Wind Blown Dust Monitoring and Wind Blown Dust Monitoring and Modeling at Owens Lake, CAModeling at Owens Lake, CA

Duane Ono Duane Ono

Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control DistrictGreat Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District

July 2004July 2004

WRAP Dust Emissions Joint Forum MeetingWRAP Dust Emissions Joint Forum Meeting

Reno, NevadaReno, Nevada

Dust ID Methodbased on Shao, et al., 1993

F m g

Q f Vua d

H*

F

QC onstan t

a

Dust ID Method

Fa = Kf x q

Fa = PM-10 emissions [g/cm2/hr]

Kf = K-factor

q = sand flux at 15 cm [g/cm2/hr]

Owens Lake Dust ID Monitoring Network

135 sand flux sites6 PM-10 TEOM sites13 10-m met towers

Upper air profilerTime-lapse camera sites

Dust observer sites

Sand Flux Monitors

Cox Sand Catcher - Collects saltation-size particles

Sensit ™ - Electronically records sand flux.

Sensits & Cox Sand Catcher

Sensit Reading vs. Sand Catch

y = 1.01x - 4.1R2 = 0.99

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 100 200 300 400 500 600Average Cox Sand Catcher (grams)

Nor

mal

ized

Sen

sit T

otal

Par

ticle

C

ount

PM-10 Monitors SitesPM-10 Monitors Sites

K-factor Calculations

Kf = Hourly K-factor

Ki = Initial K-factor (5 x 10-5)

Cobs.= Monitored hourly PM-10

Cbac.= Hourly background PM-10

Cmod.= Modeled PM-10 at monitor site

K K C C

Cf i

obs. - bac .

m od .

Dust Storm at Owens LakeDust Storm at Owens Lake

VISIBLE DUST PLUMES &

SAND FLUX

Observed dust plume locations

corresponded to the hotspot areas

identified by the sand flux monitoring

network.

Example Storm: Feb. 6-8, 2001(52 hour total)

PM-10 concentrations and sand flux were PM-10 concentrations and sand flux were monitored for 30 months at Owens Lake.monitored for 30 months at Owens Lake.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Jan-00 Apr-00 Jul-00 Oct-00 Jan-01 Apr-01 Jul-01 Oct-01 Jan-02 Apr-02 Jul-02

Date

Kf (

x 10

-5)

Dirty Socks

Olancha

Shell Cut

Flat Rock

Storm Average

Hourly & Storm Average Kf for the South Area

Temporal & Spatial K-factors  

Period Keeler Dunes North Area Central Area South Area

1/1/00-2/3/01 5.1 2.1 6.6 1.9

2/4/01-4/18/01 5.1 2.1 26.0 6.7

4/19/01-11/30/01 5.1 2.1 6.3 1.9

12/1/01-3/8/02 20.0 7.6 36.0 5.8

3/9/02-4/18/02 5.5 5.0 6.9 9.0

4/19/02-6/30/02 5.5 5.0 6.6 1.8

Univ. of Guelph Wind Tunnel

Wind Tunnel on Keeler DunesWind Tunnel on Keeler Dunes

Dust ID Period Area Wind Tunnel Dust ID

1/1/00 - 2/3/01 North Area 2.3 x 10-5 1.8 x 10-5

1/1/00 – 2/3/01 Keeler Dunes 1.3 x 10-5 3.5 x 10-5

2/4/01 - 4/18/01 Central Area 9.7 x 10-5 24.1 x 10-5

2/4/01 - 4/18/01 South Area 6.6 x 10-5 5.9 x 10-5

4/19/01 - 11/30/01 Central Area 16.0 x 10-5 5.7 x 10-5

4/19/01 - 11/30/01 South Area 3.1 x 10-5 2.0 x 10-5

Comparison of Wind Tunnel & Dust ID K-factors

40 0 4 05 4 10 4 1 5 4 2 0 42 5 43 0

U T M E a st - W e st ( k m )

4 01 0

4 01 5

4 02 0

4 02 5

4 03 0

4 03 5

4 04 0

4 04 5

4 05 0

4 05 5

UT

M N

orth

- S

outh

(km

)

8 54 0

6 0 21 7

6 6 7

1 6 4 9

5 9 8 7

1 0 44 5

1 0 0 µ g/m 3

1 0 00 µg /m 3

1 0 00 0 µ g /m 3

O bs e rv e d P M 1 0 c o n c e nt r a t io n s a re po s t e dB a se d o n M a y 0 2- 0 3, 2 0 0 1 S to rm A v e r a ge K fB a c k g ro u nd of 2 0 µ g /m 3 .

CALPUFF OptionsCALPUFF Options

Model Options– Reg. defaults including

Pasquill-Gifford curves– Plume depletion based

on local size distribution measurements

Example Simulation– May 2-3, 2001

– Storm Average Kf

– Background of 20 µg/m3

Predicted PM10 Concentrations (µg/m3) for

May 02, 2001, Hour 0800-0900

may02-03-2001.exe

10

100

1000

10000

100000

2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Date (May 02-03, 2001)

24

-Ho

ur

PM 1

0 (µ

g/m

3 )

Observed

Predicted

Simulations Based On: - May 2-3, 2001 Storm Average Kf

- Background of 20 µg/m3

Comparison of Hourly Monitored and Modeled PM-10 at Shell Cut, May 2-3, 2001

Daily PM-10 Emissions

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Jul-00 Sep-00 Nov-00 Jan-01 Mar-01 May-01 Jul-01

Date

Dai

ly P

M-1

0 Em

issi

ons

(Ton

s)

Owens LakePM-10 Emissions

Peak Daily PM-10 = 7,200 tons

Annual PM-10 = 79,200 tons

Dust ID Period: July 2000 - June 2001.

Conclusions

PM-10 emissions can be estimated using sand flux measurements and K-factors.

K-factors can be derived empirically by comparing monitored PM-10 concentrations to model predictions.

Average K-factors were found to vary spatially and temporally at Owens Lake.

PM-10 Emissions vs. Wind SpeedComparing Dust ID to Alfaro & Gomes

Keeler Sand Dunes July 2000-June 2001

y = 0.0066x3 - 0.1151x2 + 0.4088x

R2 = 0.7213

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hourly Average Wind Speed (mph at 10 m)

Ho

url

y P

M-1

0 E

mis

sio

ns

(lbs/

acre

)

Alfaro FS

Alfaro CS

Dust ID

Poly. (Dust ID)

Comparison of PM-10 Emissions vs. Wind SpeedComparison of PM-10 Emissions vs. Wind SpeedFor Big and Medium Size Dust Storms Using the For Big and Medium Size Dust Storms Using the

Dust ID Method and Alfaro & Gomes ModelDust ID Method and Alfaro & Gomes Model

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Hourly Average Wind Speed (mph at 10 m)

PM

-10

Emis

sio

ns

(lb

s/a

cre

/hr) Fine Soil - Alfaro & Gomes

Coarse Soil - Alfaro & Gomes

Dust ID (Big Storm)

Dust ID (Medium Storm)

Comparison of Storm Total PM-10 Comparison of Storm Total PM-10 Emissions for the Keeler DunesEmissions for the Keeler Dunes

Storm Date Dust ID(lbs/acre)

Alfaro & Gomes ModelsFine Soil

(lbs/acre)

Coarse Soil

(lbs/acre)

Oct. 21-22, 2000 2,245 1,038 51

May 2-3, 2001 1,354 848 37

Nov. 2, 2000 153 297 13

Jun. 1, 2001 49 179 7

For more information contact:For more information contact:

Duane OnoDuane Ono

Great Basin Unified APCDGreat Basin Unified APCD

157 Short Street157 Short Street

Bishop, California 93514Bishop, California 93514

(760) 872-8211(760) 872-8211

duaneono@yahoo.com