white pine blister rust on pine - rausser college of ... · white pine blister rust on pine....
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White pine blister rust on pine
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History of white pine blister rust • First recorded in Europe from the Baltic region in 1854
• By 1900 it widespread across Europe - rapid spread by forest tree nurseries
• Introduced into Eastern North America probably by 1898 on nursery stock from Europe, definitively recorded in Geneva New York and seven other states by 1900
• Discovered in Vancouver BC in 1921 on Ribes nigra and young exotic pines. - by 1922 it was found widely in BC and the Northern Cascades of Washington state; entire epidemic appears to have originated from a single batch of 1,000 seedling imported from France
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Control measured tried
• Elimination of Ribes species • Breeding for resistance
(vertical and horizontal)
Bro Kinloch Forest genetist who has worked on resistance of Sugar pine
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Distribution of the “big R” gene in sugar pine
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Horizontal resistance on a young sugar pine at Happy Camp nursery
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Effect of White pine blister rust (& selective logging) on forest composition in Montana
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What is the fate of white pines in Western North America
• Most species will probably not become extinct
• But they will become much less common and more restricted in habitat
• Many secondary effect on wildlife and forest health are possible
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Dutch Elm disease Ophiostoma ulmi
• Deadly beetle vectored disease of Elm
• All European and North American Elms are susceptable
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Lifecycle of Dutch Elm disease
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Lifecycle of Dutch Elm disease
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Dutch Elm disease effects
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Dutch Elm disease symptoms on wood
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Scolytus mutistriatus
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Ophiostomatales, Ophiostoma Mitotic “graphium” state
Meiotic Ophiostoma state
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History of Dutch elm disease • Appeared in France, Belgium, and Germany between 1918-1921
• Arrival in Eastern US in late 20s, established in New York and effecting 5500 sq miles by 1940
• strain transported to Ohio 1928 via diseased logs
• New epidemics in Europe, Aggressive strains recognized in Europe 1971
• Origin of disease remains unknown to this day!
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Distribution of “aggressive strains” in Europe. now known to be a new species, O. nova-ulmi
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Control measures tried
• Beetle control through “sanitation” • Chemical control on prize trees • Breeding for resistance • All of the above have only been applied to
city settings; the forest trees are now gone.
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Disease progress curves for Dutch elm disease in Midwestern and Eastern cities
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Chestnut blight�Cryphonectria parasitica
• Primary host: Chestnuts • Effect: kills above ground portion of trees • Spread by wind and by animals
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Chestnut blight effects
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Chestnut blight effects
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Cryphonectria
Stroma with perithecia and pycnidia
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Cryphonectria
A cirrhus of mitospores or conidia
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Chestnut blight distribution
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Control measures tried
• Breeding for resistance • Virus mediated hypovirulence
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Fungi and Virus
Castenia - Cryphonectria - Hypovirulence Virus Nuss and Colleagues, Maryland
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Pitch Canker Fusarium circinatum
• Hosts - all pines tested and Douglas-fir • Kills branches and ultimately trees • May be beetle vectored
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Pitch Canker - Fusarium circinatum
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Home Ranch site at Pt. Reyes
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Pitch Canker • first seen in California in1986 near Santa Cruz • Now found from San Diego to Mendocino • Devastating effect on Monterey pine throughout range • Also spread to Japan and South Africa • Host range known to be much broader • Origin of the disease may be Mexico
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Sudden Oak Death
• Wide host range • Spread by locally via wind, water, soil • Probably spread across continents and
within California via the nursery industry (Rhododendron movement)
• Origin of disease still unknown • Ultimate impact of disease to be determine
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Sudden Oak death - Phytophthora ramorum At China camp State park, Marin Co.
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Other examples • Phytophthora cinnamomi Australian forests • Phytophthora lateralis on Port Orford Cedar • Dogwood Anthracnose - Discula destructiva • Butternut canker - Sirococcus clavigignenti-
juglandacearum • Beech bark disease - Eastern NA • Puccinia psidii - guava rust
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Some general rules • The problem is clearly international and growing • Consequences of introductions can be catastrophic • Once an introduction happens little can be done • The diseases are often unknown or of minor importance in
their native range • Scientific names of pathogens are deceiving.
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What can we do?
• Educate the public about the dangers of moving plant material and soil
• International restrictions on the movement of living plants and green logs - this is an uphill battle that will take tremendous political pressure.