white pine blister rust - western forestry and conservation … · 2016-06-28 · 1 identification...
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Identification & Management of White
Pine Blister Rust
Holly KearnsUSDA Forest Service
Forest Health ProtectionSandy, Oregon
What is White Pine Blister Rust?
A rust fungus – Cronartium ribicola
Complex life cycle– Obligate parasite
– 5 spore stages
– Requires 2 hosts to complete life cycle
• 5-needled pines
• gooseberries/currants (Ribes)
• Pedicularis & Castilleja
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Girdles branchesCauses top-kill
Kills young trees
History of the Invasion
Exotic pathogen– Native to
EurAsia– Imported ~1910
from France– Arrived in
Inland Northwest 1920s
1925
1953
2003
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Life Cycle
Spring
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Summer:intensifies on Ribes
IETIC
Life Cycle
Fall:infects needles
1-2 yr – grows down needlesinto branches and bole
Life Cycle
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Spermatiasummer - early fall
Spermatia exuded in droplets along margin of canker
Branch swellings/discoloration
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Sporulating Cankerseasiest positive diagnosis
Applying water to cankersmakes them easier to see
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Cankers in F2 Stock
May be very irregular in shape May have little or no pitch
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Cankers in F2 Stock
May show bark reactions
Other Indicators
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Management Options
Leave the best as leave trees
Plant genetically improved stock
Prune
Evaluate site hazard
Manipulation of alternate host (Ribes)
Monitor plantations
Save the best looking trees
Trees with no (or very few cankers), dense, rapidly growing crowns
Potential for genetic resistance
Improved genetic diversity
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Breeding for improved resistance has been ongoing since the 1950’s
WWP with Improved Resistance
Out plantings are NOT 100% resistant•Range 0 – 96% infection•Range 0 - 43% mortality
Resistant stock ALWAYS less infected than unimproved stock
Infection levels less than half on average
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0
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3-7 8-13 14-18 19-23 25-27
Pe
rcen
t W
hite
Pin
e B
liste
r R
ust
(In
cid
en
ce
& M
ort
alit
y)
Plantation Age Class (years)
Cummulative WPBR Incidence and Mortality by Plantation Age Class
F2 Incidence Naturals Incidence
F2 Mortality Naturals Mortality
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Why Prune?
Infections only occur on green needles
Live branches close to the ground are at highest risk of infection – shady, cool, and moist
Pruning removes infections before they reach the stem & removes the lower needles as infection sites
Why Prune?
Pruning does not change genetic resistance of trees, but can help maintain white pine as a functioning component in forests
– important in mixed conifer stands due to white pine’s tolerance to native root diseases
If done correctly…
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Pruning Results
Nearly doubled survival over 30 years
Improved numbers of trees without infection
Prevents stand transition to less desirable species
Higher quality volume production
Evaluating Stands for Pruning
Stand Factors to consider– Management objectives
– *Amount of White pine (TPA)
– *Level of rust infection
– Average age/height of WP
– Species composition
– Other treatments such as thinning
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Determine Level of
Infection
Pre-treatment survey of white pines
Pruning Guidelines Max. 50% of crown Pruning height
– 8 feet, but less than 50%
Canker distance out– More than 6” for
surveys– More than 4” for
contracts– Cankers >24” are usually
not lethal
Remove ALL branches
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Evaluating Site Hazard
Estimates the suitability of the site for development of the rust
Can be based on:– Ribes abundance
– Nearby infection levels
– Site factors
Site Hazard Rating
Based on survey of 41 plantations in N. Idaho
Highest infection occurred on:– higher elevations (>3500’)
– steeper slopes (>15%)
– Ribes present
– tall brush (>4.5’)
– broadcast burned
– cedar-wild ginger habitat type
These relationships need further testing
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Ribes Management
Ribes prefer sunlight– Are enhanced by
activities that open stands• Logging• Low intensity fire
Seed may survive 200 years in duff
Will die out in shade
Photos by Maria Newcomb
Monitoring is crucial
Infection may vary widely and won’t know changes if not monitored
The best way to make decisions regarding pruning and thinning
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The Bottom Line Rust-resistant white pine consistently
perform better than natural white pine Currently no exact predictor of rust site
hazard Infection levels vary
– Do not plant pure stands of rust-resistant white pine
Pruning has doubled survival in young natural stands
You can’t just “plant it and forget it” = Monitoring, Monitoring, Monitoring!
Management Guide available online:
http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5415080.pdf
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My sincere thanks to John Schwandt and Brennan Ferguson
for the materials in this presentation