wills under muslim law

8/18/2019 Wills Under Muslim Law

1/23

ASSIGNMENT

FAMILY LAW

WILLS UNDER MUSLIM LAW

Submitted by

-Pranav Tanwar

- IInd Year

- Seti!n "

INDEX


2/23

S#N$ T$PI% P N!#

'# A%(N$WLEDGEMENT )*

+# INTR$DU%TI$N ),

*# %$N%EPT )

,# RE.UISITES ')

# WILLS UNDER DEAT/ ILLNESS '0

1# %$N%LUSI$N +'

2# "I"LI$GRAP/Y ++

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

2


3/23

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Prof. (Dr.) Kahkashan

Y. Danyal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic

“WILLS UN!" #USLI# L$W%& which also helped me in doing a lot of "esearch and I

came to know a'out so many new things I am really thankful to her(

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finali)ing

this assignment within the limited time frame(

*+ranav ,anwar

I. INTRODCTION

3


4/23

Wi33 i4 t5e 3e&a3 de3arati!n !6 a 7er4!n84 intenti!n w5i5 5e wi45e4 t! be 7er6!rmed a6ter 5i4

deat5 and !ne t5e Wi33 i4 made by t5e te4tat!r it an !n3y be rev!9ed durin& 5i4 3i6etime# A

Wi33 d!e4 n!t inv!3ve any tran46er: n!r a66et any tran46er inter-viv!4: but it i4 an e;7re44i!n

!6 intendin& t! a77!int a 7er4!n w5! wi33 3!!9 a6ter t5e 7r!7ertie4 a6ter 5i4 Seti!n 8 !6 ?T5e Indian Sue44i!n At: '@+ w5i5

7r!vide4 di66erent ru3e4 6!r inte4tate 4ue44i!n and te4tamentary 4ue44i!n in India# It

a773ie4 t! a33 t5e !mmunitie4 in India e;e7t Mu43im# In India t5ere i4 a we33-deve3!7ed

4y4tem !6 4ue44i!n 3aw4 t5at &!vern4 a 7er4!n84 7r!7erty a6ter 5i4 deat5# >T5e Indian

Sue44i!n At '@+8 a773ie4 e;7re443y t! Wi334 and !dii34 made by /indu4: "udd5i4t4:

Si954: Bain4: Par4i4 and %5ri4tian4 but n!t t! M!5ammedan4 a4 t5ey are 3ar&e3y !vered by

Mu43im Per4!na3 Law#

T5ere are ertain 5arateri4ti4 w5i5 45!u3d be in3uded in t5e in4trument !6 wi33 4u5 a4C-

'# T5e Name !6 t5e Te4tat!r

+# Ri&5t t! a77!int Le&atee

*# T! ta9e e66et a6ter deat5

,# Intenti!n !6 t5e Te4tat!r i4 4u7reme

Every 7er4!n w5! i4 !m7etent t! !ntrat may ma9e a wi33 but 5e mu4t be ma!r: 4!undmind and wi33in& t! write a wi33# A 7er4!n !6 un4!und mind an a34! ma9e a wi33 but !n3y in

3uid interva34# A Wi33 ann!t be made by 4!me 7er4!n4 i#e# min!r4: in4!3vent: 7er4!n4

di4ua3i6ied under any 3aw by t5e !urt#

A Wi33 under M!5ammedan Law i4 a33ed a4 Wasiyat : w5i5 mean4 a m!ra3 e;5!rtati!n !r a

de3arati!n in !m73iane wit5 m!ra3 duty !6 every Mu43im t! ma9e arran&ement4 6!r t5e

di4tributi!n !6 5i4 e4tate !r 7r!7erty# T5e M!5ammedan Law re4trit4 a Mu43im 7er4!n t!

beueat5 5i4 w5!3e 7r!7erty in a wi33 and a33!w4 5im t! beueat5 '*rd !6 5i4 e4tate by

writin& wi33: w5i5 wi33 ta9e e66et a6ter 5i4 deat5# T5e 3aw i4 main3y un!di6ied i4 &!verned

by t5e 5!3y b!!9 and u4t!m4# A33 4u5 ru3e4 re3ated t! Mu43im 3aw !n Wi334 wi33 be

di4u44ed in detai34 in t5e a44i&nment#

II. CONCEPT

4


5/23

T5e re!rd4 t5at 5ave been 5anded d!wn t! u4 6r!m antiuity re&ardin& t5e u4t!m4 and

u4a&e4 !6 t5e 7re-I43amite Arab4 4eem t! e4tab3i45 abundant3y t5at te4tamentary

di47!4iti!n4 were n!t un9n!wn am!n& t5e 7a&an tribe4 !6 t5e 7enin4u3a# "ut it i4 di66iu3t

t! 4ay: 6r!m t5e materia34 in !ur 7!44e44i!n: w5at were t5e !nditi!n4 w5i5 re&u3ated t5e

va3idity !r inva3idity !6 wi334 made by t5em#

T5e Rabbinia3 Law w5i5 wa4 in 6!re am!n& t5e Bewi45 tribe4 7r!5ibited t5e te4tat!r

6r!m de7rivin& 5i4 3aw6u3 5eir4 6r!m 4ue44i!n it a34! 7re3uded 5im 6r!m !n4titutin& a

4tran&er a4 an 5eir# "ut w5en a di47!4iti!n wa4 e66etuated by t5e immediate de3ivery !6

7!44e44i!n: t5e Rabbinia3 Law a77arent3y re&arded it a4 va3id# A wi33 !u3d be made

eit5er verba33y !r in writin&: but: &enera33y 47ea9in&: t5e 6ir4t m!de wa4 !n4idered a4 t5e

m!re 7re6erab3e !6 t5e tw!#

T5e (!ran e;7re443y 4anti!ned t5e 7!wer !6 ma9in& a te4tamentary di47!4iti!n: and

re&u3ated t5e 6!rma3itie4 and !nditi!n4 t! w5i5 it i4 4ubeted '# T5e 3eadin& aut5!rity !n

t5e 4ubet !6 wi334 i4 t5e -edaya: w5i5 wa4 tran43ated 6r!m t5e !ri&ina3 Arabi by 6!ur

Mau3vi4 !r Ma5!medan 3awyer4C and 6r!m Per4ian int! En&3i45 by %5ar3e4 /ami3t!n by

!rder !6 Waren /a4tin&4 w5en 5e wa4 G!vern!r-Genera3 !6 India# T5e -edaya wa4

!m7!4ed by S5ai95 "ur5an-ud-Din A3i w5! 63!uri45ed in t5e twe36t5 entury# T5e aut5!r

!6 t5e -edaya be3!n&ed t! t5e /ana6i S5!!3: and it i4 t5e d!trine4 !6 t5at 45!!3 t5at 5e

5a4 7rini7a33y re!rded in t5at w!r9#

?Wills& 4ay4 t5e -edaya: ?are lawful on a favoura'le construction( $nalogy would

suggest that they are unlawful& 'ecause a 'e.uest signifies an endowment with a thing in

a way which occasions such endowment to 'e referred to a time when the property has

'ecome void in the proprietor /i(e(& the testator0& and as an endowment with reference to a

future period /as if a person were to say to another& 1I constitute you proprietor of this

article on the morrow&20 is unlawful& supposing even that the donor2s property in the

article still continues to exist at that time& it follows that the suspension of the deed to a

period when the property is null and void /as at the decease of the party0& is a fortiori

unlawful( ,he reasons& however& for a more favoura'le construction in this particular are

twofold3* 4irst& there is an indispensa'le necessity that men should have the power of

making 'e.uests& for a man& from the delusion of his hopes& is improvident and deficient

in practice& 'ut when sickness invades him& he 'ecomes alarmed and afraid of death( at

1 (!ran: %5a7# H: ver4e 2

5


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that period& therefore& he stands in need of compensating for his deficiencies 'y means of

his property* and this in such a manner that if he should die of that illness& his o'jects

/namely& compensation or his deficiency and merit in a future state0 may 'e o'tained*or&

on the other hand& if he should recover& that he may apply the said property to his wants*

and as these o'jects are attaina'le 'y giving a legal validity to wills& there are& therefore&

ordained to 'e lawful( Secondly& wills are decided to 'e lawful in the 5oran and the

traditions& and all doctors& moreover& have concurred in this opinion#+

T5e nu3eu4 !6 t5e 3aw !6 Wi334 i4: by !mm!n !n4ent: t! be 6!und in a traditi!n !6 t5e

Pr!75et: re7!rted by "u95ari*C

Sa8d ibn Abi Waa4 4aidC ?T5e Me44en&er !6 G!d u4ed t! vi4it me at Mea: in t5e year

!6 t5e Farewe33 7i3&rima&e: !n a!unt !6 i33ne44 w5i5 5a4 be!me very 4ever# S! I 4aid:

?My i33ne44 5a4 be!me very 4evere and I 5ave mu5 7r!7erty and t5ere i4 n!ne t! in5erit

6r!m me but a dau&5ter: 45a33 I t5en beueat5 tw!-t5ird4 !6 my 7r!7erty a4 a 5arity 5e

4aid: ?N!# I 4aid: ?/a36 5e 4aid: ?N!# t5en 5e 4aidC ? 6e.ueath one*third and !ne-t5ird

i4 mu5: 6!r i6 t5!u 3eave4t t5y 5eir4 6ree 6r!m want: it i4 better t5an t5!u 3eave4t t5em in

want: be&&in& !6

73ea4ure !6 A33a5 but t5!u art rewarded 6!r it: even 6!r t5at w5i5 t5!u 7utte4t int! t5e

m!ut5 !6 t5y wi6e#

T5e ru3e !6 !ne-t5ird wa4 re!&ni4ed by !ur !urt4 a4 ear3y a4 '0)1: and 3ater !n in !kin

6i'ee7 & 8umunoodeen $hmad 9 & 6a'oojan: & and Sukoomat 6i'ee; (

2 H#P# "5aratiya


7/23

DE!INITION

Wi33


8/23

&!verned in India 4ubet t! t5e 7r!vi4i!n !6 t5e Indian Sue44i!n At: '@+: by t5e

Mu5ammadan Law#

!ORM AND C"ARACTERI#TIC#

?"y t5e Ma5!medan 3aw n! writin& i4 reuired t! ma9e a wi33 va3id: and n! 7artiu3ar 6!rm:

even !6 verba3 de3arati!n i4 nee44ary a4 3!n& a4 t5e intenti!n !6 t5e te4tat!r i4 4u66iient3y

a4ertained'+# In a a4e be6!re t5e Privy %!uni3 a 3etter written by a te4tat!r 45!rt3y be6!re

5i4 deat5 and !ntainin& direti!n4 a4 t! t5e di47!4iti!n !6 5i4 7r!7erty: wa4 5e3d t! !n4titute

a va3id wi33'*# T5e mere 6at t5at a d!ument i4 a33ed tamlik*nama wi33 n!t 7revent it 6r!m

!7eratin& a4 a wi33: i6 it 7!44e44e4 t5e 4ub4tantia3 5arateri4ti4 !6 a wi33',# "ut w5ere a

Ma5!medan e;euted a d!ument w5i5 4tarted: I 5ave n! 4!n: and I 5ave ad!7ted myne75ew t! 4ueed t! my 7r!7erty a4 tit3e# It wa4 5e3d by t5e Privy %!uni3 t5at t5e

d!ument did n!t !7erate a4 a wi33# N!r did it !7erate a4 a &i6t: 6!r t5ere wa4 n! de3ivery !6

7!44e44i!n t! t5e ne75ew by t5e deea4ed'#

In t5e a4e !6 $ulia 6i'i v# $la*ud*din>: & it wa4 6!und t5at a d!ument 7ur7!rtin& t! be t5e

wi33 !6 a Ma5!mmedan 3ady wa4 in 6at drawn u7 in a!rdane wit5 in4truti!n4 &iven by

t5e te4tatri; t! a va9i3 at a time w5en t5e te4tatri; wa4 !m7etent t! ma9e a wi33 t5e /i&5

12 #ahomed $ltaf v# $hmed 6uksh:


9/23

%!urt !6 A33a5abad 5e3d t5at 4u5 a d!ument wa4 a va3id wi33 n!twit54tandin& t5e ab4ene !6

t5e 4i&nature !6 t5e te4tatri;#

A wi33 may be made a34! by 4i&n4: a4 in t5e a4e !6 a dumb 7er4!n w5! d!e4 n!t 7!44e44 t5e

6au3ty !6 47ee5: but w5! an e;7re44 5i4 meanin& by 4i&n4# S! a34! in t5e a4e !6 a 7er4!n

w5! i4 a mari) : t5at i4: 4u66erin& 6r!m a m!rta3 i33ne44 and unab3e 6r!m wea9ne44 t! 47ea9# '2

?A 4i9 man ma9e4 a beue4t: and bein& unab3e t! 47ea9 6r!m wea9ne44: &ive4 a n!d wit5 5i4

5ead: and it i4 9n!wn that he comprehends what he is a'out? in t5e4e irum4tane4: i6 5i4

meanin& be under4t!!d: t5e beue4t i4 3aw6u3 but n!t !t5erwi4e# And it i4 im73ied t5at 5e die4

wit5!ut re&ainin& t5e 7!wer !6 47ee5 6!r t5en it i4 evident t5at t5ere wa4 n! 5!7e at t5e

time !6 t5e beue4t !6 5i4 bein& ab3e t! 47ea9: and 5i4 !nditi!n wa4 t5ere6!re t5e 4ame a4

t5at !6 a dumb man#

T5e burden !6 e4tab3i45in& an !ra3 wi33 i4 a3way4 a very 5eavy !ne it mu4t be 7r!ved wit5

utm!4t 7rei4i!n: and wit5 every irum4tane !6 time and 73ae'0# T5e !urt mu4t be made

ertain t5at it 9n!w4 w5at t5e 47ea9er 4aid and mu4t 6r!m t5e irum4tane4 and 6r!m t5e

4tatement be ab3e t! in6er 6!r it4e36 t5at te4tamentary e66et wa4 intended: in additi!n t! bein&

4ati46ied !6 t5e !ntent4 !6 t5e direti!n &iven'@# T5e 7er4!n w5! 7r!7!und4 a wi33 i4 under a

&reater !b3i&ati!n t! 7r!ve by 3ear evidene t5at t5e wi33 wa4 e;euted by t5e te4tat!r and at

t5e time !6 t5e e;euti!n 5e wa4 a 6ree a&ent and 7!44e44ed !6 a 4!und and di47!4in& 4tate !6

mind#

A wasiat may be !nditi!na3 !r !ntin&ent# In 4u5 a a4e it4 !7erati!n wi33 be de7endent

u7!n t5e 5a77enin& !6 t5e !ntin&eny and i6 t5e !ntin&eny d!e4 n!t 5a77en: it wi33 n!t be

&iven e66et t!+)# A re6erene t! 4!me im7endin& dan&er i4 !mm!n t! m!4t !6 t5e a4e4# F!r

e;am73e: a man may 4ay: ?45!u3d I die !6 4u5 a ma3ady: !r ?45!u3d I n!t return 6r!m t5e

7i3&rima&e t! t5e /!3y S5rine I 3eave## !r ?I beueat5 4! and 4! in a4e anyt5in& 5a77en4 t!

me !n my v!ya&e t! Mea: t5e wasiats in t5e4e a4e4 w!u3d n!t ta9e e66et i6 t5e

17 A4a6 A# A# FyJee: =utlines of #uhammadan Law


10/23

!ntin&enie4 a77re5ended d! n!t 5a77en: w5et5er t5e wi33 be in writin& !r by w!rd !6

m!ut5#

III. RE$I#ITIE#

T5e e44entia3 reui4ite4 !6 a va3id wi33: under M!5ammedan Law are a4 6!33!w4C

'# T5e te4tat!r mu4t be !m7etent t! ma9e t5e wi33#

+# T5e 3e&atee mu4t be !m7etent t! ta9e t5e 3e&ay !r beue4t

*# T5e 4ubet !6 beue4t mu4t be a va3id !ne

,# T5e beue4t mu4t be wit5in t5e 3imit4 im7!4ed !n t5e te4tamentary 7!wer !6 a

Mu43im

A# TE#TATOR AND "I# COMPETENCE

Every Mu43im w5! i4 !6 4!und mind and !6 t5e a&e !6 ma!rity 5a4 t5e a7aity t! ma9e a

wi33# E;e7t in a4e !6 marria&e: d!wer and div!re: t5e a&e !6 Ma!rity !6 Mu43im4 i4

re&u3ated by t5e Indian Ma!rity At: under w5i5 t5e a&e !6 ma!rity i4 t5e !m73eti!n !6

ei&5teent5 year in !rdinary a4e4: and !m73eti!n !6 twenty-6ir4t year in a4e4 w5ere t5e

&uardian !6 a min!r i4 a77!inted under t5e Guardian4 and Ward4 At# Mu43im 3aw-&iver4 3ay

d!wn t5at a wi33 !6 a min!r an be rati6ied by 5im !n attainin& ma!rity: but t5e wi33 !6 a

10


11/23

7er4!n !6 un4!und mind ann!t be rati6ied !n 5i4 re&ainin& 4anity# N!t mere3y t5i4: t5e

Mu43im aut5!ritie4 5!3d t5at wi33 made by a 4ane 7er4!n wi33 be!me inva3id: i6 4ub4euent3y

5e be!me a 3unati#

Every adu3t Mu43im wit5 rea4!nin& abi3ity 5a4 a7aity t! ma9e a wi33# A /ana6i: /anba3i !r

S5a6ii Mu43im i4 adu3t 6!r t5i4 7ur7!4e a4 4!!n a4 5e 5a4 attained 7uberty t5e 7re4um7ti!n !6

7uberty in Sunni 3aw bein& ' year4 at a ma;imum# T5e S5ia 3aw and t5e Ma3i9i d!trine

73ae t5e em75a4i4 !n t5e a&e !6 di4ernment: name3y ') year4#

Re&ard3e44 !6 t5e traditi!na3 view !6 t5e Mu43im uri4t4 ab!ut t5e a&e !6 di47!4iti!n: t5e

matter i4 n!w re&u3ated by 4tatute4 in m!4t !6 t5e Mu43im !untrie4# In Pa9i4tan: India and

"an&3ade45: t5e a&e !6 ma!rity a4 di4u44ed ab!ve 5a4 been 6i;ed at ei&5teen year4 +'# T5e

E&y7tian and Syrian 3aw4 7r!vide t5at t5e te4tat!r mu4t 7!44e44 t5e 3e&a3 a7aity t! ma9e a

di47!4iti!n 6!r n! !n4iderati!n# T5e Irai 3aw add4 ?and be t5e !wner !6 w5at 5e beue4t4#

T5e A3&erian 3aw i4 3earer reuirin& t5e te4tat!r t! be !6 4!und mind: n!t under '@ year4 !6

a&e: t5at i4: t5e A3&erian a&e !6 ma!rity# /!wever: t5e Syrian 3aw ma9e4 t5e wi33 by a 7er4!n

7ut under interditi!n !n &r!und4 !6 7r!di&a3ity !r native va3id: 4ubet t! t5e !urt !rder#

E&y7tian and (uwaiti add t! t5e Syrian 3aw t5at t5e 7er4!n ma9in& t5e wi33 5a4 rea5ed '0

a3endar year4 !6 a&e: w5i5 i4 * year4 under E&y7tian and (uwaiti a&e !6 ma!rity# T5e 3aw

in E&y7t and (uwait i4 ba4ed !n t5e S5a6ii view w5i5 i4 m!re re4tritive t5an t5at !6 t5e

/ana6i: Ma3i9i and /anba3i w5! a33!w a wi33 by a 7r!di&a3# T5e Tuni4ian 3aw a33!w4 wi33 by a

7r!di&a3 7r!vided t5at 4u5 a wi33 be 7a44ed by a %!urt# A beue4t by a min!r may be

va3idated by 4ub4euent rati6iati!n++# T5e S5ia 3aw reuire4 t5at t5e te4tat!r mu4t be >6ree:

adu3t: !6 4!und mind and atin& !n 5i4 !wn 6ree wi338# /!wever: t5e S5ia84 a33!w a wi33 by a

b!y !6 ') and a 7r!di&a3 under interditi!n i6 it i4 6!r 5arity#

A wi33 made by a 7er4!n !6 un4!und mind i4 v!id and it d!e4 n!t be!me va3id by 5i4

be!min& !6 4!und mind 4ub4euent3y# A wi33 made by a 7er4!n w5i3e !6 a 4!und mind

be!me4 inva3id i6 t5e te4tat!r 4ub4euent3y be!me4 7ermanent3y !6 un4!und mind but w5en

in4anity 5a4 n!t 3a4ted 6!r m!re t5an 4i; m!nt54: beue4t i4 n!t av!ided +*# T5e E&y7tian and

21 T5e Ma!rity At: '02# Seti!n *

22 F#"# Tayyabi: #uhammadan Law& ,t5 edn#: "!mbayC N#M# Tri7at5i Private Ltd#: '@10: 7# 2,

23 Dr# Para4 Diwan: #uslim Law in #odern India:


12/23

Syrian 3aw4 7r!vide t5at a wi33 45!u3d be v!id i6 t5e te4tat!r beame ine44ant3y in4ane unti3

deat5# T5e Irai 3aw 7r!vide4 t5at t5e wi334 45!u3d be!me v!id !n t5e te4tat!r 3!4in& 5i4

3e&a3 a7aity unti3 5i4 deat5#

"eue4t4 by ? parda nashin% 3adie4


13/23

A beue4t in 6av!ur !6 a non*#uslim i4 va3id# In -edaya: t5e 6!33!win& ver4e4 !6 t5e .uran

5a4 been u!tedC ?Ae are not prohi'ited& o 'elievers& from acts of 'enevolence towards those

who su'ject themselves to you& and refrain from 'attles and contentions# It i4 t5ere6!re 3ear

t5at a Mu43im an &ive 5i4 7r!7erty by beue4tin& t5e 4ame in 6av!ur !6 a n!n-Mu43im

7r!vided t5e n!n-Mu43im i4 n!t 5!4ti3e t!ward4 I43am# A beue4t t! n!n-Mu43im4 i4 va3id

a!rdin& t! a33 45!!34 e;e7t S5a6ii S5!!3#

An apostate may be a 3e&atee# "ut in India: t5i4 ru3e !6 S5a6ii 3aw d!e4 n!t a773y !win& t!

At ;i !6 '0)# In t5e S5a6ii view: a beue4t in 6av!ur !6 an a7!4tate i4: a!rdin& t! better

!7ini!n: va3id# #anslayer i4 !ne w5! 9i334 an!t5er 7er4!n: 6r!m w5!m 5e intend4 t! ta9e

3e&ay# /ana6i 3aw 7r!5ibit4 5im t! ta9e any intere4t in t5e beue4t# In It5na A45ari


14/23

7re4umed# A34! w5en a 3a44 7!!r8= i4 t5e 3e&atee: t5e ae7tane i4 7re4umed and t5e wi33

be!me4 irrev!ab3e by t5e deat5 !6 t5e te4tat!r#

%# #%&ECT O! WILL

Any ty7e !6 7r!7erty: imm!vab3e !r m!vab3e: !r7!rea3 !r in!r7!rea3: w5i5 i4 a7ab3e !6

bein& tran46erred: may 6!rm t5e 4ubet-matter !6 a beue4t# It i4 n!t nee44ary t5at t5e

4ubet-matter !6 t5e wi33 45!u3d be in e;i4tene w5en t5e wi33 i4 made: it i4 4u66iient: i6 it i4

in e;i4tene at t5e time !6 te4tat!r84 deat5# T5e beue4t may !n4i4t !6 t5e !r7u4 !r !6 t5e

u4u6rut# Under Mu43im 3aw: it i4 7!44ib3e t5at a te4tat!r may &ive !r7u4 t! !ne 7er4!n and

t5e u4u6rut t! an!t5er# T5u4: a ri&5t t! !u7y a 5!u4e durin& a 6uture 7eri!d !6 time: !r t!

ta9e t5e rent4: !r 6uture 7r!due: !r u4u6rut 6!r a 3imited time: 6!r 5e 3i6e time !6 t5e 3e&atee

may va3id3y !n4titute t5e 4ubet-matter !6 a wi33+,#

T5e !r7u4 !6 7r!7erty and it4 u4u6rut may be treated a4 4e7arate 7r!7ertie4 6!r 7ur7!4e4 !6

beue4t4# T5e ue4ti!n wi33 !6 !ur4e be !ne !6 inter7retati!n !6 t5e term4 !6 a wi33 6!r

a4ertainin& a4 t! w5at wa4 t5e 4ubet !6 t5e beue4t# It i4 7ermi44ib3e t! ma9e a beue4t !6

t5e t5in& it4e36 in 6av!ur !6 !ne 7er4!n and !6 it4 7r!due !r u4e t! an!t5er# In t5e4e a4e4 t5e

3e&atee !6 t5e u4u6rut wi33 be e;3u4ive3y entit3ed t! t5e u4e durin& 5i4 term#

T5e beue4t !6 7r!7erty w5i5 d!e4 n!t be3!n& t! t5e te4tat!r w!u3d n!t be va3id un3e44 t5e

7er4!n t! w5!m t5e 7r!7erty be3!n&4 &iven 5i4 !n4ent a6ter t5e deat5 !6 t5e te4tat!r# T5e

!n4ent bein& 5!wever 7ure3y v!3untary and &ratuit!u4: t5e !wner !6 t5e 7r!7erty may re6u4e

t! &ive t5e 7r!7erty t! t5e 3e&atee# T5e 3e&atee i4 entit3ed t! ta9e 7r!7erty in t5e 6!rm in

w5i5 it e;i4t4 at t5e time !6 t5e deat5 !6 t5e te4tat!r# /e i4: t5ere6!re: entit3ed t! a33

ae44i!n4 t! t5e 4ubet !6 t5e beue4t be6!re 7artiti!n !r di4tributi!n !6 t5e e4tate# T5i4 i4 4!

even i6 t5e ae44i!n i4 made a6ter t5e deat5 !6 t5e te4tat!r# T5e beue4t w!u3d !ntinue t! be

va3id un3e44 t5e 5an&e !r t5e im7r!vement i4 4! 4ub4tantia3 a4 t! im73y rev!ati!n !6 t5e

beue4t4# T5e ae44i!n i4 a34! 4ubet t! t5e te4tamentary 3imit4 !6 !ne-t5ird#

T5e 4ubet matter !6 t5e beue4t need n!t be in e;i4tene at t5e time !6 t5e te4tat!r84 deat5#

T5e rea4!n i4 t5at a wi33 ta9e4 e66et 6r!m t5e m!ment !6 t5e te4tat!r84 deat5: and n!t ear3ier#

T5i4 i4 t5e view t5at 7revai34 in Pa9i4tan and India# /!wever: t5e view in t5e Arab !untire4:

e;e7t 6!r A3&eria: i4 t! t5e !ntrary# A wi33 i4 v!id t5ere i6 it4 4ubet matter i4 n!t e;i4tin& at

t5e time w5et5er wi33 i4 made# T5e rea4!n advaned i4 t5at n! 7er4!n 5a4 t5e ri&5t t! di47!4e

24 Dr# Para4 Diwan: #uslim Law in #odern India:


15/23

t5e 7r!7erty 5e d!e4 n!t !wn# T5ere6!re: a wi33 remain4 v!id even i6 t5e te4tat!r be!me4 t5e

!wner !6 t5e 4ubet !6 beue4t: un3e44 a new wi33 i4 t5en made +#

N! te4tat!r an reate by wi33 an e4tate re7u&nant t! 3aw# T5in&4 t5at are !ut4ide t5e ambit !6

trade and ann!t be !bet !6 7r!7erty and t5e 4a3e !6 w5i5 i4 v!id: e#: anima384 b3!!d and

7i&4: ann!t be va3id 4ubet4 !6 a Mu43im4 wi33# T5e 4ame a773ie4 t! t5in&4 in w5i5 t5ere i4

n! !wner45i7: 4u5 a4 air and water: river4 and 7ub3i r!ad4# W5ere t5e beue4t i4 !6 ri&5t t!

ta9e 7r!6it4 !6 a 5!u4e: t5e bene6iiary: e;e7t under S5a6ii 3aw: 5a4 n! ri&5t t! 3ive in it# T5e

a77arent rea4!n i4 t5at t5e 5ier4 !6 t5e deea4ed are entit3ed t! mana&e 7r!7erty w5!4e !n3y

!b3i&ati!n in 4u5 a a4e i4 t! 7ay t5e rent4 t! t5e 3e&atee# $6 !ur4e: 5eir4 may 7ermit 5im t!

!u7y it# Under S5a6ii 3aw: t5e 3e&atee be!me4 a4 it were t5e 7r!7riet!r !6 t5e 5!u4e#

T5e E&y7tian 3aw 7r!vide4 t5atC >T5e beue4t i4 4ti7u3ated t! be


16/23

n!t &iven un3imited te4tamentary 7!wer4# Tw!-6!3d re4triti!n4 are 73aed !n t5e 7!wer t!

ma9e wi33C

'# T5ere i4 a re4triti!n a4 t! t5e 7er4!n4 t! w5!m a beue4t may be made#

+# T5ere i4 a re4triti!n a4 t! t5e 7r!7erty !6 w5i5 a beue4t may be made#

T5e 3aw !6 beue4t4 derive4 it4 !ri&in 6r!m t5e 6!33!win& .urani ver4e4C

>It i4 7re4ribed 6!r y!u: w5en deat5 a77r!a5et5 !ne !6 y!u: i6 5e 3eave wea3t5: t5at 5e

beueat5 unt! 7arent4 and near 7arent4 and near re3ative4 in 9indne44#


17/23

6ir4t t5erea6ter: !ut !6 t5e re4idue !n3y !ne-t5ird an be di47!4ed !6 by wi33# F!r e#:$mar

die4 3eavin& R4# *:)) a4 5i4 &r!44 a44et4# /i4 6unera3 !4t4 R4# ')) and 5i4 debt4 am!unt t!

R4# ,)) t5e ba3ane i4 R4# *:)))# /ene t5e beueat5ab3e t5ird am!unt4 t! R4# ':))) and 5e

ann!t di47!4e !6 m!re t5an t5i4 am!unt by wi33#

"ut i6 t5e 5ire4 d! n!t &ive !n4ent: t5e /ana6i 3aw 7r!vide4 t5at t5e beue4t4 be rateab3y

redued !r abated# T5e 7rini73e i4 a33ed t5e ?abatement !6 3e&aie4# T5e Ithna $shari 3aw:

5!wever: d!e4 n!t re!&niJe t5e 7rini73e !6 ?abatement !6 3e&aie4# S5ia 3aw 4ay4 t5at i6

4evera3 beue4t4 are made t5r!u&5 a wi33: 7ri!rity w!u3d be determined by t5e !rder in w5i5

t5ey are menti!ned# T5e 6ir4t: beue4t ta9e4 e66et 6ir4t and t5erea6ter t5e 4ub4euent

beue4t4: un3e44 t5e beueat5ab3e t5ird i4 e;5au4ted# F!r e;am73e: a te4tat!r 3eave4 ''+ !6

5i4 e4tate t! A: t! " and '1 t! % and t5e 5ire4 re6u4e t5eir !n4ent t! t5e4e beue4t4: t5en A

w!u3d ta9e ''+: and " w!u3d ta9e : but % w5! i4 menti!ned 3a4t w!u3d &et n!t5in&: a4 t5e

!ne-t5ird


18/23

'# W5ere: 4ubet t! t5e 7r!vi4i!n4 !6 any 3aw 6!r t5e time bein& in 6!re: 4u5 e;e44 i4

7ermitted by a va3id u4t!m

+# W5ere t5ere are n! 5eir4 !6 t5e te4tat!r

*# W5ere t5e 5eir4 e;i4tin& at t5e time !6 t5e te4tat!r84 deat5: !n4ent t! 4u5 beue4t

a6ter 5i4 deat5,# W5ere t5e !n3y 5eir i4 t5e 5u4band !r t5e wi6e and t5e beue4t !6 4u5 e;e44 d!e4

n!t a66et 5i4 !r 5er 45are#

A4 i4 we33 9n!wn: a Mu43im te4tat!r may n!t ma9e beue4t4 w5i5: in a&&re&ate: e;eed !ne-

t5ird !6 5i4 net e4tate un3e44: at 3ea4t: 5eir4 !n4ent t5eret! a6ter 5i4 deat5

view: a34! durin& 5i4 3i6etime=# T5i4 i4 in m!4t a4e4 eminent3y rea4!nab3e# "ut a Sunni

Mu43im i4 a34! 7re3uded 6r!m ma9in& any beue4t w5atever t! !ne w5! i4 entit3ed t! a 45are

in 5i4 e4tate a4 an 5eir un3e44: a&ain: t5e !t5er 5eir4 !n4ent t5eret! a6ter 5i4 deat5# T5i4 ru3e

i4 intended t! 7revent 5im 6r!m a3terin& in any way t5e divi4i!n !6 5i4 e4tate between

di66erent 5eir4: a4 7re4ribed under t5e 3aw !6 in5eritane+2# A&ain: m!re!ver: t5i4 i4 7er6et3y

rea4!nab3e a4 a &enera3 ru3e: but irum4tane4 !6ten ari4e in w5i5 t5ere may be e;e33ent

rea4!n4 6!r ma9in& 47eia3 7r!vi4i!n 6!r a di4ab3ed 5i3d: 6!r e;am73e: !ne w5! 5a4 been

member4 !6 t5e 6ami3y# T5e S5ia 3aw 5a4 a3way4 a33!wed t5i4 and 4u5 6reed!m !6 beue4t:

wit5in t5e beueat5ab3e t5ird: w!u3d 4eem t! be t5e natura3 im73iati!n !6 4!me !6 t5e ver4e4

!6 in5eritane in t5e (!ran# S!: reent re6!rm4 in E&y7t: t5e Sudan and Ira 5ave made t5i43aw6u3 6!r a33 Mu43im4# It i4 !bvi!u4: m!re!ver: 5!w mu5 t5e re3a;ati!n !6 t5e ru3e

7revi!u43y ae7ted by Sunni4 in t5i4 matter w!u3d bene6it wid!w4 4ine t5eir 5u4band4

!u3d t5en 3eave t5em a beue4t t! au&ment t5eir 7itiab3y inadeuate 45are !n inte4tay#

I'. WILL# DRING DEAT"ILLNE##

A &i6t wit5!ut !n4iderati!n made in mar)*ul*maut


19/23

!6 tw! bran5e4 !6 3aw- t5e 3aw !6 &i6t4 and t5e 3aw !6 wi334# T! !n4titute mar)*ul*maut&

t5ere mu4t beC

'# Pr!;imate dan&er !6 deat5

+# A77re5en4i!n in t5e mind !6 t5e 4i9 *# S!me e;terna3 indiia: 3i9e inabi3ity t! attend t! r!utine w!r9: et#

"ut n!t5in& i4 !n3u4ive it i4 a ue4ti!n !6 6at# T5e ue4ti!n !6 a77re5en4i!n i4 !6 e;treme

im7!rtane it i4 e44entia3 t5at t5e &i6t 45!u3d be made under 7re44ure !6 t5e 4en4e !6 t5e

imminene !6 deat5# A!rdin& t! t5e "!mbay /i&5 %!urt t5e ruia3 te4t !6 mar)*ul*maut i4

t5e 4ubetive a77re5en4i!n !6 deat5 in t5e mind !6 t5e d!n!r and t5i4 i4 t! be di4tin&ui45ed

6r!m t5e a77re5en4i!n au4ed in t5e mind !6 !t5er4 +0# T5e Fatimid aut5!ritie4 3ay d!wn t5e

4a3utary ru3e t5at 6!r 5ea3t5y man: it i4 7rudent t! ma9e a wi33 but: 6!r a man w5! i4 i33: it i4!b3i&at!ry#

A &i6t made durin& mar)*ul*maut i4 4ubet t! a33 t5e !nditi!n4 and 6!rma3itie4 7re4ribed in

Mu43im aw 6!r &i6t4 inter vivos( T5u4: tran46er !6 7!44e44i!n i4 a mu4t: !t5erwi4e t5e &i6t 6ai34#

Simi3ar3y: a &i6t by way !6 wi33 durin& deat5-i33ne44: mu4t !m73y wit5 t5e tw! !nditi!n4-

t5e 3imit !6 !ne-t5ird: and i6 made t! an 5eir- t5e reuirement !6 t5e !n4ent !6 !t5er4 5eir4#

Furt5er: t5e 7eu3iaritie4 !6 t5e S5ia and Sunni 3aw4 a34! a773y# In Bommissioner of Cift ,ax&

!rnakulam v# $'dul 5arim #ohd(DE & t5e 6at4 were- a Mu43im e;euted a d!ument 4ty3ed a4

?4ett3ement wi33 &i6tin& ertain m!vab3e4 t! t5e a44e44e# T5e &i6t wa4 made w5en t5e d!n!r

wa4 4eri!u43y i33 and a77re5endin& 5i4 deat5# P!44e44i!n wa4 de3ivered t! t5e d!nee be6!re

deat5# T5e d!n!r died wit5in 4i; wee94 !6 e;eutin& t5e d!ument# T5e a44e44e 3aimed t5at

t5i4 wa4 a &i6t durin& mar)*ul*maut and a4 4u5 e;em7ted 6r!m &i6t ta; under Seti!n


20/23

#NNI LAW AND #"IA LAW COMPARED

SUNNI L$W S-I$ L$W

'# "eue4t by !ne w5! !mmit4 t5e at

6!r 4uiide be6!re !r a6ter ma9in& t5e

wi33 i4 va3id

+# "eue4t 6!r unb!rn 7er4!n va3id i6 t5e

5i3d i4 b!rn wit5in 1 m!nt54 !6 t5e

ma9in& !6 t5e wi33

*# %!n4ent !6 5eir4

a# F!r beue4t in 6av!ur !6 4tran&er

u7 t! '*rd 7r!7erty- n!t reuired

b# F!r beue4t in 6av!ur !6 5eir4


21/23

'. CONCL#ION

T5e Mu43im Wi33 Law i4 di66erent 6r!m t5e 3aw &!vernin& wi334 !6 /indu4 !r wi334 made

under t5e Indian Sue44i!n At: '@+# T5e 3aw !6 Wi334 under Mu43im 3aw a4 di4u44ed

ab!ve i4 derived main3y 6r!m -edaya: t5e /!3y .uran: u4t!m !6 t5e Pr!75et and di66erent

a4e 3aw4# Te4tamentary di47!4iti!n !6 7r!7erty i4 !n4idered t! be divine in nature and

draw4 !n t5e .uran# T5e 3aw i4 uniue in it4e36 a4C

'# It 7ut4 a 3imit !n 5!w mu5 an be beueat5ed#+# T! a33 w5!m it an be made#

*# N! 7artiu3ar 6!rma3ity reuired#

It i4 !rret t5at t5e &enera3 ru3e under Mu43im 7er4!na3 3aw4 in India i4 t5at a Mu43im may:

by 5i4 wi33: di47!4e !n3y u7 t! !ne-t5ird !6 5i4 7r!7erty w5i5 i4 3e6t a6ter 7ayment !6 6unera3

e;7en4e4 and debt4 wit5!ut t5e !n4ent !6 5i4 5eir4# T5e remainin& tw!-t5ird4 !6 t5e te4tat!r84

7r!7erty mu4t &! t! t5!4e w5! are 5i4 5eir4 at t5e time !6 5i4 deat5# /!wever: t5e ab!ve

re4triti!n !n di47!4iti!n !6 7r!7erty by wi33 d! n!t a773y t! a Mu43im w5!4e marria&e i4

21


22/23

4!3emniJed under t5e 7r!vi4i!n4 !6 t5e S7eia3 Marria&e At: '@, in t5e e;tinti!n !6 t5e 4ubet matter !r 7r!7rietary ri&5t4 !6 t5e te4tat!r wi33 im73ied3y

rev!9e t5e wi33# F!r in4tane: i6 t5e te4tat!r tran46er4 t5e 4ame 7r!7erty by 4a3e !r &i6t

4ub4euent3y t! an!t5er it am!unt4 t! im73ied rev!ati!n#

Wi334 under Mu43im 3aw i4 a !m73e; !ne7t main3y beau4e !6 di66erent re4triti!n4 !n

beue4t but i4 a34! uniue in it and n!t 4ur7ri4in&3y: it 5a4 7re4erved it4e36 4ine it4 initiati!n

wit5!ut any ma!r 5an&e#

It w!u3d a34! be !7en t! a Mu43im t! tran46er 5i4 entire 7r!7erty durin& 5i4 3i6etime by way !6

a &i6t t! any 7er4!n: un3e44 t5e &i6t i4 a deat5 bed &i6t# It i4 re&arded under Mu43im 3aw4 t! be

a ma3ady w5i5 indue4 an a77re5en4i!n !6 deat5 in t5e 7er4!n 4u66erin& 6r!m it and w5i5

eventua33y re4u3t4 in 5i4 deat5# A &i6t made by a 7er4!n 4u66erin& 6r!m deat5 i33ne44 ann!t

ta9e e66et bey!nd !ne-t5ird !6 t5e e4tate !6 4u5 d!n!r a6ter 7ayment !6 6unera3 e;7en4e4 and

debt: un3e44 t5e 5eir4 !6 t5e d!n!r &ive t5eir !n4ent a6ter t5e deat5 !6 t5e d!n!r t! t5e e;e44

ta9in& e66et#

'I. %I%LIOGRAP"Y

. %OOK#*

S#N$

#

TITLE

'# A4a6 A# A# FyJee: =utlines of #uhammadan Law


23/23

+. #TATTE*

S#N$ TITLE'# T5e Indian Ma!rity At & '02#

wills under muslim law

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