why do we respire? - weebly
TRANSCRIPT
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Why do we respire?
• Oxygen help break down glucose
• Oxygen must get to cell
• Carbon dioxide is waste
• Carbon dioxide must be removed
• Both materials diffuse into and out of cells
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Respiration
• Exchanging Gasses
with the
Environment
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Respiration – The exchange of
carbon dioxide and oxygen between
organisms and their environment
• O2 required for aerobic respiration
• CO2 waste product
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Metabolism/Respiration.gif
THIS IS HOW YOU GET ENERGY FROM FOOD!
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Basic requirements of all
respiratory systems
•Moisture - surfactant
•Concentration Gradient
•Large Surface area
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Simple Organisms
www3.niaid.nih.gov/.../0/aureusL.jpg http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/paramecium1.jpg
•Simple Diffusion
•O2 in
•CO2 out
•No special structures
•High Index
•Moist environments
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Plants
http://www.freewebs.com/jdingfel/Stomata.jpg
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/89/72189-035-16AD1400.jpg
•Stomata
•Spongy Layer
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Kingdom Animalia
http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_23_AnimaliaInvert_Fig_f/Annelid.GIFhttp://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/photos/2006/1-Bradford-nudibranch.jpg
http://www.sos.mo.gov/symbols/symbols.asp?symbol=frog
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Toco_toucan_Parque_das_Av
es.jpg
www.janegoodall.org/.../Chimp-Gaurdian/Nani.jpg
•Usually contain
special structures
•Linked to
circulatory system
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Arthropods
http://www.virginmedia.com/images/grasshopper431x300.jpg
http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsweb/thiel/apbio/review/respiration.html
•Tracheal System
•Air Sacs
•Linked to Circulatory System
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Gills• Gas
Exchange
• Counter
Current
Design
• Maximize
Concentration
Gradient
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Counter Current System
100%
90% DO 5% DO
20% DO
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If it were NOT Counter Current System
100% DO
90% DO 5% DO
10% DO
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Amphibians
•Much of gas exchange
through skin
•Some members have gills
•Simple sac like lungs
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Reptiles• More advanced
lung structure
• Many are fully
terrestrial
http://www.electrical-res.com/EX/10-18-12/emk_reptile.jpg
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http://rbssanimalsystems4.wikispaces.com/respiration+8D
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Internal Morphology of Birds
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/VertebrateLungs.html
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Avian Lung Morphology
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdrespiration.html
Store Air
Lungs
Draw
Air
NOTE: Air moves through lungs in only one direction
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.http://feathernotes.weebly.com/1/post/2011/06/bird-adaptations-for-flight.html
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Birds Are Cool !!
Ruby Throated Humming Bird
Archilochus colubris
50 X metabolic rate of humans
Fly over Gulf of Mexico
620 MilesWikipedia
* High Metabolic Activity
Falco peregrinus
200kmh/124mph
Arctic tern
Sterna paradisa
14,000 miles (22,530 km)
* High Altitude Flying
Ruppell's Griffon Vulture
Gyps ruepellii
11,277m / 37,000 ft
8,848 metres (29,029 ft). = Everest
Peregrine
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Human
Respiration•Pharynx
•Epiglottis
•Larynx
•Trachea
•Bronchial Tubes
•Bronchioles
•Alveoli
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Nasal Cavity
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Nasal Cavity
• Mucosa – Mucous membrane
• Nose Hair
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Larynx• Voice box
• Vibrating chords
create sound
• Muscles control
pitch
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.http://www.online-medical-advice.com/image-files/lungs.jpg
Trachea
Bronchial
Tubes
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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The surface of a person's windpipe (photographed with a colored electron-
scanning microscope) can trap pollen grains (pink) on hairlike cilia (yellow). In
asthmatic or allergic persons, the particles can cause a hypersensitive reaction
that leads to breathing difficulties.http://ucanr.org/repository/cao/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v061n03p119&fulltext=yes
Cilia
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Bronchitis
http://www.yourlunghealth.org/lung_disease/copd/nutshell/index.cfm
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Asthma
• Constriction of airway
• Bronchial tubes
• Bronchioles
• Bronchospasm
• Inflamation
• Mucus Buildup
• Bronchodilators
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• Smokers Lung
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Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
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Alveolus Membrane
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http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f25-9a_bronchioles_and__c.jpg
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Oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood
CO2O2
CO2
O2
CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2CO2
alveoli
(air sacs)
left
atriumright
atrium
right
ventricle left ventricle
O2
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Heart
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Hemoglobin
• RBC protein
• 4 subunits 2 a + 2 b
• Holds 70 X oxygen of blood alone (plasma)
• Contains 4 heme groups (Fe)
• Can carry four oxygen molecules per
molecule
• Has an allosteric site for CO2 which helps
release O2
• Hemoglobin also has high affinity for CO
competitive 250 X greater affinity
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1) O2 diffuses through
lung capillary wall.
(a) Transport of oxygen ( )
2) O2 is carried to tissues
bound to hemoglobin.
3) O2 diffuses through
tissue capillary walls.
lung
side
body
cell
side
hemoglobin
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1) CO2 diffuses through
tissue capillary wall.
(b) Transport of carbon dioxide ( )
lung
side
body
cell
side
2) CO2 is carried to lungs.
3) CO2 diffuses through
lung capillary walls.
dissolved in
plasma
HCO3– as bicarbonate
bound to hemoglobin
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Carbon Monoxide
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http://chickscope.beckman.
uiuc.edu/explore/embryolo
gy/day15/focuson_humans
.html#blank
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Kidney or Renal
Function
http://lifesciencefacts.com/types-of-kidney-disease/.
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Kidney Function 101
• Filter blood
• Keep the good stuff
• Get rid of excess water
• Get rid of nitrogenous
waste - Urea
• Waste leaves as urine
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Renal or Kidney Function
• Osmoregulation
Blood Pressure
• Homeostasis of salts
• Removal of nitrogenous
waste - Urea
• Production of urine
Kidney
Bladder
Ureter
Urethra
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AminoGroup
O
CC
O
R
H
H
HH
N
Amino Acid
Monomer of Protein
What is Nitrogenous Waste?
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Amino acid Ammonia
NH2 CH C
O
R
OH
ammonia
(NH3)
carried in
blood
Ammonia Urea
urea
carried in
blood
NH2CNH2
O
Urea become part of urine
excreted in
urine
amino acid
Ammonia
formed from
amino group
Ammonia
toxic so
liver
converts it
to urea
Urea not
as toxic
and water
soluble
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Site of Urine Formation
The Kidney
• Functional unit =
Nephron
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Nephron
•Nephron uses three steps:
•Filtration
•Reabsorption
•Secretion
Nephron uses:
Osmosis
Diffusion
Active Transport
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3 TUBULAR SECRETION: In the distal
tubule, additional wastes are actively
secreted into the tubule from the blood.
2 TUBULAR REABSORPTION: In the
proximal tubule, most water and
nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood.
1 FILTRATION: Water, nutrients,
and wastes are filtered from
glomerular capillaries into
Bowman’s capsule of the nephron.
4 CONCENTRATION: In the collecting duct,
additional water may leave, creating urine that
is more concentrated than the blood.
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Site of Urine Formation
The Kidney
• Nephron
• ~ 1 million per kidney
• Blood filtered ever 45
minutes
• Produce 2 liters of
urine on average
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Excretion
• Urine leaves kidney
• Ureter takes urine to
bladder
• Bladder stores urine
• Urethra takes urine out
of body
Kidney
Urethra
Bladder
Ureter
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Evolutionary Excretory Changes
• Mammals
Nephron loop of Henle length –
reabsorption
Long = water hording – desert mammals
Short = dilute urine – aquatic organisms
• Birds and reptiles
Uric acid – solid
www.3dchem.com/imagesofmolecules/uric-acid.jpg
1 1/2
www.parrot-and-conure-world.com
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Cloaca
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Kidney Stones
• Calcium buildup
• Uric acid buildup
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Uric Acid in Humans• Uric acid formed from the breakdown of
purines. (DNA + RNA)
• Uric acid builds in joints
• Causes gout.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gichtfuss_im_Roentgenbild_002.png
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Nephron
Filter
Reabsorption
Secretion
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Nephron
Filter
Reabsorption
Secretion