Wilsonian Progressivism at

Home and Abroad

Chapter 29

Taft Splits the Republican Party■ Progressive tariff desire■ Payne-Aldrich Tariff

(1909)• Hides, sea moss, canary

seed

■ Ballinger-Pinchot incident■ Reformists Republicans vs.

Conservative Republicans■ TR – “NEW NATIONALISM”

• Urged the new gov’t to increase power to remedy social and economic abuses

■ Result: Republicans lose the House in 1910

Taft-Roosevelt Rupture

■ Republican nomination for president in 1912

■ Roosevelt, disgusted with Taft, throws his hat back in the ring

■ Running behind, TR challenges many of Taft’s delegates

■ Loses nomination

■ The Bull Moose is born

New Freedom

■ Wilson■ Progressive■ Active govt■ Anti-trust (support

for small business)■ Anti-Social Welfare

New Nationalism

■ Roosevelt■ Progressive■ Active govt■ Trust regulation

(leaned other way)■ Pro Social Welfare

1912: Two

Flavors of

Progressivism

Triple Wall of Privilege

■ Tariff• Underwood Tariff - reduced rates• 16th Amendment - income tax

■ Banks• Federal Reserve Act - twelve regional

reserve districts, ALLOWED TO PRINT, ISSUE, AND CONTROL PAPER MONEY

■ Trusts• Clayton Anti-Trust Act -

strengthened Sherman, exempted labor, legalized strikes and peaceful picketing

1912 Presidential Election

New Directions of Foreign Policy

■ Policy focus: Domestic or Foreign?

■ Called on to initiate _________ policies

• Ended up spending most of presidency on foreign issues

New Directions of Foreign Policy

(Quick blurbs)

■ Dislike of “Dollar Diplomacy”

• Declared a cessation of this policy

■ Hated imperialism

• Remember the Confederate sympathy – “right to self determination”

• Jones Act 1916 (Philippines)

■ “Protect democracy…don’t seek to spread it”

Cont’d■ Wilson and the Monroe

Doctrine…and his accidental imperialism

• The protection of democracy inevitably meant that the “new direction” became the old direction

• Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Republic

■ All are inevitably occupied after failed attempts to aid the islands

■ Virgin Islands 1916

The Mexican Debacle

■ Bloody Revolution (1913)

■ Military coup lead by Victoriano Huerta

■ Wilson denounces the actions of Huerta

■ Wilson attempts to initiate peaceful negotiations• No luck

■ Wilson allows weapons purchases by his enemies

Cont’d

■ Tampico Incident (April 9, 1914)• Seaport

• Group of American sailors arrested

• Quickly released and an apology given

• Salute asked for, NOT given

• Troops sent to Veracruz

• Battle ensues

• Quick American victory

• Huerta flees…Venustiano Carranza in.

SUMMATION - RESPOND

■ Assess the relationship between the United States and Mexico following the Tampico Incident.

BELLWORK

■ This is a portion of a picture. Write a 5 sentence paragraph (minimum) about the picture…even if you have no clue. Make a guess. What is it’s purpose? Tell me what else is occurring in the other portions of the picture.

Thunder Across The Sea

■ Nationalism and Self-Determination• Slavs – Serbia, Bosnia, Russia,

etc.

• Yugoslavs – “South Slavs” (Yugoslavia)

■ Annexation of Bosnia

■ June 28, 1913

■ Heir to the AH throne visits Bosnia to inspect troops • Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

Bosnia

• Primary source document

The death that caused 16 million deaths

Thunder Across The Sea■ Triple Alliance

Thunder Across The Sea

■ Triple Entente

Declarations of War

■ Stopping Slavic nationalism to preserve the AH empire

■ Ultimatum is issued

■ July 28, 1914 – AH declares war on Serbia

■ July 30 – Russia mobilizes

■ Aug 1 – Germany DOW on Russia

■ Aug 3 – Germany DOW on France, invades Belgium

■ Aug 4 – Britain DOW on Germany

■ Aug 6 - AH DOW on Russia

■ Aug 12 – France and Britain DOW on AH

The Balkans

Wartime Alliances

AlliesFormerly the Triple Entente Powers

1. France

2. Britain

3. Russia

4. Italy (1915)

Central PowersFormerly the Triple Alliance Powers

1. Germany

2. Austria-Hungary

3. Ottoman Empire (1915) – AKA Turkey

4. Bulgaria (1915)

A Precarious Neutrality

■ Should the U.S. remain neutral?• Why or why not?

■ Taking sides in the U.S.• 8 million German

immigrants

• 4.5 million Irish

• In general, public opinion supported the Allies

• Dislike of Kaiser Wilhelm II

• British and French ties

America’s Financial Capitalization

■ U.S. recession

■ War time trade with Britain and France helps • But frustrates the Central

Powers

■ International Neutrality Laws• Can’t trade with one side

and not the other and remain neutral

• “British blockade, not U.S. choice…”

Germany Responds■ Submarine warfare is

announced• An area around the

British isles is demarcated as a submarine war zone

• Unterseeboot (U-boat)

■ American merchant ships to be in harms way

■ Germany would TRY not to sink neutral ships

The Lusitania

■ First few months in 1915, 90 ships sunk in the war zone

■ May 7, 1915 – The British passenger liner Lusitania is sunk

• 1,198 die – 128 Americans

■ American blood begins to boil

The War to End All Wars1917-1918

Chapter 30

War by Act of Germany

■ Trench warfare

• Brutal

• Attrition

• High casualties■ Staggering loss of life

(German’s had lost around a million by 1917)

■ German government felt pressure to hasten the end of the war.

Cont’d■ Unrestricted

submarine warfare is announced (Jan. 31, 1917)• Any ship in war zone

will be sunk

■ Wilson breaks off diplomatic relations• …but still remained

opposed to involvement

■ March 1, 1917…it all changes

The Z Note

■ German telegram, sent Jan. 16, intercepted by British intelligence

■ Arthur Zimmerman

■ Proposed a German-Mexican alliance

■ Mexico would regain land lost to U.S. if…..

■ Sent to U.S diplomats, to Wilson, to…

■ STOP

■ German unrestricted submarine warfare begins• February 1, 1917• Feb. 19th – decoded message given to

diplomats

■ March 1st – telegram information released• American opinion shifts…the public cries out

for German punishment

■ Four unarmed American merchant vessels sunk in early March

■ These two = the last straw

“Making the world safe for

democracy”■ April 2, 1917 –

Wilson solemnly asks Congress for a declaration of war

■ April 6, 1917 – U.S. declares war on Germany• Only 50 Reps and 6

senators vote nea (including Jeannette Rankin, the first female congress-woman)

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

■ Wilson, leader of the cause• Idealistic and

eloquent

• “Make the world safe for democracy”

• The American Pied Piper of WWI

• (Jan. 8, 1918 -Read the Fourteen Points)

■ 1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").

■ 2. Free navigation of all seas.■ 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.■ 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.■ 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial■ 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should

be left to develop her own political set-up.■ 7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.■ 8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-

Lorraine■ 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are

to be "along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."■ 10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in

Austria-Hungary.■ 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be

allowed for the Balkan states.■ 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish

government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.

■ 13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.

■ 14. THE EXCLAMATION POINT............................

(Fourteen Points cont’d)

■ 14th point

• The League of Nations

• A collective body of nations designed to provide global security, protection of all nations’ sovereignty.

• Extremely controversial...

• TO BE CONTINUED…

MobilizationWar on the Homefront

Creel Manipulates Minds■ Committee on Public

Information■ George Creel

• His job:■ Sell the war to the public;

Wilson’s ideas to the world

• Employed 150,000 workers worldwide

• 75,000 "four-minute men": gave speeches with "patriotic pep"

• Depicted Germany as a brutal beast

• Stirred up hatred towards the Kaiser

Propaganda

Types of media used

Enforcing Loyalty/Stifling Dissent■ Hatred and distrust for all things German

• “liberty cabbage”, “liberty steak”• German books, German music

■ Espionage Act of 1917• Interfering with military operations, aiding the

enemy (i.e. spying, etc.)

■ Sedition Act of 1918• Basically censored any criticism of the

government during wartime• Controversial – WHY?

■ Schenck v. U.S. – affirmed their legality• Clear and present danger theory

The Nation’s Factories

and their Workers

■ War Industries Board

• Barnard Baruch

• Designed to coordinate the production and purchase of war materials

• Also did psychological testing…FOR WHAT?

• Government econ. control during crisis

Cont’d■ National War Labor

Board• Led by Taft• Designed to handle labor

disputes• Workers saw wage

increases of more than 20%

■ Labor grievances• Strikes over rights to

organize as unions• 1919 – over 250,000 steel

workers went on strike• African American

strikebreakers

Suffering Until Suffrage■ The Great War splits the

Women’s movement• National Woman’s Party – Alice

Paul (pacifist) • NAWSA (pro-war)• Different perspectives on the

war

■ Women in the factories and fields

■ Women’s support for war earns nod from Wilson

■ 1920 – 19th amendment.■ Women’s gains still minimal■ Sheppard-Towner

Maternity Act 1921

Forging a War Economy■ Food Administration

• Herbert Hoover• Voluntary compliance over

mandates■ No rationing

• Relied on patriotism-providing propaganda

■ “Food will win the war”■ Meatless and Wheatless days■ “victory gardens”

• Successful ■ Farm production increases by ¼■ Food exports to Allies triples

■ Fuel Administration

• Heatless, lightless, and gasless days

■ Liberty and Victory Loan Drives

• “Halt the Hun”

• Raised 2/3 of the cost of the war for the U.S.

• Bond buttons

■ Gov’t expands in size and power

• Quotas, pricing, daylight savings time, railroad takeover etc.

Making Plowboys into Doughboys

■ The Allied Forces urge U.S. Army participation• Fatigue, casualties

■ Wilson didn’t want conscription• But saw it,

unfortunately, as a temporary necessity

■ Six weeks after DOW, bill passes

■ 18-45; no exemption purchases or substitutes

Women in WWI

• Navy■ 11,000

■ Standard uniform and official rank

■ Clerical duties, radio operators, pharmacists, photographers, torpedo assemblers

• Army■ No enlistment

■ Temporary hires –20,000: nurses including 10,000 overseas

Fighting in France - Belatedly

■ The Russian Revolution• Bolsheviks

• Vladimir Lenin

• Dec. 15, 1917 ceasefire declared

• March 3, 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

■ Germans shift focus to

■ Americans arrive one year after DOW• Replacements/quiet

areas

America Helps Hammer the Hun

■ Spring of 1918…Germans charge full-speed towards Paris.• 40 miles

■ Chateau-Thierry• First significant engagement

of U.S. forces in a European war

• 30,000

■ Second Battle of the Marne• Allied counteroffensive

• Germans withdraw and never reverse course

■ Meuse-Argonne offensive• John Pershing

• Leads independent American line of 85 miles

• Largest battle in American history (to that point)

• 1.2 million

• 120,000

• The white flag is in sight

The Fourteen Points

Disarm Germany

■ German officials sought a peace based on the Fourteen Points• Afraid of peace by other

allied terms

• Kaiser forced to abdicate, flees to Holland

• November 11, 1918 at 11 o’clock

■ Germany surrenders

■ America explodes with jubilation• However, 53,000…

CountryTotal

Mobilized Forces

Killed WoundedPrisoners

and Missing

Total Casualties

Casualties as % of Forces

ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3

British Empire

8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8

France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 73.3

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1

United States

4,355,000 53,000 204,002 4,500 323,018 7.1

Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2

Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4

Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8

Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.

Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9

Austria-

Hungary7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0

Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2

Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2

TOTAL 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4

GRAND

TOTAL65,038,810 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,750,919 37,466,904 57.

Country

Total

Mobilized

Forces

Killed WoundedPrisoners

and Missing

Total

Casualties

Casualties as

% of Forces

Wilson Step Down from Olympus

■ Political “truce” during the war

■ Wilson breaks the truce at midterms

■ Backfires

■ Republicans take Congress

■ No legislative majority

The Conference and the Treaty

■ Many attend

■ Four run the show

• “The Big Four”

• Why?????

■ The League Covenant

• Rejoice for Wilson…not so fast……

■ Irreconcilables (rev their engines)

• Militant isolationists

• Henry Cabot Lodge, William Borah, Hiram Johnson (what party?)

• “We won’t approve…”Left to Right: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson

Paris Peace Conference

The Peace Treaty that

Bred a New War

■ Wilson’s hands are tied

■ Compromise for the sake of the League

■ Treaty of Versailles completed, given to Germany (June, 1919)

■ “BETRAYAL!” (?)

■ Wilson…not happy

Death of Wilson’s Hope

and The Birth of Death

■ Wilson has a stroke while touring for support of the Treaty

■ 1920 election - Warren G. Harding (Rep) defeats James M. Cox (Dem)

■ Treaty never passes• The League, part of the

Treaty, is also dead for the U.S.

■ Without U.S. support the Treaty of Versailles will fail…

…and Hitler will rise.