william h. bowers – [email protected] direct manipulation and pointing devices cooper 21

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William H. Bowers – [email protected] William H. Bowers – [email protected] Direct Manipulation Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices and Pointing Devices Cooper 21 Cooper 21

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Page 1: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Direct Manipulation and Direct Manipulation and Pointing DevicesPointing Devices

Cooper 21Cooper 21

Page 2: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

AgendaAgenda

Direct manipulationDirect manipulation Visual feedback for direct Visual feedback for direct

manipulationmanipulation Pointing devicesPointing devices Using the mouseUsing the mouse

– Mouse buttonsMouse buttons– Pointing and clickingPointing and clicking

Page 3: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

AgendaAgenda

Using the mouseUsing the mouse– Up and down mouse eventsUp and down mouse events

CursorsCursors Pliancy and hintingPliancy and hinting Input focusInput focus Meta-keysMeta-keys

Page 4: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Direct ManipulationDirect Manipulation

Coined by ShneidermanCoined by Shneiderman Consists ofConsists of

– Visual representationVisual representation– Physical actionsPhysical actions– Immediately visible feedbackImmediately visible feedback

Requires rich visual interactionRequires rich visual interaction Must be visibleMust be visible

Page 5: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Direct ManipulationDirect Manipulation

SimpleSimple StraightforwardStraightforward Easy to useEasy to use Easy to rememberEasy to remember Not intuitiveNot intuitive Must be taughtMust be taught May be difficult for fine controlMay be difficult for fine control

Page 6: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Direct ManipulationDirect Manipulation

Five varietiesFive varieties– SelectionSelection– Drag and dropDrag and drop– Control manipulationControl manipulation– Resizing, reshaping and Resizing, reshaping and

repositioningrepositioning– Connecting objectsConnecting objects

Page 7: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Direct ManipulationDirect Manipulation

Three phasesThree phases– Free phaseFree phase– Captive phaseCaptive phase– Termination phaseTermination phase

Page 8: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Visual Feedback for Direct Visual Feedback for Direct ManipulationManipulation Cursor hintingCursor hinting

– Free cursor hintingFree cursor hinting Cursor changes as it passes over an Cursor changes as it passes over an

objectobject

– Captive cursor hintingCaptive cursor hinting Changes to indicate the process is in Changes to indicate the process is in

progressprogress May show the object or an outlineMay show the object or an outline

Page 9: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Pointing DevicesPointing Devices

Light pensLight pens– Logical extension of fingersLogical extension of fingers– Unusable with computersUnusable with computers– Difficult to use on vertical surfacesDifficult to use on vertical surfaces– Requires anchor point for heel of Requires anchor point for heel of

handhand– Relies on gross motor controlRelies on gross motor control

Page 10: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Pointing DevicesPointing Devices

MiceMice– Not intuitiveNot intuitive– No visual affordanceNo visual affordance– Motion is proportional, not one to Motion is proportional, not one to

oneone– Really indirect manipulationReally indirect manipulation– Generally impreciseGenerally imprecise– Good for pointingGood for pointing

Page 11: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Pointing DevicesPointing Devices

TrackballsTrackballs– Used in games and early laptopsUsed in games and early laptops– Button placement is an issueButton placement is an issue– More compact footprint than mouseMore compact footprint than mouse

Digitizing tabletsDigitizing tablets– Artists, graphic designersArtists, graphic designers– Absolute pointing devicesAbsolute pointing devices– Relatively expensiveRelatively expensive

Page 12: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Pointing DevicesPointing Devices

TouchpadsTouchpads– Combine mouse, trackball and digitizingCombine mouse, trackball and digitizing– Relative pointingRelative pointing– Can be used to click or double clickCan be used to click or double click

TrackpointTrackpoint– ““Eraser” in the middle of the keyboardEraser” in the middle of the keyboard– Can be difficult to controlCan be difficult to control

Page 13: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Pointing DevicesPointing Devices

TouchscreensTouchscreens– Used in PDAUsed in PDA– Uses stylus or fingerUses stylus or finger– Can be used to write on the screenCan be used to write on the screen

Page 14: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Using the MouseUsing the Mouse

Near motionsNear motions– Close to current cursor positionClose to current cursor position– Fine motor skillsFine motor skills– Finger motionFinger motion

Far motionsFar motions– Moving across the screenMoving across the screen– Requires lifting the handRequires lifting the hand– Uses gross motor skillsUses gross motor skills

Page 15: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Using the MouseUsing the Mouse

Clicking uses fine motor skillsClicking uses fine motor skills Combining far motion and clicking Combining far motion and clicking

is awkwardis awkward

Page 16: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Using the MouseUsing the Mouse

Page 17: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Mouse ButtonsMouse Buttons

How many?How many? Left buttonLeft button

– Provides major function accessProvides major function access Right buttonRight button

– Secondary functionsSecondary functions– Context sensitiveContext sensitive

Middle buttonMiddle button– Optional, usually programmableOptional, usually programmable

Page 18: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Pointing and ClickingPointing and Clicking

Two atomic optionsTwo atomic options– PointPoint– ClickClick

Compound actionsCompound actions– ClickClick– Click and dragClick and drag– Double clickDouble click– Chord clickingChord clicking

Page 19: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Up and Down Mouse EventsUp and Down Mouse Events

A click uses both eventsA click uses both events Selection is based on the down Selection is based on the down

eventevent Mouse up on the control means Mouse up on the control means

activateactivate Mouse up off the control means Mouse up off the control means

cancelcancel

Page 20: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

CursorsCursors

Visual representation of mouse Visual representation of mouse positionposition

Shape independentShape independent Must resolve point to single pixelMust resolve point to single pixel

Page 21: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Pliancy and HintingPliancy and Hinting

Object or area reacts to mouse Object or area reacts to mouse positionposition

Must be communicated to userMust be communicated to user– Static visual hintingStatic visual hinting– Cursor hintingCursor hinting

Page 22: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Static Visual HintingStatic Visual Hinting

Object changes appearance on Object changes appearance on mouse overmouse over

Pushbuttons use visual hintingPushbuttons use visual hinting Acts as training deviceActs as training device Reminds user of object’s pliancyReminds user of object’s pliancy Usually used with controlsUsually used with controls

Page 23: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Cursor HintingCursor Hinting

Changes cursor appearanceChanges cursor appearance Resizing indicatorResizing indicator Frequently used with dataFrequently used with data

Page 24: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Wait Cursor HintingWait Cursor Hinting

Program changes the cursorProgram changes the cursor Indicates busynessIndicates busyness Really applies to program, not Really applies to program, not

systemsystem Depends on cursor being in the Depends on cursor being in the

program’s active areaprogram’s active area

Page 25: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Input FocusInput Focus

Only one program can be in Only one program can be in contact with the usercontact with the user

Usually indicated by title barUsually indicated by title bar What happens if the user clicks What happens if the user clicks

on an inactive program area?on an inactive program area?– Changes focus?Changes focus?– Discard click?Discard click?

Page 26: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Meta-KeysMeta-Keys

ControlControl AltAlt ShiftShift Actual choice is less important Actual choice is less important

than consistencythan consistency

Page 27: William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Direct Manipulation and Pointing Devices Cooper 21

William H. Bowers – [email protected] H. Bowers – [email protected]

Questions & DiscussionQuestions & Discussion