddleclasscommodityinthelatterdaysofthelittleiceage,onelargefactoramongseveralleadingtothedeforestingEnglishwoodlands,andtheswitchovertoacoaleconomy.

Modernstylefloortoceilingwindowsbecamepossibleonlyaftertheindustrialplateglassmakingprocesseswereperfected.Modernwindowsareusuallyfilledwithglass,althoughafewaretransparentplastic.[2]



Types

Eyebrow

Thetermeyebrowwindowisusedintwoways:acurvedtopwindowinawallorinaneyebrowdormerandarowofsmallwindowsusuallyunderthefronteavessuchastheJamesLorahHouseinPennsylvania.[7]

Fixed

Awindowthatcannotbeopened,whosefunctionislimitedtoallowinglighttoenter(unlikeanunfixedwindow,whichcanopenandclose).Clerestorywindowsareoftenfixed.Transomwindowsmaybefixedoroperable.Thistypeofwindowisusedinsituationswherelightorvisionaloneisneededasnoventilationispossiblewindowswithouttheuseoftrickleventsoroverglassvents.

Singlehungsash

Onesashismovable(usuallythebottomone)andtheotherfixed.Thisistheearlierformofslidingsashwindow,andisalsocheaper.[2]

Doublehungsash

AsashwindowisthetraditionalstyleofwindowintheUnitedKingdom,andmanyotherplacesthatwereformerlycolonizedbytheUK,withtwoparts(sashes)thatoverlapslightlyandslideupanddowninsidetheframe.Thetwopartsarenotnecessarilythesamesize.Currentlymostnewdoublehungsashwindowsusespringbalancestosupportthesashes,buttraditionally,counterweightsheldinboxesoneithersideofthewindowwereused.Thesewereandareattachedtothesashesusingpulleysofeitherbraidedcordor,later,purposemadechain.Threetypesofspringbalancesarecalledatapeorclockspringbalancechannelorblockandtacklebalanceandaspiralortubebalance.

Doublehungsashwindowsweretraditionallyoftenfittedwithshutters.Sashwindowscanbefittedwithsimplexhingesthatletthewindowbelockedintohingesononeside,whiletheropeontheothersideisdetachedsothewindowcanbeopenedforfireescapeorcleaning.

Horizontalslidingsash

Hastwoormoresashesthatoverlapslightlybutslidehorizontallywithintheframe.IntheUK,thesearesometimescalledYorkshiresashwindows,presumablybecauseoftheirtraditionaluseinthatcounty.

Casement

Awindowwithahingedsashthatswingsinoroutlikeadoorcomprisingeitherasidehung,tophung(alsocalled"awningwindow"seebelow),oroccasionallybottomhungsashoracombinationofthesetypes,sometimeswithfixedpanelsononeormoresidesofthesash.[1]IntheUSA,theseareusuallyopenedusingacrank,butinpartsofEuropetheytendtouseprojectionfrictionstaysandespagnolettelocking.Formerly,



Casementwindow

plainhingeswereusedwithacasementstay.Handingappliestocasementwindowstodeterminedirectionofswingacasementwindowmaybelefthanded,righthanded,ordouble.ThecasementwindowisthedominanttypenowfoundintheUKandpartsofEurope.

Awning

Anawningwindowisacasementwindowthatishunghorizontally,hingedontop,sothatitswingsoutwardlikeanawning.EmiliePoissondesignedthiswindow.

Hopper

Ahopperwindowisabottompivotingcasementwindowthatopensbytiltingvertically,typicallytotheinside.[8](Mostlyusedforschools)

Tiltandslide

Awindow(moreusuallyadoorsizedwindow)wherethesashtiltsinwardsatthetopandthenslideshorizontallybehindthefixedpane.

Tiltandturn

Atiltandturnwindowcanbothtiltinwardsatthetoporopeninwardsfromhingesattheside.ThisisthemostcommontypeofwindowinGermany,itscountryoforigin.ItisalsowidespreadinmanyotherEuropeancountries.[9]

Transom

Awindowaboveadoorinanexteriordoorthetransomwindowisoftenfixed,inaninteriordooritcanopeneitherbyhingesattoporbottom,orrotateonhinges.Itprovidedventilationbeforeforcedairheatingandcooling.Afanshapedtransomisknownasafanlight,especiallyintheBritishIsles.

Sidelight

Windowsbesideadoororwindowarecalledside,wing,andmargenlightsandflankingwindows.[10]

JalousieWindow

Alsoknownasalouveredwindow,thejalousiewindowconsistsofparallelslatsofglassoracrylicthatopenandcloselikeaVenetianblind,usuallyusingacrankoralever.Theyareusedextensivelyintropicalarchitecture.Ajalousiedoorisadoorwithajalousiewindow.

Clerestory

Awindowsetinaroofstructureorhighinawall,usedfordaylighting.



Jalousieorlouveredwindow

Clerestorywindow

Sidewalkskylight(alsonamed'pavementlight')madeofGlassbrickinBurlingtonHouse,London

Skylight

Aflatorslopewindowusedfordaylighting,builtintoaroofstructurethatisoutofreach.[11]

Roof

Aslopedwindowusedfordaylighting,builtintoaroofstructure.Itisoneofthefewwindowsthatcouldbeusedasanexit.Largerroofwindowsmeetbuildingcodesforemergencyevacuation.

Rooflantern

Arooflanternisamultipanedglassstructure,resemblingasmallbuilding,builtonarooffordayormoonlight.Sometimesincludesanadditionalclerestory.Mayalsobecalledacupola.

Bay

Amultipanelwindow,withatleastthreepanelssetatdifferentanglestocreateaprotrusionfromthewallline.[1]

Oriel

ThisformofbaywindowmostoftenappearsinTudorstylehousesandmonasteries.Itprojectsfromthewallanddoesnotextendtotheground.Originallyaformofporch,theyareoftensupportedbybracketsorcorbels.

Thermal

Thermal,orDiocletian,windowsarelargesemicircularwindows(orniches)whichareusuallydividedintothreelights(windowcompartments)bytwomullions.Thecentralcompartmentisoftenwiderthanthetwosidelightsoneithersideofit.

Picture

Apicturewindowisalargefixedwindowinawall,typicallywithoutglazingbars,orglazedwithonlyperfunctoryglazingbarsneartheedgeofthewindow.Picturewindowsprovideanunimpededview,asifframingapicture.[12]

Multilit



HexagonalexternalcladdingpanelsofroofinEdenProjectBiomes(Cornwall,England,)

BaywindowinSanFrancisco

Awindowglazedwithsmallpanesofglassseparatedbywoodenorleadglazingbars,ormuntins,arrangedinadecorativeglazingpatternoftendictatedbythebuilding'sarchitecturalstyle.Duetothehistoricunavailabilityoflargepanesofglass,themultilit(orlatticewindow)wasthemostcommonwindowstyleuntilthebeginningofthe20thcentury,andisstillusedintraditionalarchitecture.

Emergencyexit/egress

Awindowbigenoughandlowenoughsothatoccupantscanescapethroughtheopeninginanemergency,suchasafire.Inmanycountries,exactspecificationsforemergencywindowsinbedroomsaregiveninmanybuildingcodes.Specificationsforsuchwindowsmayalsoallowfortheentranceofemergencyrescuers.Vehicles,suchasbusesandaircraft,frequentlyhaveemergencyexitwindowsaswell.[13]

Stainedglass

Awindowcomposedofpiecesofcoloredglass,transparent,translucentoropaque,frequentlyportrayingpersonsorscenes.Typicallytheglassinthesewindowsisseparatedbyleadglazingbars.StainedglasswindowswerepopularinVictorianhousesandsomeWrightianhouses,andareespeciallycommoninchurches.[14]

French

AFrenchwindow(whenhingedFrenchdoor)isalargedoorsizedlatticelight,typicallysetinpairsormultiplesthereof.KnownasportefentreinFranceandportafinestrainItaly,theyoftenoverlookaterraceandarecommonlyusedinmodernhouses.[15]



AstainedglasspaneldepictingBiblicalscenesatahistoricchurchinScotland

AcontemporarystainedglasswindowinFrance

ActualfrenchwindowattheEmbassyofFranceinLisbon,early20thcentury.

Doublepaned

Doublepanedwindowshavetwoparallelpanes(slabsofglass)withaseparationoftypicallyabout1cmthisspaceispermanentlysealedandfilledatthetimeofmanufacturewithdryairorotherdrynonreactivegas.Suchwindowsprovideamarkedimprovementinthermalinsulation(andusuallyinacousticinsulationaswell)andareresistanttofoggingandfrostingcausedbytemperaturedifferential.Theyarewidelyusedforresidentialandcommercialconstructioninintemperateclimates.Triplepanedwindowshavebeencommerciallymanufacturedandmarketedwithclaimsofadditionalbenefitbuthavenotbecomecommon.

Terms



Casementwindow,withlatticedlights

EN12519istheEuropeannormthatdescribeswindowstermsofficiallyusedinEUMemberStates.Themaintermsare:

Lightistheareabetweentheouterpartsofawindow(transom,sillandjambs),usuallyfilledwithaglasspane.Multiplepanesaredividedbymullionswhenloadbearing,muntinswhennot.[16]

Latticelightisacompoundwindowpanemadeupofsmallpiecesofglassheldtogetherinalattice.

Fixedwindowisaunitofonenonmovinglite.Thetermssinglelight,doublelight,etc.,refertothenumberoftheseglasspanesinawindow.

Sashunitisawindowconsistingofatleastoneslidingglasscomponent,typicallycomposedoftwolites(knownasadoublelight).

ReplacementwindowintheUnitedStatesmeansaframedwindowdesignedtoslipinsidetheoriginalwindowframefromtheinsideaftertheoldsashesareremoved.InEuropeitusuallymeansacompletewindowincludingareplacementouterframe.

Newconstructionwindow,intheUS,meansawindowwithanailingfinthatisinsertedintoaroughopeningfromtheoutsidebeforeapplyingsidingandinsidetrim.Anailingfinisaprojectionontheouterframeofthewindowinthesameplaneastheglazing,whichoverlapsthepreparedopening,andcanthusbe'nailed'intoplace.

IntheUKandmainlandEurope,windowsinnewbuildhousesareusuallyfixedwithlongscrewsintoexpandingplasticplugsinthebrickwork.Agapofupto13mmisleftaroundallfoursides,andfilledwithexpandingpolyurethanefoam.Thismakesthewindowfixingweatherproofbutallowsforexpansionduetoheat.

Lintelisabeamoverthetopofawindow,alsoknownasatransom.

Windowsillisthebottompieceinawindowframe.Windowsillsslantoutwardtodrainwaterawayfromtheinsideofthebuilding.

SecondaryGlazingisanadditionalframeappliedtotheinsideofanexistingframe,usuallyusedonprotectedorlistedbuildingstoachievehigherlevelsofthermalandsoundinsulationwithoutcompromisingthelookofthebuilding

Decorativemillworkisthemoulding,cornicesandlintelsoftendecoratingthesurroundingedgesofthewindow.

Labeling

TheUnitedStatesNFRCWindowLabelliststhefollowingterms:

Thermaltransmittance(Ufactor),bestvaluesarearoundU0.15(equalto0.8W/m2/K)Solarheatgaincoefficient(SHGC),ratioofsolarheat(infrared)passingthroughtheglasstoincident



5chamberplasticwindowprofile

Examplesofmodernplasticandwoodenwindowprofileswithinsulatedglazing

solarheatVisibletransmittance(VT),ratiooftransmittedvisiblelightdividedbyincidentvisiblelightAirleakage(AL),measuredincubicfootperminuteperlinearfootofcrackbetweensashandframeCondensationresistance(CR),measuredbetween1and100(thehigherthenumber,thehighertheresistanceoftheformationofcondensation)[17]

TheEuropeanharmonisedstandardhEN143511,whichdealswithdoorsandwindows,defines23characteristics(dividedintoessentialandnonessential.Twoother,preliminaryEuropeanNormsthatareunderdevelopmentdealwithinternalpedestriandoors(prEN143512),smokeandfireresistingdoors,andopenablewindows(prEN16034).[18]

Construction

Windowscanbeasignificantsourceofheattransfer.[19]Therefore,insulatedglazingunitsconsistoftwoormorepanestoreducethetransferofheat.

Gridsormuntins

Thesearethepiecesofframingthatseparatealargerwindowintosmallerpanes.Inolderwindows,largepanesofglasswerequiteexpensive,somuntinsletsmallerpanesfillalargerspace.Inmodernwindows,lightcoloredmuntinsstillprovideausefulfunctionbyreflectingsomeofthelightgoingthroughthewindow,makingthewindowitselfasourceofdiffuselight(insteadofjustthesurfacesandobjectsilluminatedwithintheroom).Byincreasingtheindirectilluminationofsurfacesnearthewindow,muntinstendtobrightentheareaimmediatelyaroundawindowandreducethecontrastofshadowswithintheroom.

Frameandsashconstruction

Framesandsashescanbemadeofthefollowingmaterials:



Modernwoodenframedwindowfittedinthe14thcenturyLymeRegiswatermill,UK.

Material thermalresistance Durability Maintenance CostRecycledcontent Comment

Wood verygood variable high high low shrinksandswellswithhumiditychangesPVC("vinyl") verygood good* low low verylow

Aluminum bad** good verylow low typically>95% usedinmostlargestructures

Steel medium superior verylow high >98% typicallyweldedatcornerjoints

Fiberglass verygood verygood* verylow high medium

*PVCandfiberglassframesperformwellinacceleratedweatheringtests.BecausePVCisnotasstrongasothermaterials,somePVCframesarereinforcedwithmetalorcompositematerialstoimprovetheirstructuralstrength.

**Modernaluminiumwindowframesaretypicallyseparatedbyathermalbreakmadeofapolyamide.Thisgreatlyincreasesthermalresistance,whileretainingvirtuallyallofthestructuralstrength.

Compositesmaycombinematerialstoobtainaestheticsofonematerialwiththefunctionalbenefitsofanother.

AspecialclassofPVCwindowframes,uPVCwindowframes,becamewidespreadsincethelate20thcentury,particularlyinEurope:therewere83.5millioninstalledby1998[20]withnumbersstillgrowingasof2012.[21]

Glazingandfilling



AtypicalinstallationofinsulatedglazingwindowswithuPVCwindowframes.

Lowemissivitycoatedpanesreduceheattransferbyradiation,which,dependingonwhichsurfaceiscoated,helpspreventheatloss(incoldclimates)orheatgains(inwarmclimates).

Highthermalresistancecanbeobtainedbyevacuatingorfillingtheinsulatedglazingunitswithgasessuchasargonorkrypton,whichreducesconductiveheattransferduetotheirlowthermalconductivity.Performanceofsuchunitsdependsongoodwindowsealsandmeticulousframeconstructiontoprevententryofairandlossofefficiency.

Moderndoublepaneandtriplepanewindowsoftenincludeoneormorelowecoatingstoreducethewindow'sUfactor(itsinsulationvalue,specificallyitsrateofheatloss).Ingeneral,softcoatlowecoatingstendtoresultinalowersolarheatgaincoefficient(SHGC)thanhardcoatlowecoatings.

Modernwindowsareusuallyglazedwithonelargesheetofglasspersash,whilewindowsinthepastwereglazedwithmultiplepanesseparatedbyglazingbars,ormuntins,duetotheunavailabilityoflargesheetsofglass.Today,glazingbarstendtobedecorative,separatingwindowsintosmallpanesofglasseventhoughlargerpanesofglassareavailable,generallyinapatterndictatedbythearchitecturalstyleatuse.Glazingbarsaretypicallywooden,butoccasionallyleadglazingbarssolderedinplaceareusedformoreintricateglazingpatterns.

Otherconstructiondetails

Manywindowshavemovablewindowcoveringssuchasblindsorcurtainstokeepoutlight,provideadditionalinsulation,orensureprivacy.Windowsallownaturallighttoenter,buttoomuchcanhavenegativeeffectssuchasglareandheatgain.Additionally,whilewindowslettheuserseeoutside,theremustbeawaytomaintainprivacyonintheinside.[22]Windowcoveringsarepracticalaccommodationsfortheseissues.

Windowsandthesun

Sunincidenceangle

Historically,windowsaredesignedwithsurfacesparalleltoverticalbuildingwalls.Suchadesignallowsconsiderablesolarlightandheatpenetrationduetothemostcommonlyoccurringincidenceofsunangles.Inpassivesolarbuildingdesign,anextendedeaveistypicallyusedtocontroltheamountofsolarlightandheatenteringthewindow(s).

Analternativemethodistocalculateanoptimumwindowmountinganglethataccountsforsummersunloadminimization,withconsiderationofactuallatitudeofthebuilding.Thisprocesshasbeenimplemented,forexample,intheDakinBuildinginBrisbane,Californiainwhichmostofthefenestrationisdesignedtoreflectsummerheatloadandhelppreventsummerinterioroverilluminationandglare,bycantingwindowstonearlya45degreeangle.



Solarwindow

Photovoltaicwindowsnotonlyprovideaclearviewandilluminaterooms,butalsoconvertsunlighttoelectricityforthebuilding.[23]Inmostcases,translucentphotovoltaiccellsareused.

Passivesolar

Passivesolarwindowsallowlightandsolarenergyintoabuildingwhileminimizingairleakageandheatloss.Properlypositioningthesewindowsinrelationtosun,wind,andlandscapewhileproperlyshadingthemtolimitexcessheatgaininsummerandshoulderseasons,andprovidingthermalmasstoabsorbenergyduringthedayandreleaseitwhentemperaturescoolatnightincreasescomfortandenergyefficiency.Properlydesignedinclimateswithadequatesolargain,thesecanevenbeabuilding'sprimaryheatingsystem.

Windowcoverings

Awindowcoveringisashadeorscreenthatprovidesmultiplefunctions.Forexample,somewindowcoveringscontrolsolarheatgainandglare.Thereareexternalshadingdevicesandinternalshadingdevices.[24]Lowewindowfilmisalowcostalternativetowindowreplacementtotransformexistingpoorlyinsulatingwindowsintoenergyefficientwindows.Forhighrisebuildings,smartglasscanprovideanalternative.

Gallery

WovenbamboowindowinJapan

Churchwindow

FactorysiteinBerlinSpindlersfeld:windowwithletterSforSpindler

ClassicalChinesewindowinLanSuChineseGarden



ArabstylewindowsinJerusalem

Romanesque/GothicwindowfromAbbeyofSt.Mariad'Arles

DesayMaduJhyatraditionalcarvedwoodenwindowinKathmandu,Nepal

Ahalfglazedwindowofthe17thcenturyfromScotland

WindowsofabrickbuildinginWashingtonDC

Window,VillaMajorelle,France

AsymmetricalwindowsatabuildinginthebackyardofanartsmuseuminOsnabrck,Germany

Seealso

References

AirflowwindowGvalueGlassmullionsystemInsulatedglazingPortholeRosewindowShopwindowTrickleventWindowfilmWindowtaxWindowtreatmentWitchwindow

1. /"Window"(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/window).TheFreeDictionaryByFarlex.Retrieved20120519.



WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoWindows.

Externallinks

EuropeanAluminiumAssociation'spublicationsdedicatedtoBuildings(http://www.alueurope.eu/publicationsbuilding/)

1. /"Window"(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/window).TheFreeDictionaryByFarlex.Retrieved20120519.2. "Window"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645175/window).Britannica.Retrieved20120519.3. "UnderstandingWindowTerminology"(http://www.cmhcschl.gc.ca/en/co/renoho/refash/refash_022.cfm).

CanadaMortgageandHousingCorporation.Retrieved20120519.4. "1828Webster"(http://www.1828dictionary.com/d/search/word,window).1828dictionary.com.October16,

2009.Retrieved20100502.5. "NewOxfordAmericanDictionary"(http://www.oxfordreference.com).2010.6. Langley,Andrew(2011).MedievalLife.Eyewitness.DorlingKindersley.p.16.ISBN1405345454.7. Harris,CyrilM..Americanarchitecture:anillustratedencyclopedia.NewYork:W.W.Norton,1998.Print.8. Allen,EdwardThallon,Rob(2011).FundamentalsofResidentialConstruction(3ed.).Hoboken,NJ:Wiley.

p.654.ISBN9780470540831.9. "WillTiltandTurnWindowsGainMarketShareinNorthAmerica?|Window&Door"

(http://www.windowanddoor.com/article/products/willtiltandturnwindowsgainmarketsharenorthamerica?page=0%2C1).Windowanddoor.com.20100329.Retrieved20120211.

10. Curl,JamesStevens."Flankingwindow".Adictionaryofarchitectureandlandscapearchitecture.2nded.OxfordEngland:OxfordUniversityPress,2006.285.Print.

11. "TypesofSkylightsAllYouNeedtoKnow"(http://www.roofingnetworks.com/info/typesofskylights/).Networx.Retrieved20120519.

12. "Picturewindow"(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/picture+window).TheFreeDictionaryByFarlex.Retrieved20120519.

13. "U.S.Dept.ofTransportation:Safetyinformationforbus/motorcoachpassengers"(http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/documents/outreach/bus/PreTripSafetyBrochurePull.pdf)(PDF).Retrieved20120211.

14. "Stainedglass"(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stained+glass+window).TheFreeDictionaryByFarlex.Retrieved20120519.

15. "FrenchWindow"(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/French+window).TheFreeDictionaryByFarlex.Retrieved20120519.

16. Brett,Peter(2004).CarpentryandJoinery(2,illustrateded.).NelsonThornes.p.255(http://books.google.com/books?id=iVthU6rPGK8C&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=false).ISBN9780748785025.

17. WindowsandHeatLoss(http://www.nfrc.org/documents/WindowsandHeatLoss.pdf),NFRCHeatLossFactSheet

18. CPRguideline(http://www.alueurope.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2012/12/CPR_guideline_Dec_2012_ver1.pdf)19. Carmody,J.,Selkowitz,S.,Lee,E.S.,Arasteh,D.,&Willmert,T.(2004).WindowSystemsforHigh

PerformanceBuildings.NewYork,NY:W.W.Norton&Company,Inc.20. Pritchard,Geoffrey(1999).NovelandTraditionalFillersforPlastics:TechnologyandMarketDevelopments

(http://books.google.com/books?id=U3GWoyuMEckC&pg=PA95).iSmithersRapraPublishing.p.95.ISBN9781859571835.

21. "GlobalVinylWindowsMarkettoReach163MillionUnitsby2017,AccordingtoaNewReportbyGlobalIndustryAnalysts,Inc."(http://www.prweb.com/releases/Vinyl_doors_market/vinyl_windows_market/prweb9415523.htm).PRWeb.April18,2012.Retrieved20120211.

22. Howell,SandraC.(1976).DesigningfortheElderlyWindows.MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.DepartmentofArchitecture.DesignEvaluationProject.

23. "MITopensnew'window'onsolarenergy"(http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/solarcells0710.html).Web.mit.edu.20080710.Retrieved20120211.

24. Beckett,H.E.,&Godfrey,J.A.(1974).Windows:Performance,designandinstallation.NewYork,NY:VanNostrandReinholdCompany.



NationalFenestrationRatingCouncil(http://www.nfrc.org)(NFRC),anonprofitorganization,administersanindependent,uniformratingandlabelingsystemfortheenergyperformanceoffenestrationproducts.NFRCisthe"engine"thatdrivesvirtuallyeverywindowenergyefficiencyprograminthecountryincludingENERGYSTAR(theU.SGovernmentSponsoredInitiative).RomanGlassfromMetropolitanMuseumofArt(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rgls/hd_rgls.htm)

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