Kitsch 1

Kitsch

Garden gnomes and other lawn ornamentsare often considered kitschy

Kitsch (English pronunciation ˈkɪtʃ loanword from German) is a form of artthat is considered an inferior tasteless copy of an extant style of art or aworthless imitation of art of recognized value The concept is associatedwith the deliberate use of elements that may be thought of as culturalicons[1] while making cheap mass-produced objects that are unoriginalKitsch also refers to the types of art that are aesthetically deficient(whether or not being sentimental glamorous theatrical or creative) andthat make creative gestures which merely imitate the superficialappearances of art through repeated conventions and formulae Excessivesentimentality often is associated with the term

The term kitsch is considered derogatory denoting works executed topander to popular demand alone and purely for commercial purposesrather than works created as self-expression by an artist[2] The term isgenerally reserved for unsubstantial and gaudy works that are calculated tohave popular appeal and are considered pretentious and shallow ratherthan genuine artistic efforts[3]

The concept of kitsch is applied to artwork that was a response to thenineteenth century art with aesthetics that convey exaggeratedsentimentality and melodrama hence kitsch art is closely associated withsentimental art

Etymology

The etymology is uncertain but as a descriptive term kitsch originated inthe art markets of Munich in the 1860s and the 1870s describing cheappopular and marketable pictures and sketches[4] In Das Buch vom Kitsch (The Book of Kitsch) Hans Reimanndefines it as a professional expression ldquoborn in a painters studiordquo Analogously the writer Edward Koelwel rejectsthat kitsch derives from the English word sketch noting how the sketch was not then in vogue and argues that kitschart pictures were well-executed finished paintings rather than sketchy drawings

Another highly possible theory is that it comes from the Hungarian word kicsi Hungarian pronunciation [ˈkɪtʃɪ]kis [kɪʃ]meaning little or small Most likely through Austrian German This theory is contradicted by the fact that kitsch inHungarian is known as giccs and these words have clear similarities in pronunciation This fact suggests that oneof these words perhaps originated from the other one

Kitsch 2

History

Early uses of the termKitsch appealed to the crass tastes of the newly moneyed Munich bourgeoisie who allegedly thought they couldachieve the status they envied in the traditional class of cultural elites by aping however clumsily the most apparentfeatures of their cultural habitsKitsch became defined as an aesthetically impoverished object of shoddy production meant more to identify theconsumer with a newly acquired class status than to invoke a genuine aesthetic response In this sense the wordeventually came to mean a slapping together (of a work of art)Kitsch was considered morally dubious and to have sacrificed aesthetic life to a pantomime of aesthetic life usuallybut not always in the interest of signaling ones class status

Relationship to aesthetics debated

Immanuel Kant contributed greatly to thephilosophical definition of fine art setting values

that could be used to identify kitsch

There is a philosophical background to kitsch criticism howeverwhich is largely ignored A notable exception to the lack of suchdebate is Gabrielle Thuller who points to how kitsch criticism is basedon Immanuel Kants philosophy of aesthetics

Kant describes the direct appeal to the senses as barbaric Thullerspoint is supported by Mark A Cheetham who points out that kitsch ishis Clement Greenbergs barbarism A source book on texts critical ofkitsch underlines this by including excerpts from the writings of Kantand Schiller

One thus has to keep in mind two things a) Kants enormousinfluence on the concept of fine art (the focus of Cheethams book)as it came into being in the mid to late 18th century and b) howsentimentality or pathos which are the defining traits of kitsch donot find room within Kants aesthetical indifference

Kant also identified genius with originality One could say heimplicitly was rejecting kitsch the presence of sentimentality and thelack of originality being the main accusations against itWhen originality alone is used to determine artistic genius using it as a single focus may become problematic whenthe art of some periods is examined In the Baroque period for example a painter was hailed for his ability to imitateother masters one such imitator being Luca Giordano

Another influential philosopher writing on fine art was Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel who emphasized the idea ofthe artist belonging to the spirit of his time or zeitgeistAs an effect of these aesthetics working with emotional and unmodern or archetypical motifs was referred to askitsch from the second half of the nineteenth century on Kitsch is thus seen as falseAs Thomas Kulka writes the term kitsch was originally applied exclusively to paintings but it soon spread toother disciplines such as music The term has been applied to painters such as Ilya Repin[5] and composers such asPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky whom Hermann Broch refers to as genialischer kitsch or kitsch of genius[6] [7]

Kitsch 3

Art and kitsch defined as oppositesThe word kitsch was popularized in the 1930s by the art theorists Theodor Adorno Hermann Broch and ClementGreenberg who each sought to define avant-garde and kitsch as opposites The art world of the time perceived theimmense popularity of kitsch as a threat to culture The arguments of all three theorists relied on an implicitdefinition of kitsch as a type of false consciousness a Marxist term meaning a mindset present within the structuresof capitalism that is misguided as to its own desires and wants Marxists believe there to be a disjunction between thereal state of affairs and the way that they phenomenally appear

Puppy a gigantic kitsch sculpture by Jeff Koonsdisplayed at Bilbao Museum has appeal described

by Adorno and Broch

Adorno perceived this in terms of what he called the culture industrywhere the art is controlled and formulated by the needs of the marketand given to a passive population which accepts itmdashwhat is marketedis art that is non-challenging and formally incoherent but which servesits purpose of giving the audience leisure and something to watch orobserve It helps serve the oppression of the population by capitalismby distracting them from their social alienation Contrarily for Adornoart is supposed to be subjective challenging and oriented against theoppressiveness of the power structure He claimed that kitsch is parodyof catharsis and a parody of aesthetic experience

Broch called kitsch the evil within the value-system of artmdashthat is iftrue art is good kitsch is evil While art was creative Broch heldthat kitsch depended solely on plundering creative art by adoptingformulas that seek to imitate it limiting itself to conventions anddemanding a totalitarianism of those recognizable conventions Brochaccuses kitsch of not participating in the development of art having itsfocus directed at the past as Greenberg speaks of its concern withprevious cultures To Broch kitsch was not the same as bad art itformed a system of its own He argued that kitsch involved trying to achieve beauty instead of truth and that anyattempt to make something beautiful would lead to kitsch Consequently he opposed the Renaissance toProtestantism

Greenberg held similar views to Broch concerning the beauty and truth dichotomy believing that the avant-gardestyle arose in order to defend aesthetic standards from the decline of taste involved in consumer society and thatkitsch and art were opposites which he outlined in his essay Avant-Garde and Kitsch

Relationship to totalitarianismOther theorists over time also have linked kitsch to totalitarianism and its propaganda The Czech writer MilanKundera in his book The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984) defined it as the absolute denial of shit He wrotethat kitsch functions by excluding from view everything that humans find difficult with which to come to termsoffering instead a sanitized view of the world in which all answers are given in advance and preclude anyquestionsIn its desire to paper over the complexities and contradictions of real life kitsch Kundera suggested is intimatelylinked with totalitarianism In a healthy democracy diverse interest groups compete and negotiate with one anotherto produce a generally acceptable consensus by contrast everything that infringes on kitsch includingindividualism doubt and irony must be banished for life in order for kitsch to survive Therefore Kundera wroteWhenever a single political movement corners power we find ourselves in the realm of totalitarian kitschFor Kundera Kitsch causes two tears to flow in quick succession The first tear says How nice to see children running on the grass The second tear says How nice to be moved together with all mankind by children running

Kitsch 4

on the grass It is the second tear that makes kitsch kitsch

Relationship to academic artOne of Greenbergs more controversial claims was that kitsch was equivalent to academic art All kitsch isacademic and conversely all that is academic is kitsch He argued this based on the fact that academic art such asthat in the nineteenth century was heavily centered in rules and formulations that were taught and tried to make artinto something that could be taught and easily expressible He later came to withdraw from his position of equatingthe two as it became heavily criticizedOften nineteenth century academic art still is seen as kitsch although this view is coming under attack from modernart critics Broch argued that the genesis of kitsch was in Romanticism which wasnt kitsch itself but which openedthe door for kitsch taste by emphasizing the need for expressive and evocative art work Academic art whichcontinued this tradition of Romanticism has a twofold reason for its association with kitsch

This antique kitsch writing set allows the user torest writing utensils in the bucks antlers

It is not that academic art was found to be accessible In fact it wasunder its reign that the difference between high art and low art first wasdefined by intellectuals Academic art strove toward remaining in atradition rooted in the aesthetic and intellectual experience Intellectualand aesthetic qualities of the work were certainly theremdashgoodexamples of academic art even were admired by the avant-garde artistswho would rebel against it There was some critique however that inbeing too beautiful and democratic it made art look easynon-involving and superficial According to Tomas Kulka anyacademic painting made after the time of academism is kitsch bynature

Many academic artists tried to use subjects from low art and ennoblethem as high art by subjecting them to interest in the inherent qualities of form and beauty trying to democratize theart world In England certain academics even advocated that the artist should work for the marketplace In somesense the goals of democratization succeeded and the society was flooded with academic art with the public liningup to see art exhibitions as they do to see movies today

Kitsch 5

This kitsch postcard of Lohengrin was circulatedaround 1900

Literacy in art became widespread as did the practice of art makingand there was a blurring of the division between high and low cultureThis often led to poorly made or conceived artwork being accepted ashigh art Often art which was found to be kitsch showed technicaltalent such as in creating accurate representations but lacked goodtaste

Furthermore although original in their first expression the subjectsand images presented in academic art were disseminated to the publicin the form of prints and postcards which often actively wasencouraged by the artists These images were copied endlessly inkitschified form until they became well-known clicheacutes

The avant-garde reacted to these developments by separating itselffrom aspects of art that were appreciated by the public such aspictorial representation and harmony in order to make a stand for theimportance of the aesthetic Many modern critics try not to pigeonholeacademic art into the kitsch side of the art-or-kitsch dichotomyrecognizing its historical role in the genesis of both the avant-garde andkitsch

Postmodernist interpretations

With the emergence of postmodernism in the 1980s the borders between kitsch and high art again became blurredOne development was the approval of what is called camp taste - which may be related to but is not the same ascamp when used as a gay sensibility[8] Camp in some circles refers to an ironic appreciation of that which mightotherwise be considered corny such as singer and dancer Carmen Miranda with her tutti-frutti hats or otherwisekitsch such as popular culture events that are particularly dated or inappropriately serious such as the low-budgetscience fiction movies of the 1950s and 1960s

A hypothetical example from the world of painting would be a kitsch image of a deer by a lake In order to make thiscamp one could paint a sign beside it saying No Swimming The majestic or romantic impression of a statelyanimal would be punctured by humor the notion of an animal receiving a punishment for the breach of the rule ispatently ludicrous The original serious sentimentality of the motif is neutralized and thus it becomes campCamp is derived from the French slang term camper which means to pose in an exaggerated fashion SusanSontag argued in her 1964 Notes on Camp that camp was an attraction to the human qualities which expressedthemselves in failed attempts at seriousness the qualities of having a particular and unique style and of reflectingthe sensibilities of the era It involved an aesthetic of artifice rather than of nature Indeed hard-line supporters ofcamp culture have long insisted that camp is a lie that dares to tell the truth

Kitsch 6

Some create their own simple kitsch decorationssuch as this angel sculpture

Much of pop art attempted to incorporate images from popular cultureand kitsch These artists strove to maintain legitimacy by saying theywere quoting imagery to make conceptual points usually with theappropriation being ironic

In Italy a movement arose called the Nuovi-nuovi (new new) whichtook a different route instead of quoting kitsch in an ironic stance itfounded itself in a primitivism which embraced ugliness andgarishness emulating kitsch as a sort of anti-aesthetic

A different approach is taken by the Norwegian painter Odd Nerdrumwho in 1998 began to argue for kitsch as a positive term used as asuperstructure for figurative non-ironic and narrative painting In2000 together with several other authors he composed a book entitledOn Kitsch where he advocated the concept of kitsch as a morecorrect name than art for this type of painting As a result of thisredefinition proposed by Nerdrum an increasing number of figurativepainters are referring to themselves as kitsch painters

Conceptual art and deconstruction posed as interesting challengesbecause as with kitsch they downplayed the formal structure of theartwork in favor of elements that enter it by relating to other spheres oflife

Despite this many in the art world continue to adhere to some sense of the dichotomy between art and kitschexcluding all sentimental and realistic art from being considered seriously This has come under attack by criticswho argue for a renewed appreciation of academic art and traditional figurative painting without the concern for itappearing innovative or new As in the surreal and figurative paintings of Lawrence Hollien

In any case whatever difficulty there is in defining boundaries between kitsch and fine art since the beginning ofpostmodernism the word kitsch still remains in common use to label anything seen as being in poor taste

Kitsch 7

Contemporary kitsch debate

A twenty-five-feet-tall version of a Johnson statue thatis cited as an unauthorized derivative of an AlfredEisenstaedt photograph by its copyright holder the

people shown walking away from the statue claim to bethe subjects

A notable issue regarding kitsch and copyright laws arose early inthe twenty-first century In 2005 one of several versions of a statueproduced by the staff of Seward Johnson was placed on temporaryexhibit among a display of fine art at the bay front of SarasotaFlorida[9] The response of the community was severely dividedJohnson has been labeled a kitsch artist since the 1980s [10] [11]

[12]

The statue is alleged to be a copy of an iconic photograph byAlfred Eisenstaedt that was published in Life magazine in 1945and is protected by copyright[13] When issues of copyrightinfringement arose Johnson claimed to have used another sourcefound through research at the national archives which was in thepublic domain Certain details of the statues however are presentonly in the Eisenstaedt photograph supporting the infringementclaim [14] After a temporary display of a similar statue at the Portof San Diego[15] the director of a Sarasota bay front biannualshow brought another version of the work to Sarasota in 2009 Anelderly donor offered to give that statue permanently to the city[16]

Public debate about the role of kitsch in the arts ensued[17] [18] [19]

[20]

Although the proposal was rejected unanimously by the municipalpublic art committee and the city attorney expressed concernbecause he felt the copyright infringement case had merit amajority vote of the city commission authorized acceptance of thegift as long as funding for any legal expenses was provided by thedonor and Johnson agreed to forgo the purchase price for that purpose if that became necessary[21]

See alsobull Camp (style)bull Chintzbull Clicheacutebull Fine artbull Folk artbull Hipster (contemporary subculture)bull Popular culturepopular culture studiesbull Poshlostbull Prolefeedbull Retrobull Schlockbull Vladimir Tretchikoffbull Lowbrow (art movement)

Kitsch 8

Further readingbull Adorno Theodor (2001) The Culture Industry Routledge ISBN 0-415-25380-2bull Braungart Wolfgang (2002) rdquoKitsch Faszination und Herausforderung des Banalen und Trivialenrdquo Max

Niemeyer Verlag ISBN 3-484-32112-10083-4564bull Broch Hermann (2003) Geist and Zeitgeist The Spirit in an Unspiritual Age Counterpoint Press ISBN

1-58243-168-Xbull Cheetham Mark A (2001) rdquoKant Art and Art History moments of disciplinerdquo Cambridge University Press

ISBN 0-521-80018-8bull Dorfles Gillo (1969 translated from the 1968 Italian version Il Kitsch) Kitsch The World of Bad Taste

Universe Books LCCN 78-93950bull Elias Norbert (1998[1935]) ldquoThe Kitsch Style and the Age of Kitschrdquo in J Goudsblom and S Mennell (eds) The

Norbert Elias Reader Oxford Blackwellbull Gelfert Hans-Dieter (2000) rdquoWas ist Kitschrdquo Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht in Goumlttingen ISBN 3-525-34024-9bull Giesz Ludwig (1971) Phaumlnomenologie des Kitsches 2 vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage Muumlnchen Wilhelm

Fink Verlag [Partially translated into English in Dorfles (1969)] Reprint (1994) Ungekuumlrzte Ausgabe Frankfurtam Main S Fischer Verlag ISBN 3-596-12034-9 ISBN 978-3-596-12034-5

bull Greenberg Clement (1978) Art and Culture Beacon Press ISBN 0-8070-6681-8bull Karpfen Fritz (1925) rdquoKitsch Eine Studie uumlber die Entartung der Kunstrdquo Weltbund-Verlag Hamburgbull Kristeller Paul Oskar (1990) rdquoThe Modern System of the Artsrdquo (In rdquoRenaissance Thought and the Artsrdquo)

Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-02010-1 (pbk) 0-691-07253-1bull Kulka Tomas (1996) Kitsch and Art Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 0-271-01594-2bull Kundera Milan (1999) The Unbearable Lightness of Being A Novel Harper Perennial ISBN 0-06-093213-9bull Moles Abraham (nouvelle eacutedition 1977) Psychologie du Kitsch Lrsquoart du Bonheur Denoeumll-Gonthierbull Nerdrum Odd (Editor) (2001) On Kitsch Distributed Art Publishers ISBN 82-489-0123-8bull Olalquiaga Celeste (2002) The Artificial Kingdom On the Kitsch Experience University of Minnesota ISBN

0-8166-4117-Xbull Reimann Hans (1936) rdquoDas Buch vom Kitschrdquo Piper Verlag Muumlnchenbull Richter Gerd (1972) Kitsch-Lexicon Bertelsmann ISBN 3-570-03148-9bull Shiner Larry (2001) rdquoThe Invention of Artrdquo University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-226-75342-5bull Thuller Gabrielle (2006 and 2007) Kunst und Kitsch Wie erkenne ich ISBN 3-7630-2463-8 Kitsch

Balsam fuumlr Herz und Seele ISBN 978-3-7630-2493-3 (Both on Belser-Verlag Stuttgart)bull Ward Peter (1994) Kitsch in Sync A Consumerrsquos Guide to Bad Taste Plexus Publishing ISBN 0-85965-152-5bull Kitsch Texte und Theorien (2007) Reclam ISBN 978-3-15-018476-9 (Includes classic texts of kitsch

criticism from authors like Theodor Adorno Ferdinand Avenarius Edward Koelwel Walter Benjamin ErnstBloch Hermann Broch Richard Egenter etc)

External linksbull Avant-Garde and Kitsch [22]mdashessay by Clement Greenbergbull On Kitsch [23]mdashselections from Odd Nerdrumrsquos manifestobull Kitsch and the Modern Predicament [24]mdashessay by Roger Scrutonbull Museum of Bad Art [25]

bull World Of Kitsch [26]

bull The Allee Willis Museum of Kitsch [27]

bull Kitsch or Not [28]mdashlike Hot or Not but for kitschbull world wide kitsch [29]mdashkitsch painters and writersbull Why Dictators Love Kitsch [30] by Eric Gibson The Wall Street Journal August 10 2009

Kitsch 9

bull Fulford Robert (2009-04-28) Finding kitschs inner beauty [31] ISSN 1486-8008 Retrieved 2009-05-04

References[1] ArtsNet Minnesota Identity Vocabulary (http www artsconnected org artsnetmn identity idvocab html) Artsconnectedorg

Retrieved 2010-06-08[2] Glossery of Art terms and materials (http netdwellers com 1001 hosting users AT IslandArts paTerms and materials html)

Netdwellerscom Retrieved 2010-06-08[3] Classical Guitar Dictionary K (http www cgsmusic net Classical Guitar Sheet Music Dictionary Classical Guitar Dictionary K htm)

Cgsmusicnet 2002-11-01 Retrieved 2010-06-08[4] Calinescu Matei Five Faces of Modernity Kitsch pg 234[5] Clement Greenberg Avantgarde and Kitsch[6] Theodor Adorno Musikalische Warenanalysen[7] Carl Dahlhaus Uumlber musikalischen Kitsch[8] Cf Fabio Cleto ed Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject A Reader Ann Arbor MI University of Michigan Press 2002[9] Sarasotaseasonofsculptureorg (http www sarasotaseasonofsculpture org GallerySpecs cfmid=407)[10] Neuhaus Cable (1984-03-26) Cast in Bronze and Controversy Sculptor J Seward Johnsons Works Find No Haven in New Haven (http

www people com people archive article 02008743200 html) Peoplecom Retrieved 2010-06-08[11] Blake Gopnik Washington Post A Bad Impression At the Corcoran Gallery Seward Johnsons Travesty in Three Dimensions

Washingtonpostcom (http www washingtonpost com ac2 wp-dynpagename=articleamp contentId=A62842-2003Sep11amp notFound=true)[12] Lynette Clemonson Corcoran After Dispute Casts About for New Path (http www nytimes com 2005 05 28 arts design 28corc

htmlpagewanted=print)[13] Graves Robert Reject Copycat Statue Sarasota Herald Tribune (http www heraldtribune com article 20090822 LETTERS

908219932 2163 OPINIONTitle=Reject-copycat-sailor-statue)[14] Sculptor at center of copyright infringement case (http www heraldtribune com article 20060509 NEWS

605090464Title=Sculptor-at-center-of-copyright-infringement-case) HeraldTribunecom 2006-05-09 Retrieved 2010-06-08[15] Pincus Robert L (2007-03-11) Port surrenders in the battle against kitsch | The San Diego Union-Tribune (http ww uniontrib com

uniontrib 20070311 news_lz1a11kitsch html) Wwuniontribcom Retrieved 2010-06-08[16] Theledgercom (http www theledger com article 20090620 news 906205044)[17] Unconditional Surrender statue in Sarasota (http unconditionalsurrender wordpress com ) Unconditionalsurrenderwordpresscom

2009-06-30 Retrieved 2010-06-08[18] Heraldtribunecom (http www heraldtribune com apps pbcs dll articleAID= 20090713 VIDEO 907132002amp template=video)[19] Heraldtribunecom (http www heraldtribune com article 20090822 LETTERS 908219932 2163

OPINIONTitle=Reject-copycat-sailor-statue)[20] Localmatterspodomaticcom (http localmatters podomatic com entry 2009-07-10T09_56_04-07_00)[21] Ogles Jacob Unconditional Surrender Deal to Be Finalized Today (http www srqmagazine com JMailer showMassMail

cfmmasID=1967) SRQ Daily June 11 2010[22] http www sharecom ca greenberg kitsch html[23] http www nerdrum com kitsch[24] http www city-journal org html 9_1_urbanities_kitsch_and_the html[25] http www museumofbadart org[26] http www worldofkitsch com[27] http www AWMoK com[28] http www kitschornot com[29] http www worldwidekitsch com[30] http online wsj com article SB10001424052970204908604574336383324209824 htmlmod=article-outset-box[31] http www nationalpost com story-printer htmlid=34b2e4cc-6760-49b1-8cb0-a6642d73a6d1

Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and ContributorsKitsch Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphpoldid=374044712 Contributors 605Scorpion 83d40m Abby Boultbee Aeternus After Midnight AgentPeppermint Agonotheta AjdAlainLa AmiDaniel Andre Engels Andycjp AngelOfSadness Aominux Aristottler Arn7 BMF81 Bblackmoor Bhumiya BigBodBad Bobblewik Booyabazooka Boston BrianshapiroBunnyhop11 Bus stop CSWarren Caesium CambridgeBayWeather Camembert Capricorn42 Catdude Catgut ChildofMidnight Chris 73 Clashfrankcastle Clubmarx CmdrjamesonConnelly CryptoDerk Cutler Cybercobra Cyfal Dn DVD R W Dakinijones David Gerard David Rush DavidLeslie2 DavidParfitt Deltabeignet Dogwood123 Dori Duncan ElindstrElvis EncycloPetey Enirac Sum Evrenosogullari Ewoo251 Exe Faradayplank Felicity4711 Fetchcomms Fireplace Fourohfour Francisco BR Freshacconci Gaius Cornelius GoochelaarGreatgavini Gregbard Guerilla grrl Hailey C Shannon Hashar Haukurth Hmwith Hu12 Hybirdd Icaro Ihcoyc Ilja Lorek Imperialles Ingolfson InnocuousPseudonym Ionesco IroslashnieIslandtech J04n JRM Jaberwocky6669 Jackollie Jahsonic Johan Magnus Johnbod Jpgordon Judge Rahman Jwalk487 KF Katr67 Ke4roh Kelisi Kingturtle Kitschkatch Kjetil r KofferKwamikagami Lacrimosus Lars T Laurascudder Leandrod LedgendGamer Legotech LettusB Lord Voldemort Lotje Lupin Lycurgus M5 Mandarax Marskell Mav MboverloadMdwyer Mechasheherezada Mel Etitis MeridianiGusev Moleskiner Mr Adequate Nach0king Nakon Naniwako Nfu-peng Nick Night1stalker Notyourbroom Oblivious OlEnglish OpelioOrangefoodie OregonD00d Ortolan88 Ouishoebean P00r Pathless Peter Isotalo Petercorless Phlebas Pietaster Poobread Popageorgio Proxima Centauri Pteron Puckly Q9 QertisQuadell Qwyrxian R Lowry RL0919 Rachel1 Recury RedWolf Redthoreau Rholton Rich Farmbrough Riffraffselbow Rlitwin Robertvan1 Rsukach Sam Blacketer SandoverSandyGeorgia Sebasletelier Secretlondon Seresin Sfan00 IMG Siryendor Sitethief Sparkit Spencerk Spinoza1111 Spiraling Static Universe Stephen pomes Steverapaport Stude62Sunday 66 Susvolans Symane Sys TJSwoboda Tamfang TedE Tenebrous Tgwitty That TheKMan Thewiikione Thjortel Thorenn Tiddly Tom Tillwe Tom harrison TothebarricadestkToytoy Trilobite Vanished User 03 Veldin963 Verne Equinox Wernher WhatamIdoing Wik Y73m09d11 Zingale Znode Zoicon5 Zovits 354 anonymous edits

Image Sources Licenses and ContributorsFileGarden gnome with wheelbarrow-20051026jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileGarden_gnome_with_wheelbarrow-20051026jpg License Public Domain Contributors UserIoannesbaptistaFileImmanuel Kantjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileImmanuel_Kantjpg License Public Domain Contributors Anne97432 EugeneZelenkoGepardenforellenfischer Immanuel Giel Jed Moros Tomisti WarburgFileBilbao Jeff Koons Puppyjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBilbao_Jeff_Koons_Puppyjpg License Public Domain Contributors NoebseFileSchreibtischsetjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileSchreibtischsetjpg License Public Domain Contributors UserPengFileLohengrin-kitschjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileLohengrin-kitschjpg License Public Domain Contributors BeatrixBelibaste DavidMonniaux IngolfsonMattes Zman Μυρμηγκάκι 1 anonymous editsFileAngioletto kitschjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileAngioletto_kitschjpg License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 25 Contributors Jacopo PriscoImageUS Navy 070210-N-7643B-079 The statue ^ldquoUnconditional Surrender^rdquo which represents a famous photo taken by Alfred Eisenstaedt of a Sailor kissing a nurse inTime Square New York City 1945 was dedicated to the city jpg Sourcehttpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileUS_Navy_070210-N-7643B-079_The_statue_^ldquoUnconditional_Surrender^rdquo_which_represents_a_famous_photo_taken_by_Alfred_Eisenstaedt_of_a_Sailor_kissing_a_nurse_in_Time_Square_New_York_City_1945_was_dedicated_to_the_city_jpg License Public Domain Contributors Ephraim33 Svajcr

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 30 Unportedhttp creativecommons org licenses by-sa 3 0