why giraffes have short necks …
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Why giraffes have short necks …. Michael P. Taylor University of Bristol [email protected] Mathew J. Wedel Western University of Health Sciences [email protected]. Why giraffes have short necks …. … and how sauropods got it right. Michael P. Taylor University of Bristol - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Why giraffes haveshort necks …
Michael P. TaylorUniversity of [email protected]
Mathew J. WedelWestern University ofHealth [email protected]
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Why giraffes haveshort necks …
… and howsauropodsgot it right
Michael P. TaylorUniversity of [email protected]
Mathew J. WedelWestern University ofHealth [email protected]
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3-meter barrier for all non-aquatic animals
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Long-necked sauropod groupsUpchurch et al. (2004:fig. 13.18)
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Long-necked sauropod groupsUpchurch et al. (2004:fig. 13.18)
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Long-necked sauropod groups
I suck ...
Upchurch et al. (2004:fig. 13.18)
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Long-necked sauropod groups
Magic
I suck ...
Upchurch et al. (2004:fig. 13.18)
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Factors contributing to long necks1. No constraint on vertebral count
Paraceratherium (Osborn 1923:fig 1)
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Factors contributing to long necks1. No constraint on vertebral count
Mamenchisaurus (modified from Ouyang and Ye 2003:fig. 13)
Paraceratherium (Osborn 1923:fig 1)
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Factors contributing to long necks2. Heads that did not process food
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Factors contributing to long necks2. Heads that did not process food
Diplodocus
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Factors contributing to long necks2. Heads that did not process food
Unholy Diplodocus ☓ Elephas hybrid
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Factors contributing to long necks3. Absolutely large bodies
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Factors contributing to long necks3. Absolutely large bodies
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C
Factors contributing to long necks3. Absolutely large bodies
Crap.
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Crap.C
Factors contributing to long necks3A. Large quadrupedal bodies
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Crap.C
Factors contributing to long necks3A. Large quadrupedal bodies
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C
Factors contributing to long necks3A. Large quadrupedal bodies
Crap.
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Factors contributing to long necks3. Absolutely large bodies
Parrish (2006) showed that sauropod neck lengthscales with torso length to the power 1.35
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Factors contributing to long necks3. Absolutely large bodies
Carpenter (2006) scaled Amphicoelias fragillimus as 2.2 times Diplodocus.But Parrish suggests neck is 2.2^1.35 = 2.9 times => a neck 22 m long
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Factors contributing to long necks4. Air-sacs overcame dead-space
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Factors contributing to long necks4. Air-sacs overcame dead-space
Like ostriches?
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Factors contributing to long necks4. Air-sacs overcame dead-space
But what aboutsperm whales?
Paul 1998:fig. 11
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Factors contributing to long necks4. Air-sacs overcame dead-space
But what aboutsperm whales?
Paul 1998:fig. 11
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Factors contributing to long necks5. Vertebral architecture
Diplodocus carnegii holotype CM 84, cervical 10 (Hatcher 1901:plate III)
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Factors contributing to long necks5. Vertebral architecture
Diplodocus carnegii holotype CM 84, cervical 10 (Hatcher 1901:plate III)
Neural spine
PrezygapophysisPost-zygapophysis
Cervical rib
Centrum
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Cervical vertebral innovations
1. Extreme pneumaticity2. Bifid neural spines3. Elongate cervical ribs
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Cervical vertebral innovations1. Extreme pneumaticity
Ostrich
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Cervical vertebral innovations1. Extreme pneumaticity
Diplodocus
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Cervical vertebral innovations1. Extreme pneumaticity
Diplodocus modified from Paul 1998:fig. 1(a)F
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Cervical vertebral innovations1. Extreme pneumaticity
Diplodocus cervical cross-sections
Paul 1997:fig. 4 Schwarz et al. 2007:fig. 7A2
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Cervical vertebral innovations1. Extreme pneumaticity
Diplodocus
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Cervical vertebral innovations1. Extreme pneumaticity
Diplodocus
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Cervical vertebral innovations1. Extreme pneumaticity
Diplodocus
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Cervical vertebral innovations1. Extreme pneumaticity
Redtailedhawk
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Cervical vertebral innovations2. Bifid neural spines
Apatosaurus
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Long-necked sauropod groupsUpchurch et al. (2004:fig. 13.18)
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Long-necked sauropod groupsBifid neural spines evolvedat least five times
Never secondarily lost?
Otherwise found only inthe rhea (and only just)
Upchurch et al. (2004:fig. 13.18)
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Cervical vertebral innovations2. Bifid neural spines
Alexander (1985) thoughtthe trough was filled witha giant elastin ligament
Diplodocus
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Cervical vertebral innovations2. Bifid neural spines
Apatosaurus
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Cervical vertebral innovations2. Bifid neural spines
Apatosaurus
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Cervical vertebral innovations2. Bifid neural spines
Apatosaurus
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Cervical vertebral innovations2. Bifid neural spines
Diplodocus (Schwarz et al. 2007:fig. 7A2)
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Cervical vertebral innovations2. Bifid neural spines
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Cervical vertebral innovations2. Bifid neural spines
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Cervical vertebral innovations2. Bifid neural spines
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Cervical vertebral innovations3. Elongate cervical ribs
Turkeycervical 7
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Cervical vertebral innovations3. Elongate cervical ribs
Turkeycervical 7
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Cervical vertebral innovations3. Elongate cervical ribs
4.1 m
Turkeycervical 7 Mamenchisaurus
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Cervical vertebral innovations3. Elongate cervical ribs
4.1 m
Mamenchisaurus
That lamegiraffe
Turkeycervical 7
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Cervical vertebral innovations3. Elongate cervical ribs
Giraffatitan
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Cervical vertebral innovations3. Elongate cervical ribs
Giraffatitan
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Cervical vertebral innovations3. Elongate cervical ribs
Giraffatitan
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Comparison with birds and crocs
Turkey cervical 7
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Comparison with birds and crocs
Turkey cervical 7
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Comparison with birds and crocs
Turkey cervical 7
Epipophysis
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Comparison with birds and crocs
Turkey cervical 7
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Comparison with birds and crocsAlligator Majungasaurus Turkey
Majungasaurus from O'Connor 2007:figs. 8, 20
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Comparison with birds and crocsAlligator Majungasaurus Turkey
Majungasaurus from O'Connor 2007:figs. 8, 20
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Comparison with birds and crocsAlligator Majungasaurus Turkey
Majungasaurus from O'Connor 2007:figs. 8, 20
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Comparison with birds and crocsAlligator Majungasaurus TurkeyGiraffatitan
Giraffatitan from Janensch 1950:fig. 46
Majungasaurus from O'Connor 2007:figs. 8, 20
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Comparison with birds and crocsAlligator Majungasaurus TurkeyGiraffatitan Camarasaurus
Giraffatitan from Janensch 1950:fig. 46Camarasaurus from Osborn and Mook 1921:plate LXVIIMajungasaurus from O'Connor 2007:figs. 8, 20
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Comparison with birds and crocs
Analogous but not homologous
Alligator Majungasaurus TurkeyGiraffatitan Camarasaurus
Giraffatitan from Janensch 1950:fig. 46Camarasaurus from Osborn and Mook 1921:plate LXVIIMajungasaurus from O'Connor 2007:figs. 8, 20
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Euhelopus (Wiman 1929:plate III)
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Euhelopus (Wiman 1929:plate III)
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Euhelopus (Wiman 1929:plate III)
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Euhelopus (Wiman 1929:plate III)
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Deinonychus (Ostrom 1969:fig. 37)
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Giraffatitan (Janensch 1950:fig. 43)
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Need finer control for precise movements – requires shorter levers
Giraffatitan (Janensch 1950:fig. 43)
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Tendon is stronger in tension than bone
Giraffatitan (Janensch 1950:fig. 43)
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Muscles expand when they contract lengthways
Giraffatitan (Janensch 1950:fig. 43)
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Muscles expand when they contract lengthways
Giraffatitan (Janensch 1950:fig. 43)
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
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Why are epipophyses not elongate?
Crap.
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Conclusion
Taxon Manyvertebrae
Small head(no dentalbattery)
Large body,four legs
Air-sacs Pneumaticvertebrae
Elongatecervical ribs
Giraffe
Giantrhinos ✓Ostrich
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓Theropods
✓ ✓ ✓Pterosaurs
✓ ✓Sauropods
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
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Conclusion
Taxon Manyvertebrae
Small head(no dentalbattery)
Large body,four legs
Air-sacs Pneumaticvertebrae
Elongatecervical ribs
Giraffe X X X X X XGiantrhinos ✓Ostrich ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓Theropods ✓ ✓ ✓Pterosaurs ✓ ✓Sauropods ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
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Acknowledgements
Everyone who allowed us access to specimensEveryone that we stole images fromWestern University for sending Matt to the UK
Sauroposeidon
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Further readingSauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week: http://svpow.com/
Taylor and Wedel 2013a: https://peerj.com/articles/36
Email: [email protected]
Sauroposeidon