Wilsonian Progressivism at Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and AbroadHome and Abroad

Chapter 29Chapter 29

How did Wilson differ from Roosevelt How did Wilson differ from Roosevelt and Taft?and Taft?

New Directions of Foreign PolicyNew Directions of Foreign Policy

Policy focus: Policy focus: Domestic or Domestic or Foreign?Foreign?

Called on to initiate Called on to initiate _________ policies_________ policies• Ended up spending Ended up spending

most of presidency most of presidency on foreign issueson foreign issues

New Directions of Foreign PolicyNew Directions of Foreign Policy(Quick blurbs)(Quick blurbs)

Dislike of “Dollar Diplomacy”Dislike of “Dollar Diplomacy”• Declared a cessation of this Declared a cessation of this

policypolicy Hated imperialismHated imperialism

• Remember the Confederate Remember the Confederate sympathy – “right to self sympathy – “right to self determination”determination”

• Jones Act 1916 (Philippines)Jones Act 1916 (Philippines) ““Protect democracy…don’t Protect democracy…don’t

seek to spread it”seek to spread it”

Cont’dCont’d

Wilson and the Monroe Wilson and the Monroe Doctrine…and his Doctrine…and his accidental imperialismaccidental imperialism

• The protection of democracy The protection of democracy inevitably meant that the inevitably meant that the “new direction” became the “new direction” became the old directionold direction

• Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican RepublicRepublic

All are inevitably occupied after All are inevitably occupied after failed attempts to aid the failed attempts to aid the islandsislands

Virgin Islands 1916Virgin Islands 1916

The Mexican DebacleThe Mexican Debacle Bloody Revolution (1913)Bloody Revolution (1913) Military coup lead by Military coup lead by

Victoriano HuertaVictoriano Huerta Wilson denounces the Wilson denounces the

actions of Huertaactions of Huerta Wilson attempts to Wilson attempts to

initiate peaceful initiate peaceful negotiationsnegotiations• No luckNo luck

Wilson allows weapons Wilson allows weapons purchases by his enemiespurchases by his enemies

Cont’dCont’d

Tampico Incident (April 9, 1914)Tampico Incident (April 9, 1914)• SeaportSeaport• Group of American sailors arrestedGroup of American sailors arrested• Quickly released and an apology givenQuickly released and an apology given• Salute asked for, NOT givenSalute asked for, NOT given• Troops sent to VeracruzTroops sent to Veracruz• Battle ensuesBattle ensues• Quick American victoryQuick American victory• Huerta flees…Venustiano Carranza in.Huerta flees…Venustiano Carranza in.

SUMMATION - RESPONDSUMMATION - RESPOND

Assess the relationship between the Assess the relationship between the United States and Mexico following United States and Mexico following the Tampico Incident.the Tampico Incident.

Primary Source documentPrimary Source document• The shot that changed the course of The shot that changed the course of

world historyworld history

BELLWORKBELLWORK This is a portion of This is a portion of

a picture. Write a a picture. Write a 5 sentence 5 sentence paragraph paragraph (minimum) about (minimum) about the picture…even the picture…even if you have no if you have no clue. Make a clue. Make a guess. What is it’s guess. What is it’s purpose? Tell me purpose? Tell me what else is what else is occurring in the occurring in the other portions of other portions of the picture.the picture.

Thunder Across The SeaThunder Across The Sea Nationalism and Self-Nationalism and Self-

DeterminationDetermination• Slavs – Serbia, Bosnia, Russia, Slavs – Serbia, Bosnia, Russia,

etc.etc.• Yugoslavs – “South Slavs” Yugoslavs – “South Slavs”

(Yugoslavia)(Yugoslavia) Annexation of BosniaAnnexation of Bosnia June 28, 1913June 28, 1913 Heir to the AH throne visits Heir to the AH throne visits

Bosnia to inspect troops Bosnia to inspect troops • Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo Bos

nia• Primary source documentPrimary source document

The death that caused 16 million deaths

Thunder Across The SeaThunder Across The Sea Triple AllianceTriple Alliance

Thunder Across The SeaThunder Across The Sea Triple EntenteTriple Entente

Declarations of WarDeclarations of War Stopping Slavic nationalism to preserve the AH Stopping Slavic nationalism to preserve the AH

empireempire Ultimatum is issuedUltimatum is issued July 28, 1914 – AH declares war on SerbiaJuly 28, 1914 – AH declares war on Serbia July 30 – Russia mobilizesJuly 30 – Russia mobilizes Aug 1 – Germany DOW on RussiaAug 1 – Germany DOW on Russia Aug 3 – Germany DOW on France, invades Aug 3 – Germany DOW on France, invades

BelgiumBelgium Aug 4 – Britain DOW on GermanyAug 4 – Britain DOW on Germany Aug 6 - AH DOW on RussiaAug 6 - AH DOW on Russia Aug 12 – France and Britain DOW on AHAug 12 – France and Britain DOW on AH

The BalkansThe Balkans

Wartime AlliancesWartime Alliances

AlliesAlliesFormerly the Triple Entente PowersFormerly the Triple Entente Powers

1.1. FranceFrance

2.2. BritainBritain

3.3. RussiaRussia

4.4. Italy (1915)Italy (1915)

Central PowersCentral PowersFormerly the Triple Alliance PowersFormerly the Triple Alliance Powers

1.1. GermanyGermany

2.2. Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

3.3. Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire (1915) – AKA (1915) – AKA TurkeyTurkey

4.4. Bulgaria (1915)Bulgaria (1915)

A Precarious NeutralityA Precarious Neutrality

Should the U.S. remain Should the U.S. remain neutral?neutral?• Why or why not?Why or why not?

Taking sides in the U.S.Taking sides in the U.S.• 8 million German 8 million German

immigrantsimmigrants• 4.5 million Irish4.5 million Irish• In general, public opinion In general, public opinion

supported the Alliessupported the Allies• Dislike of Kaiser Wilhelm II Dislike of Kaiser Wilhelm II • British and French tiesBritish and French ties

America’s Financial CapitalizationAmerica’s Financial Capitalization

U.S. recessionU.S. recession War time trade with War time trade with

Britain and France helps Britain and France helps • But frustrates the Central But frustrates the Central

PowersPowers International Neutrality International Neutrality

LawsLaws• Can’t trade with one side Can’t trade with one side

and not the other and and not the other and remain neutralremain neutral

• ““British blockade, not U.S. British blockade, not U.S. choice…”choice…”

Germany RespondsGermany Responds Submarine warfare is Submarine warfare is

announcedannounced• An area around the An area around the

British isles is British isles is demarcated as a demarcated as a submarine war zonesubmarine war zone

• Unterseeboot (U-boat)Unterseeboot (U-boat) American merchant American merchant

ships to be in harms ships to be in harms wayway

Germany would TRY Germany would TRY not to sink neutral not to sink neutral shipsships

The LusitaniaThe Lusitania

First few months in 1915, First few months in 1915, 90 ships sunk in the war 90 ships sunk in the war zonezone

May 7, 1915 – The British May 7, 1915 – The British passenger liner Lusitania passenger liner Lusitania is sunk is sunk • 1,198 die – 128 Americans1,198 die – 128 Americans

American blood begins to American blood begins to boilboil

The War to End All WarsThe War to End All Wars1917-19181917-1918

Chapter 30Chapter 30

War by Act of GermanyWar by Act of Germany

Trench warfareTrench warfare• BrutalBrutal• AtritionAtrition• High casualtiesHigh casualties

Staggering loss of life Staggering loss of life (German’s had lost (German’s had lost around a million by 1917)around a million by 1917)

German government German government felt pressure to hasten felt pressure to hasten the end of the war.the end of the war.

Cont’dCont’d Unrestricted Unrestricted

submarine warfare is submarine warfare is announced (Jan. 31, announced (Jan. 31, 1917)1917)• Any ship in war zone Any ship in war zone

will be sunkwill be sunk Wilson breaks off Wilson breaks off

diplomatic relationsdiplomatic relations• ……but still remained but still remained

opposed to opposed to involvementinvolvement

March 1, 1917…it all March 1, 1917…it all changeschanges

The Z NoteThe Z Note

German telegram, sent German telegram, sent Jan. 16, intercepted by Jan. 16, intercepted by British intelligenceBritish intelligence

Arthur ZimmermanArthur Zimmerman Proposed a German-Proposed a German-

Mexican alliance Mexican alliance Mexico would regain Mexico would regain

land lost to U.S. if…..land lost to U.S. if….. Sent to U.S diplomats, Sent to U.S diplomats,

to Wilson, to…to Wilson, to…

STOPSTOP

German unrestricted submarine warfare German unrestricted submarine warfare beginsbegins• February 1, 1917February 1, 1917• Feb. 19Feb. 19thth – decoded message given to – decoded message given to

diplomatsdiplomats March 1March 1stst – telegram information released – telegram information released

• American opinion shifts…the public cries out American opinion shifts…the public cries out for German punishmentfor German punishment

Four unarmed American merchant vessels Four unarmed American merchant vessels sunk in early Marchsunk in early March

These two = the last strawThese two = the last straw

““Making the world safe for Making the world safe for democracy”democracy”

April 2, 1917 – April 2, 1917 – Wilson solemnly Wilson solemnly asks Congress for a asks Congress for a declaration of wardeclaration of war

April 6, 1917 – U.S. April 6, 1917 – U.S. declares war on declares war on GermanyGermany• Only 50 Reps and 6 Only 50 Reps and 6

senators vote nea senators vote nea (including (including Jeannette RankinJeannette Rankin, , the first female the first female congress-woman)congress-woman)

Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWilson’s Fourteen Points

Wilson, leader of Wilson, leader of the causethe cause• Idealistic and Idealistic and

eloquenteloquent• ““Make the world Make the world

safe for democracy”safe for democracy”• The American Pied The American Pied

Piper of WWIPiper of WWI• (Jan. 8, 1918 - Read (Jan. 8, 1918 - Read

the Fourteen Points)the Fourteen Points)

1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived 1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").at").

2. Free navigation of all seas.2. Free navigation of all seas. 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.3. An end to all economic barriers between countries. 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers. 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial 6. The German Army is to be removed from 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should . Russia should

be left to developbe left to develop    her own political set-up.    her own political set-up.

7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.7. Belgium should be independent like before the war. 8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-

LorraineLorraine 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to

"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.""along clearly recognizable lines of nationality." 10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in 10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in

Austria-Hungary.Austria-Hungary. 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be

allowed for the Balkan states.allowed for the Balkan states. 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish

government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.themselves.

13. An independent Poland should be created which should have 13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.access to the sea.

14. THE EXCLAMATION POINT............................14. THE EXCLAMATION POINT............................

(Fourteen Points cont’d)(Fourteen Points cont’d)

1414thth point point• The League of NationsThe League of Nations• A collective body of nations designed to A collective body of nations designed to

provide global security, protection of all provide global security, protection of all nations’ sovereignty.nations’ sovereignty.

• Extremely controversial...Extremely controversial...• TO BE CONTINUED… TO BE CONTINUED…

Creel Manipulates MindsCreel Manipulates Minds

Committee on Public Committee on Public InformationInformation

George CreelGeorge Creel• His job:His job:

Sell the war to the public; Sell the war to the public; Wilson’s ideas to the worldWilson’s ideas to the world

• Employed 150,000 workers Employed 150,000 workers worldwideworldwide

• 75,000 "four-minute men": 75,000 "four-minute men": gave speeches with gave speeches with "patriotic pep""patriotic pep"

• Depicted Germany as a Depicted Germany as a brutal beastbrutal beast

• Stirred up hatred towards Stirred up hatred towards the Kaiserthe Kaiser

PropagandaPropaganda

Types of media used

Enforcing Loyalty and Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling DissentStifling Dissent

Hatred and distrust for all things GermanHatred and distrust for all things German• ““liberty cabbage”, “liberty steak”liberty cabbage”, “liberty steak”• German books, German musicGerman books, German music

Espionage Act of 1917Espionage Act of 1917• Interfering with military operations, aiding the Interfering with military operations, aiding the

enemy (i.e. spying, etc.)enemy (i.e. spying, etc.) Sedition Act of 1918Sedition Act of 1918

• Basically censored any criticism of the Basically censored any criticism of the government during wartimegovernment during wartime

• Controversial – WHY?Controversial – WHY? Schenck v. U.S.Schenck v. U.S. – affirmed their legality – affirmed their legality

• Clear and present danger theoryClear and present danger theory

The Nation’s Factories The Nation’s Factories and their Workersand their Workers

War Industries War Industries BoardBoard• Barnard BaruchBarnard Baruch• Designed to coordinate Designed to coordinate

the production and the production and purchase of war purchase of war materialsmaterials

• Also did psychological Also did psychological testing…FOR WHAT?testing…FOR WHAT?

• Government econ. Government econ. control during crisiscontrol during crisis

Cont’dCont’d National War Labor National War Labor

BoardBoard• Led by TaftLed by Taft• Designed to handle labor Designed to handle labor

disputesdisputes• Worker’s saw wage Worker’s saw wage

increases of more than increases of more than 20%20%

Labor grievancesLabor grievances• Strikes over rights to Strikes over rights to

organize as unionsorganize as unions• 1919 – over 250,000 1919 – over 250,000

steel workers went on steel workers went on strikestrike

• African American African American strikebreakersstrikebreakers

Suffering Until SuffrageSuffering Until Suffrage

The Great War splits the The Great War splits the Women’s movementWomen’s movement• National Woman’s Party – Alice National Woman’s Party – Alice

Paul (pacifist) Paul (pacifist) • NAWSA (pro-war)NAWSA (pro-war)• Different perspectives on the Different perspectives on the

warwar Women in the factories and Women in the factories and

fieldsfields Women’s support for war Women’s support for war

earns nod from Wilsonearns nod from Wilson 1920 – 1920 – 1919thth amendment amendment.. Women’s gains still minimalWomen’s gains still minimal Sheppard-Towner Sheppard-Towner

Maternity Act 1921Maternity Act 1921

Forging a War EconomyForging a War Economy Food AdministrationFood Administration

• Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover• Voluntary compliance Voluntary compliance

over mandatesover mandates No rationingNo rationing

• Relied on patriotism-Relied on patriotism-providing propagandaproviding propaganda

““Food will win the war”Food will win the war” Meatless and Wheatless Meatless and Wheatless

daysdays ““victory gardens”victory gardens”

• Successful Successful Farm production increases Farm production increases

by ¼by ¼ Food exports to Allies Food exports to Allies

triplestriples

Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration• Heatless, lightless, and Heatless, lightless, and

gasless daysgasless days Liberty and Victory Liberty and Victory

Loan DrivesLoan Drives• ““Halt the Hun”Halt the Hun”• Raised 2/3 of the cost of Raised 2/3 of the cost of

the war for the U.S.the war for the U.S.• Bond buttonsBond buttons

Gov’t expands in size Gov’t expands in size and powerand power• Quotas, pricing, daylight Quotas, pricing, daylight

savings time, railroad savings time, railroad takeover etc. takeover etc.

Making Plowboys into DoughboysMaking Plowboys into Doughboys The Allied Forces urge The Allied Forces urge

U.S. Army participationU.S. Army participation• Fatigue, casualtiesFatigue, casualties

Wilson didn’t want Wilson didn’t want conscriptionconscription• But saw it, But saw it,

unfortunately, as a unfortunately, as a temporary necessitytemporary necessity

Six weeks after DOW, Six weeks after DOW, bill passesbill passes

18-45; no exemption 18-45; no exemption purchases or purchases or substitutessubstitutes

Women in WWIWomen in WWI

• NavyNavy 11,00011,000 Standard uniform and Standard uniform and

official rankofficial rank Clerical duties, radio Clerical duties, radio

operators, pharmacists, operators, pharmacists, photographers, torpedo photographers, torpedo assemblersassemblers

• ArmyArmy No enlistmentNo enlistment Temporary hires – 20,000: Temporary hires – 20,000:

nurses including 10,000 nurses including 10,000 overseasoverseas

Fighting in France - BelatedlyFighting in France - Belatedly

The Russian The Russian RevolutionRevolution• BolsheviksBolsheviks• Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin• Dec. 15, 1917 ceasefire Dec. 15, 1917 ceasefire

declareddeclared• March 3, 1918 – Treaty March 3, 1918 – Treaty

of Brest-Litovskof Brest-Litovsk Germans shift focus toGermans shift focus to Americans arrive one Americans arrive one

year after DOWyear after DOW• Replacements/quiet Replacements/quiet

areasareas

America Helps Hammer the America Helps Hammer the HunHun

Spring of 1918…Germans Spring of 1918…Germans charge full-speed towards charge full-speed towards Paris.Paris.• 40 miles40 miles

Chateau-ThierryChateau-Thierry• First significant engagement First significant engagement

of U.S. forces in a European of U.S. forces in a European warwar

• 30,000 30,000 Second Battle of the Second Battle of the

MarneMarne• Allied counteroffensiveAllied counteroffensive• Germans withdraw and never Germans withdraw and never

reverse coursereverse course

Meuse-Argonne Meuse-Argonne offensiveoffensive• John PershingJohn Pershing• Leads independent Leads independent

American line of American line of 85 miles85 miles

• Largest battle in Largest battle in American historyAmerican history

• 1.2 million 1.2 million • 120,000120,000• The white flag is in The white flag is in

sightsight

The Fourteen Points The Fourteen Points Disarm GermanyDisarm Germany

German officials German officials sought a peace based sought a peace based on the Fourteen Pointson the Fourteen Points• Afraid of peace by other Afraid of peace by other

allied termsallied terms• Kaiser forced to Kaiser forced to

abdicate, flees to abdicate, flees to HollandHolland

• November 11, 1918 at November 11, 1918 at 11 o’clock11 o’clock

Germany surrendersGermany surrenders America explodes with America explodes with

jubilationjubilation• However, 53,000…However, 53,000…

CountryTotal

Mobilized Forces

Killed WoundedPrisoners

and Missing

Total Casualtie

s

Casualties as % of Forces

ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS

Russia12,000,00

01,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3

British Empire

8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8

France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 73.3

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1

United States

4,355,000 53,000 204,002 4,500 323,018 7.1

Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2

Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4

Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8

Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.

Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9

Austria-Hungary

7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0

Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2

Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2

TOTAL 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4

GRAND TOTAL

65,038,810 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,750,919 37,466,904 57.

CountryTotal

Mobilized Forces

Killed WoundedPrisoners

and Missing

Total Casualties

Casualties as % of Forces

Wilson Step Down from OlympusWilson Step Down from Olympus

Political “truce” Political “truce” during the warduring the war

Wilson breaks the Wilson breaks the truce at midtermstruce at midterms

BackfiresBackfires Republicans take Republicans take

CongressCongress No legislative No legislative

majoritymajority

The Conference and the TreatyThe Conference and the Treaty Many attendMany attend FourFour run the show run the show

• ““The Big Four”The Big Four”• Why?????Why?????

The League Covenant The League Covenant • Rejoice for Wilson…not Rejoice for Wilson…not

so fast……so fast…… Irreconcilables Irreconcilables (rev (rev

their engines)their engines)• Militant isolationistsMilitant isolationists• Henry Cabot Lodge, Henry Cabot Lodge,

William Borah, Hiram William Borah, Hiram Johnson (what party?)Johnson (what party?)

• ““We won’t approve…”We won’t approve…”Left to Right: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson

Paris Peace Conference

The Peace Treaty that The Peace Treaty that Bred a New WarBred a New War

Wilson’s hands are Wilson’s hands are tiedtied

Compromise for the Compromise for the sake of the Leaguesake of the League

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles completed, given to completed, given to Germany (June, Germany (June, 1919)1919)

“ “BETRAYAL!” (?)BETRAYAL!” (?) Wilson…not happyWilson…not happy

Death of Wilson’s HopeDeath of Wilson’s Hopeandand The Birth of DeathThe Birth of Death

Wilson has a stroke while Wilson has a stroke while touring for support of the touring for support of the TreatyTreaty

1920 election - Warren 1920 election - Warren G. Harding (Rep) defeats G. Harding (Rep) defeats James M. Cox (Dem)James M. Cox (Dem)

Treaty never passesTreaty never passes• The League, part of the The League, part of the

Treaty, is also dead for the Treaty, is also dead for the U.S.U.S.

Without U.S. support the Without U.S. support the Treaty of Versailles will Treaty of Versailles will fail…fail…

……and Hitler will rise.and Hitler will rise.