wind science and engineering texas tech university in-residence shelters an alternative to...

Texas Tech UniversityTexas Tech UniversityWind Science and Engineering

In-Residence SheltersIn-Residence Shelters An Alternative to EvacuationAn Alternative to Evacuation

presented topresented to

National Hurricane ConferenceNational Hurricane ConferenceNew Orleans, LANew Orleans, LA

April 18, 2003April 18, 2003

presented bypresented by

Ernst W. Kiesling, P.E., Ph.D.Ernst W. Kiesling, P.E., Ph.D.

National Storm Shelter Association (NSSA)National Storm Shelter Association (NSSA)

andand

Texas Tech UniversityTexas Tech University


Hurricane ThreatsHurricane Threats

RealReal FrequentFrequent

They give us a They give us a common purposecommon purpose


Hazard Mitigation and ShelteringHazard Mitigation and Sheltering

Each approachEach approach – Accompanied by its own set of issues and challengesAccompanied by its own set of issues and challenges

Some technologicalSome technological Some sociologicalSome sociological Some grow out of our freedom of choiceSome grow out of our freedom of choice

In-Residence shelters are not a panaceaIn-Residence shelters are not a panacea– Can protect some people directly and increase the Can protect some people directly and increase the

effectiveness of other measures effectiveness of other measures


Objectives: In-Residence ShelteringObjectives: In-Residence ShelteringFrom From HurricanesHurricanes

ReduceReduce – Anxiety sufferingAnxiety suffering– Evacuation volumesEvacuation volumes– Economic lossesEconomic losses

individualindividual publicpublic


ShelteringSheltering from from Man-Made Man-Made HazardsHazards

Can adapt storm shelters to protect against:Can adapt storm shelters to protect against:– BallisticsBallistics– Chemical hazardsChemical hazards– Biological hazardsBiological hazards– Blast loadsBlast loads


Inspiration of the Shelter Inspiration of the Shelter ConceptConcept


Design room or module to protect: Design room or module to protect: – occupantsoccupants– critical functionscritical functions– critical contentscritical contents

Improve building envelopeImprove building envelope

to reduce damage to to reduce damage to

building and contentsbuilding and contents

Approach to DesignApproach to Design


Shelter OptionsShelter OptionsWith Slabs or FoundationsWith Slabs or Foundations

ClosetCloset BathroomBathroom StudyStudy Utility roomUtility room

Multiple useMultiple use is important inis important in assessing costassessing cost

Works for Works for new new construction or construction or retrofitretrofit


Shelter OptionsShelter OptionsWithoutWithout Slab or Foundation Slab or Foundation


Benefits of Shelter UseBenefits of Shelter Use

Individual BenefitsIndividual Benefits Reliable storm protectionReliable storm protection Avoided costs of evacuationAvoided costs of evacuation

– Room and boardRoom and board– TravelTravel– Extensive time off workExtensive time off work

Increased home security; protection of valuablesIncreased home security; protection of valuables Peace of mindPeace of mind Pet carePet care Convenience of staying at homeConvenience of staying at home More time to secure residenceMore time to secure residence Immediate attention to damage repairImmediate attention to damage repair Increased value & marketability of houseIncreased value & marketability of house


Benefits of Widespread Shelter Benefits of Widespread Shelter UseUse

Public BenefitsPublic Benefits– Decrease lead time for evacuation noticesDecrease lead time for evacuation notices

– Increase accuracy of forecastsIncrease accuracy of forecasts

– Reduce evacuation costs Reduce evacuation costs

– Avoid highway gridlockAvoid highway gridlock

– Reduce business interruptionsReduce business interruptions


Evacuees

0rdered

Evacuees

by choice Forecast

Necessary evacuation notice ; “Lead=X hours”

Highway Demand vs. Evacuation Lead Time

Dem

an

d

Flo

w

Highway Demand Exceeds Capacity

LOS “F”

Cap

acit

y

Lead time

Number of evacuees

Highway demand

Highway capacity

Are interdependent


Highway Demand Exceeds Capacity

LOS “F”

Ord

ere

d

Evacu

ees

Evacu

ee

s by

ch

oic

eForecast

Necessary evacuation notice ; “Lead=X hours”

Dem

an

d

Cap

acit

y Flo

w

Highway Demand Equals

Capacity

LOS “D” or “E”

Necessary evacuation notice DECREASES

Highway Demand vs. Evacuation Lead Time


Encouraging Widespread UseEncouraging Widespread Use

Provide information on Provide information on – BenefitsBenefits– Products and technology availableProducts and technology available– CostsCosts

Institute an incentive grant programInstitute an incentive grant program– Sensitive to income, cost of houseSensitive to income, cost of house

Establish quality control programEstablish quality control program


IncentiveIncentive Grant Program Grant Program

Willingness to payWillingness to pay: : Based onBased on

Perceived risksPerceived risks

Perceived benefitsPerceived benefits

Ability to payAbility to pay

Incentive Incentive grant amountgrant amount::Related to Related to public benefitpublic benefit


Incentive Grants NeededIncentive Grants NeededShelt

er

Cost

Willin

gn

ess t

o

PayW

illin

gness

to P

ay

Ince

nti

ve

Gra

nt

Will

ingne

ss t

o P

ay

Ince

nti

ve

Gra

nt

High-End

Houses

Moderately Priced Houses

Low-Cost

Houses

Shelt

er

Cost

Shelt

er

Cost


Shelter Design CriteriaShelter Design Criteriafor reliable protectionfor reliable protection

Shelters must have:Shelters must have:

Structural integrity to withstand wind loadsStructural integrity to withstand wind loads Anchorage to prevent overturningAnchorage to prevent overturning Strength to prevent structural failuresStrength to prevent structural failures

Ability to prevent perforation by wind-borne Ability to prevent perforation by wind-borne debrisdebris


Shelter CriteriaShelter Criteria

For widespread acceptance, shelters must be:For widespread acceptance, shelters must be:

– EconomicalEconomical

– Aesthetically pleasing Aesthetically pleasing




– Structural integrity to withstand wind loadsStructural integrity to withstand wind loads Anchorage to prevent overturningAnchorage to prevent overturning Strength to prevent collapseStrength to prevent collapse


Wind Pressures On Roof And Wind Pressures On Roof And WallsWalls


Structural IntegrityStructural Integrity

Demands good connections Demands good connections – Wall-to-floorWall-to-floor– Roof-to-wallRoof-to-wall

Demands proven doors and hardwareDemands proven doors and hardware

In In small residential shelters,small residential shelters, structural structural integrity is integrity is relatively easy to attainrelatively easy to attain

Debris impacts usually control designDebris impacts usually control design

In In large community shelterslarge community shelters, structural , structural considerations considerations usually control designusually control design




– Structural integrity to withstand wind loadsStructural integrity to withstand wind loads Anchorage to prevent overturningAnchorage to prevent overturning Strength to prevent collapseStrength to prevent collapse

– Ability to prevent perforation by wind-borne debrisAbility to prevent perforation by wind-borne debris


Debris in Urban AreaDebris in Urban Area


Oklahoma City


Spencer, SD


Some debris gets inside!


Missile Launcher


Missile Impact SimulationMissile Impact Simulation


Successful PerformanceSuccessful Performance


Goal : Goal : Increase number of reliable Increase number of reliable In-Residence sheltersIn-Residence shelters

Process:Process:Optimize shelter designsOptimize shelter designs

– Develop reliable analysis methods to support designersDevelop reliable analysis methods to support designers Texas Tech is making good progress with NIST supportTexas Tech is making good progress with NIST support

– Establish design criteria for hurricane sheltersEstablish design criteria for hurricane shelters ICC/NSSA Committee will addressICC/NSSA Committee will address

– Develop optimum prescriptive designs for residential sheltersDevelop optimum prescriptive designs for residential shelters FEMA 320 results in overly conservative designs for hurricanesFEMA 320 results in overly conservative designs for hurricanes

Quantify benefits & costs of In-Residence sheltersQuantify benefits & costs of In-Residence shelters Implement education programs for all stakeholdersImplement education programs for all stakeholders

– Demonstration projects are very effectiveDemonstration projects are very effective

Establish incentive grant program to stimulate growthEstablish incentive grant program to stimulate growth

Adopt quality control mechanisms for shelter design and constructionAdopt quality control mechanisms for shelter design and construction


FEMA Design Guides


StandardsStandards

NSSA Industry NSSA Industry Standard on web Standard on web www.NSSA.ccwww.NSSA.cc

ICC/NSSA Consensus ICC/NSSA Consensus Standard in Standard in developmentdevelopment


Quality ControlQuality Control

NSSA MEMBER requirementsNSSA MEMBER requirements– Pledge to produce only those shelters that Pledge to produce only those shelters that

meet the NSSA standardmeet the NSSA standard– Test shelters for debris impact resistanceTest shelters for debris impact resistance– Have independent third party compliance Have independent third party compliance

checkcheck– Affix a seal bearing serial numberAffix a seal bearing serial number– File a Certificate of Installation with NSSA for File a Certificate of Installation with NSSA for

each shelter installedeach shelter installed


The Elements of SuccessThe Elements of Success

Avoid catastrophic loss of lifeAvoid catastrophic loss of life Reduce anxiety and sufferingReduce anxiety and suffering

– Keep people safely at homeKeep people safely at home

– Facilitate required evacuationsFacilitate required evacuations

Reduce economic lossReduce economic loss – Property damageProperty damage

– Business interruptionsBusiness interruptions

– Loss in productivityLoss in productivity

Widespread use of In-Residence shelters will not solve Widespread use of In-Residence shelters will not solve all of our problems all of our problems but it can help!but it can help!


In-Residence SheltersIn-Residence Shelters An Alternative to EvacuationAn Alternative to Evacuation

Thank you!for your attention

wind science and engineering texas tech university in-residence shelters an alternative to...

Documents

wind science

design slide

shelter concept slide

foundation slide

retrofit slide

common purpose slide

storm shelters

shelter concept inspiration