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WHO/EMC/BAC/98.3

Control of epidemic meningococcal disease. WHO practicalguidelines. 2nd edition

World Health OrganizationEmerging and other Communicable Diseases,Surveillance and Control

This document has been downloaded from the WHO/EMC Web site. Theoriginal cover pages and lists of participants are not included. Seehttp://www.who.int/emc for more information.

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 © World Health OrganizationThis document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization(WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may,however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale nor for use in conjunction with commercial purposes.

The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely theresponsibility of those authors. The mention of specific companies or specificmanufacturers' products does no imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of asimilar nature that are not mentioned.

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WHO 97508 

1973-74

1975-78

1976

1980-81

1986

1993

1971-721974

1980-84

1973-74

1994-95

1977

1982-84

19851979

1988

19861991

1994-1995

1988   1981-821989

19771986-87

1983-8519921992

1979

1978

1992

1991-93

1990-92

1989

1995

Map 2.  Major outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis, 1971–1997

Carte 2.  Principales épidémies de méningite à méningocoques, 1971–1997

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Somalia

Sudan

Ethiopia

Mauritania

Central AfricanRepublic

Chad

NigerMali

Eritrea

Senegal

Gambia

Guinea

Guinea-Bisseau

Sierra Leone

Liberia

Côted’Ivoire

GhanaTogo

Benin

Nigeria

Cameroon

Kenya

Uganda

BurkinaFaso

Djibouti

The de sign ations em ployed and the presentation of m aterial on this m ap do not im ply the exp ression of any op inion w hatsoever on the p art of

the W orld H ea lth O rganization co nc erning the leg al status o f an y cou ntry, territory, city or area or of its au tho rities, or co nc erning the delim itation

of its frontiers or bo un da ries. D otted lines represe nt approxim ate bo rder lines for wh ich there m ay n ot yet be full ag reem ent.

Meningitis belt

   W   H   O   9

   4   0   6   7

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25

20

15

10

5

01940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

   T   h  o  u  s  a  n   d  s

  W  H  O  9  8  1  5  9

   N  o .  c  a  s

  e  s   /   d  e  a   t   h  s

Cases Deaths

1935 1945 1950 1965 1975 1985 19901940 1950 1960 1970 1980

400

600

500

300

200

100

0   W  H  O  9  8  1  6  0

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Month

   C  a  s  e  s  p  e  r   1

   0   0   0   0   0  p  o  p  u   l  a   t   i  o  n

1970

Epidemic year

1957Epidemic year

1960-74Nonepidemic

years

140

180

160

120

100

80

0

60

40

20

N D J F M A M J J A S O

  W  H  O  9  8  1  6  1

   I  n  c   i   d  e  n  c  e 

  p  e  r   1   0

   0 

   0   0   0   /  y  e  a  r

1969-72   1974   1977-80

15

10

5

0-

4

5-

9

10-

14

15-

19

20-

24

25-

59

60

17 2.7 0.5   69   21 7.1   14 1.7 0.7

0-

4

5-

9

10-

14

15-

19

20-

24

25-

59

60 0-

4

5-

9

10-

14

15-

19

20-

24

25-

59

60

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

  W  H  O  9  8  1  6  2

20

15

10

5

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ATLANTIC OCEAN  INDIAN OCEAN 

N’DJAMENA1988

KHARTOUM1988

MECCA1987

NEPAL1983-84

PAKISTAN? 1985

NEW DEHLI? 1985

ADDIS ABABA

1989

NAIROBI1989

  W  H  O  9  8  1  6  3

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RAIN

HARMATTANHARMATTAN

RAINRAIN

HARMATTAN

   M  e  a  n  m  a  x   i  m  u  m

   t  e  m  p  e  r  a   t  u  r  e   (            °   C   )

   A   b  s  o   l  u   t  e   h  u  m   i   d   i   t  y   (  g   /  m   3   )

   C  a  s  e  s

  W  H  O  9  8  1  6  4

 

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  W  H  O  9  8  1  6  5

1 8 15 22 29 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9

February March April May

1 st Campaign 2 nd CampaignMass vaccination

   W  e  e   k   l  y

   i  n  c   i   d  e  n  c  e

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

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