widerker 1989 two fallacious objections to adams' soft-hard facts distinction

Upload: david-widerker

Post on 06-Apr-2018

221 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/2/2019 Widerker 1989 Two Fallacious Objections to Adams' Soft-Hard Facts Distinction

    1/5

    DAVID WIDERKER

    T W O F A L L A C I O U S O B J E C T I O N S T O A D A M S 'S O F T / H A R D F A C T D I S T I N C T I O N

    (Received 20 April, 1988)T h e r e is a n i n tu i t iv e d i s t i n c ti o n b e t w e e n t w o s o r t s o f f a c ts a b o u t t h ep a s t: g e n u i n e o r h a r d f a c t s a b o u t t h e p a s t s u c h as

    ( 1 ) H i t l e r a t t a c k e d R u s s i a i n 1 9 4 1 .( 2 ) K e n n e d y d i e d i n 1 9 6 3 ,

    a n d s o f t f a c t s a b o u t t h e p a s t s u c h a s( 3 ) H i t l e r a t t a c k e d R u s s i a i n 1 9 4 1 , 4 6 y e a r s b e f o r e C a s e y ' s

    i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e I r a n i a n a f fa ir .( 4 ) J a c k c o r r e c t l y b e l i e v e d i n 1 9 8 2 t h a t C a s e y w i ll b e i n v o l v e d

    i n a s c a n d a l i n 1 9 8 7 ,w h i c h , a l t h o u g h b e i n g f a c ts a b o u t t h e p a s t , o b t a i n i n v i r t u e o f c e rt a i ns t a t e s o f a f f a i r s o r e v e n t s o c c u r r i n g i n t h e f u t u r e . A p h i l o s o p h e r w h oh a s m a d e a n a t t e m p t t o g iv e a p r e c i s e a c c o u n t o f t h is d i s t i n c t io n i sM a r i ly n A d a m s ([1] p p . 4 9 3 - - 4 9 4 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o h e r:

    ( A D )(B ) S t a t e m e n t P i s a t l e a s t i n p a r t a b o u t t i m e T = d r . T h eh a p p e n i n g o r n o t h a p p e n i n g , a c t u a l it y o r n o n - a c t u a l i t y o fs o m e t h i n g a t T , is a n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n o f t h e t ru t h o f P .

    ( C ) S t a t e m e n t P e x p r e s s e s a h a r d f a c t a b o u t a t i m e T ~ - d r . P isn o t a t l e a st in p a r t a b o u t a n y t i m e f u t u r e t o T .

    B y c o n t r a st ,( D ) S t a t e m e n t P e x p r e s s e s a s o f t f a c t a b o u t a t i m e T = d f . P is

    a t l e a s t i n p a r t a b o u t s o m e t i m e f u t u r e t o T .R e c e n t l y (A D ) h as c o m e u n d e r a t t ac k f r o m J o h n F i s c h e r a n d H o f f m a na n d R o s e n k r a n t z . O n e o f th e i r m a i n c r it ic i s m s is t h a t a c c o r d i n g to( A D ) , e v e r y f a c t a b o u t a g i v e n ti m e t t u rn s o u t t o b e a s o f t a b o u t t h a t

    P h i l o s o p h i c a l S t u d i e s 57:103--107, 1989.9 1989 K l u w e r A c a d e m i c P u b lis he rs '. P r i n t e d i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s .

  • 8/2/2019 Widerker 1989 Two Fallacious Objections to Adams' Soft-Hard Facts Distinction

    2/5

    1 0 4 D A V I D W I D E R K E Rt i m e ( [ 2 ] p . 7 5 ; [ 3] p p . 5 9 2 - - 3 ; [4] p p . 4 2 1 ) . C o n s e q u e n t l y th e d i s t i n c -t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o s o r t s o f fa c t c o ll a p se s . M y o b j e c t i n th i s p a p e r i st o s h o w t h a t th e a r g u m e n t s a d d u c e d b y t h e m i n s u p p o r t o f th is c la ima r e n o t c o n v i n c in g .

    C o n s i d e r f i r s t F i s c h e r ' s c r i t i c i s m . F i s c h e r t a k e s ( A D ) t o b e a na c c o u n t w h i c h s a y s t h a t a g i v e n f a c t F i s a s o f t f a c t a b o u t a t i m e t ,i n s o f a r a s it s o b t a i n i n g a t t e n t a il s t h a t a c o n t i n g e n t f a c t o b t a i n s a t at i m e l a t e r t h a n t ( [3 ], p . 5 9 2 ) . 1 C o n s e q u e n t l y , h e d e v e l o p s t h e f o l l o w i n go b j e c t i o n t o it. C o n s i d e r t h e s t a t e m e n t

    ( 5 ) J o h n r a i se s h i s a r m a t t l .I n t u it iv e l y , ( 5) e x p r e s se s a h a r d f a c t a b o u t t l . H o w e v e r , o n A d a m st h e o r y i t f a il s t o d o s o . F o r ( 5 ) h a s a s a lo g i c a l ly n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n o fi ts t r u t h t h a t

    ( 6 ) i t i s n o t t h e c a s e t h a t J o h n r ai s e s h i s a r m f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e a tt3.2

    H e n c e , b e i n g a t l e a s t i n p a r t a b o u t t 3 , ( 5 ) e x p r e s s e s m e r e l y a s o f t f a c ta b o u t t l . F i s c h e r ' s o b j e c t i o n , h o w e v e r , c a n n o t b e d e e m e d c o n v i n c i n g .N o t i c e t h a t a l t h o u g h ( 5 ) e n t a i l s ( 6 ) , ( 5 ) d o e s n o t e n t a i l t h a t t h e s t a t e o fa f fa i r s

    F I : t h a t i t i s n o t t h e c a s e t h a t J o h n r a is e s h i s a r m f o r t h e f i rs tt i m e

    o b t a i n s a t t 3 . F o r i n s t a n c e , F 1 m a y fa i l t o o b t a i n a t t 3 i n a p o s s i b l ew o r l d i n w h i c h t h e r e a r e n o t i m e s l a t e r t h a n t l . B u t i n s u c h a w o r l d ( 5 )a n d ( 6 ) w o u l d s ti ll b e t r u e . T o p u t i t m o r e g e n e r a l l y , a l t h o u g h ( 5 ) e n t a i ls( 6 ), ( 5 ) d o e s n o t e n t a i l t h a t

    ( n ) s o m e c o n t i n g e n t s t a te o f a f f ai r s o b t a i n s a t t 3 .T o r u l e o u t t h i s r e s p o n s e , F i s c h e r w o u l d h a v e t o r e q u i r e ( i ) t h a t e a c ht i m e w h i c h a c t u a l l y e x is t s, e x is t s n e c e s s a r il y , o r ( ii) t h a t t i m e c o u l d n ' th a v e h a d a n e n d ( i t i s i m p o s s i b l e f o r t i m e t o e n d ) . H o w e v e r , t h e s ea s s u m p t i o n s a r e v e r y c o n t r o v e r s i a l a n d n e e d n o t b e a c c e p t e d b y t h ep r o p o n e n t o f ( A D ) . 3

    N e x t e n t e r H o f f m a n a n d R o s e n k r a n t z . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e w r it er s, i t

  • 8/2/2019 Widerker 1989 Two Fallacious Objections to Adams' Soft-Hard Facts Distinction

    3/5

    O N T H E S O F T / H A R D F A C T D I S T I N C T I O N 1 0 5

    i s t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e r e a r e n e c e s s a r i l y e x i s t i n g e n t i t i e s s u c h a sG o d , n u m b e r s , p r o p e r t ie s a n d p r o p o s i t i o n s , w h i c h s u ff ic e s t o r e f u t eA d a m s ' d i s ti n c ti o n . F o r9 i f t h e r e a r e " n e c e s s a r y a c t u a f i ti e s ," t h a t is , e x i s t e n t s w h i c h m u s t e x i s t a t e v e r y t i m e ,t h e n t h e i r e x is t e n c e a t a n y t i m e t i s a n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n o f t h e t r u t h o f a n y s t a t e m e n tw h a t s o e v e r 9 T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t f o r a n y s t a t e m e n t p , a n d a n y t i m e t , p i s a t l e a s t i n p a r ta b o u t t . ([ 4 ], p . 4 2 1 . )A p p a r e n t l y t h e t h o u g h t h e r e i s t h a t s i n ce ( 5 ) e n ta i ls

    ( 7 ) N e c e s s a r i l y , G o d e x i st s a t e v e r y t i m e t,a n d s inc e (7 ) e n t a i l s

    ( 8 ) G o d e x is t s a t t 3 ,( 5 ) a l s o e n t a i l s ( 8 ) . I n t h a t c a s e ( 5 ) w o u l d a g a i n c o u n t a s a s o f t f a c ta b o u t t l , o n A d a m s ' v ie w . T h e r e a r e t w o t h in g s o n e c a n s a y i nr e s p o n s e t o t h i s o b j e c t i o n . F i r s t o f a l l , o n e m i g h t q u e s t i o n t h e c o n c e p -t i o n o f a n e c e s s a r y b e i n g i n v o l v e d i n i t . T h e o r d i n a r y c o n c e p t i o n o f an e c e s s a r y b e i n g i s t h a t o f a b e i n g w h i c h c o u l d n ' t h a v e f a i l e d t o e x i s t .B u t t h i s d o e s n o t m e a n t h a t s u c h a b e i n g i s n e c e s s a r i l y t e m p o r a l . A sa p p l i e d t o G o d , s u c h a c l a im w o u l d b e f la t ly d e n i e d b y p h i l o s o p h e r ss u c h a s B o e t h i u s a n d A q u i n a s , w h o c o n c e i v e o f G o d a s ex i st in g o u t s i d et i m e . A l s o i t i s n o t c l e a r w h y o n e m u s t v i e w a b s t r a c t e n t i t i e s s u c h a sn u m b e r s a n d p r o p e r t i e s a s n e ce s s a r il y t e m p o r a l e n ti ti es . F o r e x a m p l e ,w h y c o u l d n ' t t h e r e b e a p o s s i b l e w o r l d w h i c h i s t i m e l e s s , i n w h i c hm a t h e m a t i c a l t r u t h s s u c h a s ' 2 + 2 = 4 ' w o u l d s ti ll h o l d ?

    T h e s e c o n d w a y i n w h i c h o n e m a y r e s p o n d t o t h e o b j e c t i o n b yH o f f m a n a n d R o s e n k r a n t z is s im p l y t o d e n y t h e in f e r e n ce f r o m ( 7) t o( 8 ) . N o t i c e t h a t i f ( 7 ) w e r e t o i m p l y ( 8 ) , t h e l a t t e r w o u l d b e a n e c e s s a r yt r u th . H o w e v e r , i f w e a l lo w f o r t h e p o s s i b il it y t h a t d i f f e r e n t w o r l d s m a yc o n t a i n d i f f e r e n t t i m e s o r , m o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y , f o r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f aw o r l d w h i c h d o e s n o t c o n t a i n a t i m e s u c h a s t 3 , t h e n a l t h o u g h i t m i g h tb e t h e c a s e t h a t i n e a c h p o s s i b l e w o r l d , G o d e x i s t s a t e v e r y t i m ee x i s t i n g i n t h a t w o r l d , i t n e e d n o t b e t h e c a s e t h a t i n e a c h p o s s i b l ew o r l d G o d e x is ts a t t 3 . T o r u l e o u t s u c h a p o s si b il it y , H o f f m a n a n dR o s e n k r a n t z , l i k e F i s c h e r , w o u l d h a v e t o r e l y u p o n s o m e v e r y c o n -t r o v e rs i a l a s s u m p t i o n s a b o u t t h e n a t u r e o f ti m e . A n d a s l o n g a s t h e y

  • 8/2/2019 Widerker 1989 Two Fallacious Objections to Adams' Soft-Hard Facts Distinction

    4/5

    1 0 6 D A V I D W t D E R K E Rh a v e n ' t p r e s e n t e d u s w i t h a g o o d a r g u m e n t f o r t h e p la u s ib i li ty o f th e s ea s s u m p t i o n s , t h e i r c o n t e n t i o n t h a t o n ( A D ) t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e nh a r d a n d s o f t f a c ts c o l l a p s e s is u n f o u n d e d .

    D e s p i t e t h e w e a k n e s s o f t h e o b j e c t i o n s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , i t m u s t b ea d m i t t e d t h a t A d a m s ' a c c o u n t o f th e h a r d / s o f t f a c t d i s ti n c ti o n i s s t a te dr a t h e r o b s c u r e l y . F o r e x a m p l e , i t is n o t c l e a r w h e t h e r ' s o m e t h i n g ' in ( B )r e f e r s t o e v e n t s o r t o s t a t e s o f a f f a i rs . A l s o , i t i s n o t c l e a r w h e t h e r' n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n ' s i g n if ie s a l o g i c al l y o r a c o u n t e r f a c t u a l l y n e c e s s a r yc o n d i t i o n . 4 M o r e o v e r , ( B ) is a m b i g u o u s in t h e s e n s e t h a t t h e t e r m ' at T 'i n i t c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d i n t w o d i f f e r e n t w a y s : e i t h e r m o d i f y i n g o n l y th et e r m ' s o m e t h i n g ' , o r m o d i f y i n g th e e n t ir e p h r a s e ' T h e h a p p e n i n g , o r n o th a p p e n i n g , a c t u a li ty o r n o n - a c t u a l i ty o f s o m e t h i n g ' . I f ( B ) is u n d e r s t o o di n t h e f i r s t w a y , t h e n t h e c l a i m t h a t ( 5 ) e n t a i l s ( 6 ) , d o e s c o u n t a g a i n s tt h e c o r r e c t n e s s o f ( A D ) . F o r t h i s c l a i m is e q u i v a l e n t t o s a y i n g t h a t ( 5 )h a s a s a n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n o f i ts tr u t h t h e n o n - o b t a i n i n g o f t h e s t a teo f a f f a i r s

    F 2 : t h a t J o h n r a i s e d h is a r m f o r t h e f ir s t t i m e a t t 3 .H o w e v e r , w h e n ( B ) is u n d e r s t o o d in th e s e c o n d w a y , w h i c h I t a k e to b ei t s i n t e n d e d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , i . e . a s m e a n i n g t h a t i t i s t h e o b t a i n i n g o rn o n - o b t a i n i n g at t o f a g i v e n s t a t e o f a f f ai r s w h i c h i s a n e c e s s a r y c o n d i -t i o n f o r t h e t r u t h o f P , t h e n t h e o b j e c t i o n d o e s n o t s u c c e e d . F o r e v e nt h o u g h ( 5 ) e n t a i ls ( 6 ) , i t d o e s n o t e n t a il t h e o b t a i n i n g a t t 3 o f F 1 n o rd o e s i t e n t a il t h e n o n - o b t a i n i n g a t t 3 o f t h e s t a t e o f a f f a ir s

    F 3 : t h a t J o h n r a i s e d h i s a r m f o r t h e f ir s t t im e .( I. e. t h a t a t t 3 , F 3 d o e s n o t o b t a i n . )I n c o n c l u s i o n , w h a t e v e r o u r u l t i m a t e v e r d i c t w i th r e g a r d t o ( A D ) ,o n e t h in g s e e m s c l e a r . ( A D ) i s n o t a s f a t a ll y f l a w e d a s F i s c h e r et aLt h i nk i t i s . 5

    NOTESOr as he indicates in his earlier article, insofar as the truth of the statement express-ing F entails that som ething happens at a time later than t ([2], p. 74--75 ).

    2 't l ' and 't 3 ' are meant to refer here to actually existing times, su ch as July 1, 1981 ,10 a .m., etc.3 Fo r a refutation of the standard argumen ts for the endlessness of tim e, see ([5], pp.

  • 8/2/2019 Widerker 1989 Two Fallacious Objections to Adams' Soft-Hard Facts Distinction

    5/5

    O N T H E S O F T / H A R D F A C T D I S T I N C T I O N 107

    96 - - 10 4 ; [ 8] , pp . 57 9 - - 58 4) . Fo r a r i go r ous f r am ew or k e nab l i ng on e t o t a lk cohe r en t l yabo u t t i m e com i ng t o a n end , s ee ([ 7] , pp . 98 - - 115) .4 I n ( [2 ] , pp . 73 - - 74 ) , F i s che r a r gues conv i nc i ng l y t ha t how one ans w er s t h i s ques t i oni s h i gh ly re l evan t t o w he t he r o r n o t ( A D ) p r ov i des a co r r ec t n eces s a r y cond i t i on f o r t hel ocu t i on 'S t a t em en t P exp r es ses a s o f t f ac t abou t a t i m e T ' .5 I w o u l d li k e t o t h a n k N o r m a n K r e t z m a n n , P h i l Q u i n n a n d T o m F l i n t f o r s o m e v e r yus e f u l com m e nt s on an ea r l ie r d r a f t o f th i s pape r .

    R E F E R E N C E S[1] A d am s , M ar i lyn : 1967 , ' I s t he Ex i s t ence o f G od a 'H a r d Fac t " , The P h i l o soph i ca lR e v ie w 7 6 , 4 9 2 - - 5 0 3 .[2 ] F i s che r , J ohn M ar t in : 1983 , ' F r ee dom and For ekno w l edge ' , The Ph i l o s oph i ca lR e v i e w 9 2 , 6 7 - - 7 9 .[3 ] F i s che r , J ohn M ar t i n : 1986 , 'H a r d - T ype Sof t Fac t s' , The Ph i l o s oph i ca l Rev i ew 94 ,5 9 1 - - 6 0 1 .[4 ] H of f m an , J os hua an d Ro s enkr an t z , G ar y : 1984 , ' H a r d Fac t s and Soft Fac t s ', Th eP h i lo s o p h i ca l R e v ie w 9 3 , 4 1 9 - - 4 3 4 .[5 ] N ew t on- Sm i t h , W . H . : 1980 , Th eS t r uc t u r e o f T i m e ( Rou t l edge and K egan Pau l ).[6 ] P i ke , N e l s on : 1966 , ' O f G od and F r eedom : A R e j o i nde r ' . Th e Ph i l o s oph i ca l Rev i ew7 5 , 3 6 9 - - 3 7 9 .[7 ] P r i o r , A . N . : 1968 , ' O n t he Log i c o f End i n g T i m e ' , i n Pape r s on T i m e and Ten s e( O xf o r d U n i ve r s i ty P r es s) pp . 98 - - 1 15 .[8 ] Sm i t h , Q u en t i n : 1985 , ' O n t he Beg i nn i ng o f T i m e ' , N o t] s, 19 , 579 - - 58 4 .

    Center For Phi losophy o f Religion at theUnivers ity of Notre Da me, an dB ar Ilan U niversity,Ra m at Gan 52 100,Israel