william h. bowers – [email protected] direct manipulation and pointing devices cooper 21
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William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Direct Manipulation and Direct Manipulation and Pointing DevicesPointing Devices
Cooper 21Cooper 21
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
AgendaAgenda
Direct manipulationDirect manipulation Visual feedback for direct Visual feedback for direct
manipulationmanipulation Pointing devicesPointing devices Using the mouseUsing the mouse
– Mouse buttonsMouse buttons– Pointing and clickingPointing and clicking
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
AgendaAgenda
Using the mouseUsing the mouse– Up and down mouse eventsUp and down mouse events
CursorsCursors Pliancy and hintingPliancy and hinting Input focusInput focus Meta-keysMeta-keys
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Direct ManipulationDirect Manipulation
Coined by ShneidermanCoined by Shneiderman Consists ofConsists of
– Visual representationVisual representation– Physical actionsPhysical actions– Immediately visible feedbackImmediately visible feedback
Requires rich visual interactionRequires rich visual interaction Must be visibleMust be visible
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Direct ManipulationDirect Manipulation
SimpleSimple StraightforwardStraightforward Easy to useEasy to use Easy to rememberEasy to remember Not intuitiveNot intuitive Must be taughtMust be taught May be difficult for fine controlMay be difficult for fine control
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Direct ManipulationDirect Manipulation
Five varietiesFive varieties– SelectionSelection– Drag and dropDrag and drop– Control manipulationControl manipulation– Resizing, reshaping and Resizing, reshaping and
repositioningrepositioning– Connecting objectsConnecting objects
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Direct ManipulationDirect Manipulation
Three phasesThree phases– Free phaseFree phase– Captive phaseCaptive phase– Termination phaseTermination phase
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Visual Feedback for Direct Visual Feedback for Direct ManipulationManipulation Cursor hintingCursor hinting
– Free cursor hintingFree cursor hinting Cursor changes as it passes over an Cursor changes as it passes over an
objectobject
– Captive cursor hintingCaptive cursor hinting Changes to indicate the process is in Changes to indicate the process is in
progressprogress May show the object or an outlineMay show the object or an outline
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Pointing DevicesPointing Devices
Light pensLight pens– Logical extension of fingersLogical extension of fingers– Unusable with computersUnusable with computers– Difficult to use on vertical surfacesDifficult to use on vertical surfaces– Requires anchor point for heel of Requires anchor point for heel of
handhand– Relies on gross motor controlRelies on gross motor control
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Pointing DevicesPointing Devices
MiceMice– Not intuitiveNot intuitive– No visual affordanceNo visual affordance– Motion is proportional, not one to Motion is proportional, not one to
oneone– Really indirect manipulationReally indirect manipulation– Generally impreciseGenerally imprecise– Good for pointingGood for pointing
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Pointing DevicesPointing Devices
TrackballsTrackballs– Used in games and early laptopsUsed in games and early laptops– Button placement is an issueButton placement is an issue– More compact footprint than mouseMore compact footprint than mouse
Digitizing tabletsDigitizing tablets– Artists, graphic designersArtists, graphic designers– Absolute pointing devicesAbsolute pointing devices– Relatively expensiveRelatively expensive
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Pointing DevicesPointing Devices
TouchpadsTouchpads– Combine mouse, trackball and digitizingCombine mouse, trackball and digitizing– Relative pointingRelative pointing– Can be used to click or double clickCan be used to click or double click
TrackpointTrackpoint– ““Eraser” in the middle of the keyboardEraser” in the middle of the keyboard– Can be difficult to controlCan be difficult to control
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Pointing DevicesPointing Devices
TouchscreensTouchscreens– Used in PDAUsed in PDA– Uses stylus or fingerUses stylus or finger– Can be used to write on the screenCan be used to write on the screen
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Using the MouseUsing the Mouse
Near motionsNear motions– Close to current cursor positionClose to current cursor position– Fine motor skillsFine motor skills– Finger motionFinger motion
Far motionsFar motions– Moving across the screenMoving across the screen– Requires lifting the handRequires lifting the hand– Uses gross motor skillsUses gross motor skills
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Using the MouseUsing the Mouse
Clicking uses fine motor skillsClicking uses fine motor skills Combining far motion and clicking Combining far motion and clicking
is awkwardis awkward
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Using the MouseUsing the Mouse
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Mouse ButtonsMouse Buttons
How many?How many? Left buttonLeft button
– Provides major function accessProvides major function access Right buttonRight button
– Secondary functionsSecondary functions– Context sensitiveContext sensitive
Middle buttonMiddle button– Optional, usually programmableOptional, usually programmable
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Pointing and ClickingPointing and Clicking
Two atomic optionsTwo atomic options– PointPoint– ClickClick
Compound actionsCompound actions– ClickClick– Click and dragClick and drag– Double clickDouble click– Chord clickingChord clicking
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Up and Down Mouse EventsUp and Down Mouse Events
A click uses both eventsA click uses both events Selection is based on the down Selection is based on the down
eventevent Mouse up on the control means Mouse up on the control means
activateactivate Mouse up off the control means Mouse up off the control means
cancelcancel
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
CursorsCursors
Visual representation of mouse Visual representation of mouse positionposition
Shape independentShape independent Must resolve point to single pixelMust resolve point to single pixel
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Pliancy and HintingPliancy and Hinting
Object or area reacts to mouse Object or area reacts to mouse positionposition
Must be communicated to userMust be communicated to user– Static visual hintingStatic visual hinting– Cursor hintingCursor hinting
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Static Visual HintingStatic Visual Hinting
Object changes appearance on Object changes appearance on mouse overmouse over
Pushbuttons use visual hintingPushbuttons use visual hinting Acts as training deviceActs as training device Reminds user of object’s pliancyReminds user of object’s pliancy Usually used with controlsUsually used with controls
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Cursor HintingCursor Hinting
Changes cursor appearanceChanges cursor appearance Resizing indicatorResizing indicator Frequently used with dataFrequently used with data
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Wait Cursor HintingWait Cursor Hinting
Program changes the cursorProgram changes the cursor Indicates busynessIndicates busyness Really applies to program, not Really applies to program, not
systemsystem Depends on cursor being in the Depends on cursor being in the
program’s active areaprogram’s active area
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Input FocusInput Focus
Only one program can be in Only one program can be in contact with the usercontact with the user
Usually indicated by title barUsually indicated by title bar What happens if the user clicks What happens if the user clicks
on an inactive program area?on an inactive program area?– Changes focus?Changes focus?– Discard click?Discard click?
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Meta-KeysMeta-Keys
ControlControl AltAlt ShiftShift Actual choice is less important Actual choice is less important
than consistencythan consistency
William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]
Questions & DiscussionQuestions & Discussion