white light corporation vs city of manila 2009.doc

26
 EN BANC  WHITE LIGHT CORPORATION, G.R. No. 122846 TITANIUM CORPORATION and STA . MESA TOURIST & DEVE P!"#"n$ % LOPMENT CORPORAT ION,  P"$$on"!#, PUNO, C.J .  'UISUM(ING,  )NARES SANTIAGO,  CARPIO,  AUSTRIAMARTINE*,   +"!## CORONA, CARPIO MORALES, A*CUNA, TINGA, CHICONA*ARIO, VELASCO, -R.,  NACHURA, CIT) O MANILA, !"/!"#"n$"d 0 DE CASTRO, MA) OR ALREDO S. LIM, (RION, and R"#/ond"n$. PERALTA,  JJ .  P!o3a$"d%  -ana! 25, 255  7 7  D E C I S I O N  TINGA, J.%  

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8/10/2019 White Light Corporation vs City of Manila 2009.doc

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EN BANC

 

WHITE LIGHT CORPORATION, G.R. No. 122846TITANIUM CORPORATION and

STA. MESA TOURIST & DEVE P!"#"n$%

LOPMENT CORPORATION,

  P"$$on"!#, PUNO, C.J .

  'UISUM(ING, 

)NARES SANTIAGO,

  CARPIO,

  AUSTRIAMARTINE*,

  +"!## CORONA,CARPIO MORALES,

A*CUNA,

TINGA,

CHICONA*ARIO,

VELASCO, -R.,

 NACHURA,

CIT) O MANILA, !"/!"#"n$"d 0 DE CASTRO,MA)OR ALREDO S. LIM, (RION, and

R"#/ond"n$. PERALTA, JJ . 

P!o3a$"d%

 

-ana! 25, 255

 

77 

D E C I S I O N 

TINGA, J.% 

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  W$ ano$"! 9$ o!dnan9" o: Man3a a3#o /!n9/a33 n+o3+n $" $o!#$

d#$!9$ a# #0;"9$, $" Co!$ # 9on:!on$"d an"< <$ $" n9"##an$ 93a# 0"$<""n

o+"!n"n$ /o<"! and nd+da3 30"!$ n $and" <$ $" a!9"$/a3 $"n#on

 0"$<""n 3a< and o!a3$.

  In City of Manila v. Laguio, Jr., =1>  $" Co!$ a::!"d $" n33:9a$on o: a

9$ o!dnan9" 0a!!n $" o/"!a$on o: o$"3# and nn#, aon o$"! 

"#$a03#"n$#, <$n $" E!$aMa3a$" a!"a. T" /"$$on a$ 0a! a##a3# a

#3a!3o$+a$"d 9$ o!dnan9" $a$ /!o0$# $o#" #a" "#$a03#"n$# :!o

o::"!n #o!$$" ad##on, a# <"33 a# /!o!a$"d o! ?<a# /@ !a$"# :o! #9

a00!"+a$"d #$a#. O! "a!3"! d"9#on $"#$"d $" 9$ o!dnan9" aan#$ o! #a9!"d

9on#$$$ona3 !$# $o 30"!$, d" /!o9"## and "a3 /!o$"9$on o: 3a<. T" #a"

 /a!a"$"!# a//3 $o $" /!"#"n$ /"$$on.

 

T# P"$$on=2> nd"! R3" 4B o: $" R"+#"d R3"# on C+3 P!o9"d!",<9 #""# $" !"+"!#a3 o: $" D"9#on => n C.A.G.R. S.P. No. 16 o: $"

Co!$ o: A//"a3#, 9a33"n"# $" +a3d$ o: Man3a C$ O!dnan9" No. 4

"n$$3"d, ?An O!dnan9" P!o0$n So!$T" Ad##on, So!$T" Ad##on

Ra$"#, and Wa#U/ Ra$" S9""# n Ho$"3#, Mo$"3#, Inn#, Lodn Ho#"#,

P"n#on Ho#"#, and S3a! E#$a03#"n$# n $" C$ o: Man3a@ F$"

O!dnan9".

 

 I.

 

T" :a9$# a!" a# :o33o<#%

 

On D"9"0"! , 12, C$ Mao! A3:!"do S. L FMao! L #n"d n$o

3a< $" O!dnan9".=4> T" O!dnan9" # !"/!od9"d n :33, "!"nd"!%

 

SECTION 1. D"93a!a$on o: Po39. I$ # "!"0 $" d"93a!"d /o39 o: $" C$ Go+"!n"n$ $o /!o$"9$ $" 0"#$ n$"!"#$, "a3$ and <"3:a!", and $"

o!a3$ o: $# 9on#$$"n$# n "n"!a3 and $" o$ n /a!$93a!.

 SEC. 2. T$3". T# o!dnan9" #a33 0" no<n a# ?An O!dnan9"@

 /!o0$n #o!$ $" ad##on n o$"3#, o$"3#, 3odn o#"#, /"n#on

o#"# and #3a! "#$a03#"n$# n $" C$ o: Man3a.

 

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  SEC. . P!#an$ $o $" a0o+" /o39, #o!$$" ad##on and !a$"

= sic>, <a#/ !a$" o! o$"! #3a!3 9on9o9$"d $"!#, a!" "!"0 /!o0$"d n

o$"3#, o$"3#, nn#, 3odn o#"#, /"n#on o#"# and #3a! "#$a03#"n$# n $" C$ o: Man3a.

 

SEC. 4. D":n$on o: T"!=#>. So!$$" ad##on #a33 "anad$$an9" and 9a!n o: !oo !a$" :o! 3"## $an $<"3+" F12 o!# a$ an

+"n $" o! $" !"n$n o$ o: !oo# o!" $an $<9" a da o! an o$"! $"!

$a$ a 0" 9on9o9$"d 0 o<n"!# o! ana"!# o: #ad "#$a03#"n$# 0$<o3d "an $" #a" o! <o3d 0"a! $" #a" "ann.

 

SEC. B. P"na3$ C3a#". An /"!#on o! 9o!/o!a$on <o #a33 +o3a$"

an /!o+#on o: $# o!dnan9" #a33 /on 9on+9$on $"!"o: 0" /n#"d 0 a:n" o: +" To#and FPB,555.55 P"#o# o! /!#on"n$ :o! a /"!od o: no$

"79""dn on" F1 "a! o! 0o$ #9 :n" and /!#on"n$ a$ $" d#9!"$on o: 

$" 9o!$ P!o+d"d, Ta$ n 9a#" o: =a> ;!d9a3 /"!#on, $" /!"#d"n$, $"

ana"!, o! $" /"!#on# n 9a!" o: $" o/"!a$on $"!"o: #a33 0"3a03"% P!o+d"d, :!$"!, Ta$ n 9a#" o: #0#""n$ 9on+9$on :o! $" #a"

o::"n#", $" 0#n"## 39"n#" o: $" 3$ /a!$ #a33 a$oa$9a33 0"9an9"33"d.

 

SEC. 6. R"/"a3n C3a#". An o! a33 /!o+#on# o: C$ o!dnan9"#no$ 9on##$"n$ <$ o! 9on$!a! $o $# "a#!" o! an /o!$on "!"o: a!"

"!"0 d"""d !"/"a3"d.

 

SEC. . E::"9$+$. T# o!dnan9" #a33 $a" "::"9$ "da$"3/on a//!o+a3.

 

Ena9$"d 0 $" 9$ Con93 o: Man3a a$ $# !"3a! #"##on$oda, No+"0"! 15, 12.

 

A//!o+"d 0 H# Hono!, $" Mao! on D"9"0"! , 12.

 

On D"9"0"! 1B, 12, $" Ma3a$" To!#$ and D"+"3o/"n$ Co!/o!a$on

FMTDC :3"d a 9o/3an$ :o! d"93a!a$o! !"3": <$ /!a"! :o! a <!$ o: 

 /!"3na! n;n9$on ando! $"/o!a! !"#$!ann o!d"! F TRO=B> <$ $"

R"ona3 T!a3 Co!$ FRTC o: Man3a, (!an9 /3"adn a# d":"ndan$, "!"n!"#/ond"n$ C$ o: Man3a F$" C$ !"/!"#"n$"d 0 Mao! L. =6> MTDC /!a"d

$a$ $" O!dnan9", n#o:a! a# $ n93d"# o$"3# and nn# a# aon $# /!o0$"d

"#$a03#"n$#, 0" d"93a!"d n+a3d and n9on#$$$ona3. MTDC 93a"d $a$ a#

o<n"! and o/"!a$o! o: $" V9$o!a Co!$ n Ma3a$", Man3a $ <a# a$o!J"d 0

P!"#d"n$a3 D"9!"" FP.D. No. 2B $o ad$ 9#$o"!# on a #o!$ $" 0a## a# <"33

a# $o 9a!" 9#$o"!# <a# / !a$"# :o! #$a# o: on3 $!"" o!#.

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  SO ORDERED.=1>

 

T" RTC no$"d $a$ $" o!dnan9" ?#$!"# a$ $" /"!#ona3 30"!$ o: $"

nd+da3 a!an$""d and ;"a3o#3 a!d"d 0 $" Con#$$$on.@=18> R":"!"n9" <a#

ad" $o $" /!o+#on# o: $" Con#$$$on "n9o!an /!+a$" "n$"!/!#"# and $"

n9"n$+" $o n""d"d n+"#$"n$, a# <"33 a# $" !$ $o o/"!a$" "9ono9

"n$"!/!#"#. na33, :!o $" o0#"!+a$on $a$ $" 339$ !"3a$on#/# $" O!dnan9"

#o$ $o d##ad" 9o3d non"$"3"## 0" 9on#a$"d 0 #/3 /an :o! a 12

o! #$a, $" RTC 3"n"d $" 3a< $o $" o!dnan9" ann33"d n Ynot v.

 Intermediate Appellate Court,=1> <"!" $" 3"$a$" /!/o#" o: /!"+"n$n

nd#9!na$" #3a$"! o: 9a!a0ao# <a# #o$ $o 0" "::"9$"d $!o an n$"!

 /!o+n9" 0an on $" $!an#/o!$ o: 9a!a0ao# and 9a!a0"":.

 

T" C$ 3a$"! :3"d a /"$$on :o! !"+"< on certiorari <$ $" S/!""Co!$.=25> T" /"$$on <a# do9"$"d a# G.R. No. 11241. Ho<"+"! n a !"#o3$on

da$"d -ana! 26, 14, $" Co!$ $!"a$"d $" /"$$on a# a /"$$on

:o! certiorari and !":"!!"d $" /"$$on $o $" Co!$ o: A//"a3#.=21>

 

(":o!" $" Co!$ o: A//"a3#, $" C$ a##"!$"d $a$ $" O!dnan9" # a +a3d

"7"!9#" o: /o39" /o<"! /!#an$ $o S"9$on 4B8 F4F+ o: $" Lo9a3 Go+"!n"n$

Cod" <9 9on:"!# on 9$"#, aon o$"! 3o9a3 o+"!n"n$ n$#, $" /o<"!%

 =To> !"3a$" $" "#$a03#"n$, o/"!a$on and an$"nan9" o: 9a:"#,

!"#$a!an$#, 0""!o#"#, o$"3#, o$"3#, nn#, /"n#on o#"#, 3odn o#"#and o$"! #3a! "#$a03#"n$#, n93dn $o!#$ d"# and $!an#/o!$#.=22>

 

T" O!dnan9", $ # a!"d, # a3#o a +a3d "7"!9#" o: $" /o<"! o: $" C$

nd"! A!$93" III, S"9$on 18F o: $" R"+#"d Man3a Ca!$"!, $#%

 ?$o "na9$ a33 o!dnan9"# $ a d"" n"9"##a! and /!o/"! :o! $"

#an$a$on and #a:"$, $" :!$"!an9" o: $" /!o#/"!$ and $" /!oo$on o: 

$" o!a3$, /"a9", ood o!d"!, 9o:o!$, 9on+"n"n9" and "n"!a3 <"3:a!" o: 

$" 9$ and $# na0$an$#, and #9 o$"!# a# 0" n"9"##a! $o 9a!! n$o "::"9$and d#9a!" $" /o<"!# and d$"# 9on:"!!"d 0 $# Ca/$"! and $o :7

 /"na3$"# :o! $" +o3a$on o: o!dnan9"# <9 #a33 no$ "79""d $<o nd!"d

 /"#o# :n" o! #7 on$# /!#on"n$, o! 0o$ #9 :n" and /!#on"n$

:o! a #n3" o::"n#".=2> 

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P"$$on"!# a!"d $a$ $" O!dnan9" # n9on#$$$ona3 and +od #n9" $

+o3a$"# $" !$ $o /!+a9 and $" :!""do o: o+""n$ $ # an n+a3d "7"!9#"

o: /o39" /o<"! and $ # an n!"a#ona03" and o//!"##+" n$"!:"!"n9" n $"! 

 0#n"##.

 T" Co!$ o: A//"a3# !"+"!#"d $" d"9#on o: $" RTC and a::!"d $"

9on#$$$ona3$ o: $" O!dnan9".=24> !#$, $ "3d $a$ $" O!dnan9" dd no$

+o3a$" $" !$ $o /!+a9 o! $" :!""do o: o+""n$, a# $ on3 /"na3J"# $"

o<n"!# o! o/"!a$o!# o: "#$a03#"n$# $a$ ad$ nd+da3# :o! #o!$ $"

#$a#. S"9ond, $" +!$a33 3$3"## !"a9 o: /o39" /o<"! # on3 9on#$!an"d 0

a+n a 3a<:3 o0;"9$ o0$an"d $!o a 3a<:3 "$od. T" 3a<:3 o0;"9$+" o: 

$" O!dnan9" # #a$#:"d #n9" $ a# $o 9!0 o!a3 a9$+$"#. T"!" # a 3a<:3

"$od #n9" $" "#$a03#"n$# a!" #$33 a33o<"d $o o/"!a$". T!d, $" ad+"!#"

"::"9$ on $" "#$a03#"n$# # ;#$:"d 0 $" <"330"n o: $# 9on#$$"n$# n

"n"!a3. na33, a# "3d n Ermita-Malate Motel Operators Association v. City Mayor of Manila, 30"!$ # !"3a$"d 0 3a<.

 

TC, WLC and STDC 9o" $o $# Co!$ +a /"$$on :o! !"+"<

on certiorari.=2B>  In $"! /"$$on and M"o!and, /"$$on"!# n "##"n9" !"/"a$

$" a##"!$on# $" ad" 0":o!" $" Co!$ o: A//"a3#. T" 9on$"nd $a$ $"

a##a3"d O!dnan9" # an n+a3d "7"!9#" o: /o39" /o<"!.

 

 II.

 W" #$ add!"## $" $!"#o3d ##" o: /"$$on"!# #$andn. P"$$on"!#

a33"" $a$ a# o<n"!# o: "#$a03#"n$# o::"!n ?<a#/@ !a$"#, $"! 0#n"## #

 0"n n3a<:33 n$"!:"!"d <$ 0 $" O!dnan9". Ho<"+"!, /"$$on"!# a3#o

a33"" $a$ $" "a3 /!o$"9$on !$# o: $"! 93"n$# a!" a3#o 0"n n$"!:"!"d <$.

T#, $" 9!7 o: $" a$$"! # <"$"! o! no$ $"#" "#$a03#"n$# a+" $"

!"#$" #$andn $o /3"ad :o! /!o$"9$on o: $"! /a$!on#K "a3 /!o$"9$on !$#.

 

S$andn o! locus standi # $" a03$ o: a /a!$ $o d"on#$!a$" $o $" 9o!$

#::9"n$ 9onn"9$on $o and a! :!o $" 3a< o! a9$on 9a33"n"d $o #//o!$ $a$

 /a!$K# /a!$9/a$on n $" 9a#". Mo!" /o!$an$3, $" do9$!n" o: #$andn # 03$

on $" /!n9/3" o: #"/a!a$on o: /o<"!#,=26> #/a!n a# $ do"# nn"9"##a!

n$"!:"!"n9" o! n+a3da$on 0 $" ;d9a3 0!an9 o: $" a9$on# !"nd"!"d 0 $# 9o

"a3 0!an9"# o: o+"!n"n$.

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T" !"!""n$ o: #$andn # a 9o!" 9o/on"n$ o: $" ;d9a3 ##$"

d"!+"d d!"9$3 :!o $" Con#$$$on.=2> T" 9on#$$$ona3 9o/on"n$ o: #$andn

do9$!n" n9o!/o!a$"# 9on9"/$# <9 9on9"d"d3 a!" no$ ##9"/$03" o: /!"9#"

d":n$on.=28>In $# ;!#d9$on, $" "7$an9 o: ?a d!"9$ and /"!#ona3 n$"!"#$@

 /!"#"n$# $" o#$ o0+o# 9a#", a# <"33 a# $" #$anda!d $"#$ :o! a /"$$on"!K##$andn.=2> In a #3a! +"n, $" Un$"d S$a$"# S/!"" Co!$ !"+"<"d and

"3a0o!a$"d on $" "ann o: $" $!"" 9on#$$$ona3 #$andn !"!""n$# o: 

n;!, 9a#a$on, and !"d!"##a03$ n Allen v. rig!t .=5>

 

 Non"$"3"##, $" "n"!a3 !3"# on #$andn ad$ o: #"+"!a3 "79"/$on# #9

a# $" o+"!0!"ad$ do9$!n", $a7/a"! #$#, $!d /a!$ #$andn and, "#/"9a33 n

$" P3//n"#, $" do9$!n" o: $!an#9"nd"n$a3 /o!$an9".=1>

 

o! $# /a!$93a! #"$ o: :a9$#, $" 9on9"/$ o: $!d /a!$ #$andn a# an

"79"/$on and $" o+"!0!"ad$ do9$!n" a!" a//!o/!a$". In "o#ers v. O!io,=2> $"

Un$"d S$a$"# S/!"" Co!$ <!o$" $a$% ?W" a+" !"9onJ"d $" !$ o: 3$an$#

$o 0!n a9$on# on 0"a3: o: $!d /a!$"#, /!o+d"d $!"" /o!$an$ 9!$"!a a!"

#a$#:"d% $" 3$an$ #$ a+" #::"!"d an n;!n:a9$, $# +n o! "! 

a #::9"n$3 9on9!"$" n$"!"#$ n $" o$9o" o: $" ##" n d#/$" $" 3$an$

#$ a+" a 93o#" !"3a$on $o $" $!d /a!$ and $"!" #$ "7#$ #o" nd!an9"$o $" $!d /a!$K# a03$ $o /!o$"9$ # o! "! o<n n$"!"#$#.=>  H"!"n, $ # 93"a! 

$a$ $" 0#n"## n$"!"#$# o: $" /"$$on"!# a!" 3"<#" n;!"d 0 $" O!dnan9".

T" !"3 on $" /a$!ona" o: $"! 9#$o"!# :o! $"! 9on$n"d +a03$ <9

a//"a!# $o 0" $!"a$"n"d 0 $" "n:o!9""n$ o: $" O!dnan9". T" !"3a$+" #3"n9"

n 9on#$$$ona3 3$a$on o: #9 #/"9a3 n$"!"#$ !o/# n o! na$on #9 a# $"

A"!9an C+3 L0"!$"# Unon n $" Un$"d S$a$"# a a3#o 0" 9on#$!"d a# a

nd!an9" :o! 9#$o"!# $o 0!n #$.=4>

 

A"!9an ;!#/!d"n9" # !"/3"$" <$ "7a/3"# <"!" /a!$"#nn$"!"#$<"!" a33o<"d #$andn $o ad+o9a$" o! n+o" $" :nda"n$a3 d" /!o9"## o! "a3

 /!o$"9$on 93a# o: o$"! /"!#on# o! 93a##"# o: /"!#on# n;!"d 0 #$a$" a9$on.

In $ris#old v. Connecticut,=B> $" Un$"d S$a$"# S/!"" Co!$ "3d $a$

 /#9an# ad #$andn $o 9a33"n" a !"/!od9$+" "a3$ #$a$$" $a$ <o3d

 /"na3J" $" a# a99"##o!"# a# <"33 a# $o /3"ad $" 9on#$$$ona3 /!o$"9$on#

a+a3a03" $o $"! /a$"n$#. T" Co!$ "3d $a$%

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?T" !$# o: #0and and <:", /!"##"d "!", a!" 3"3 $o 0" d3$"d

o! ad+"!#"3 a::"9$"d n3"## $o#" !$# a!" 9on#d"!"d n a #$ n+o3+n

$o#" <o a+" $# nd o: 9on:d"n$a3 !"3a$on $o $". =6>

 

An "+"n o!" ana3oo# "7a/3" a 0" :ond n Craig v. %oren,=>  <"!"n $" Un$"d S$a$"# S/!"" Co!$ "3d $a$ a39"n#"d 0"+"!a" +"ndo! 

a# #$andn $o !a#" $" "a3 /!o$"9$on 93a o: a a3" 9#$o"! 9a33"nn a

#$a$$o! #9"" /!o0$n $" #a3" o: 0""! $o a3"# nd"! $" a" o: 21 and $o

:"a3"# nd"! $" a" o: 18. T" Un$"d S$a$"# H Co!$ "7/3an"d $a$ $"

+"ndo!# ad #$andn 0 a9$n a# ad+o9a$"# o: $" !$# o: $!d /a!$"# <o #"" 

a99"## $o $"! a!"$ o! :n9$on.=8>

  A##n arguendo $a$ /"$$on"!# do no$ a+" a !"3a$on#/ <$ $"!  /a$!on# :o! $" :o!"! $o a##"!$ $" !$# o: $" 3a$$"!, $" o+"!0!"ad$ do9$!n"

9o"# n$o /3a. In o+"!0!"ad$ ana3##, 9a33"n"!# $o o+"!n"n$ a9$on are n

"::"9$ /"!$$"d $o !a#" $" !$# o: $!d /a!$"#. G"n"!a33 a//3"d $o #$a$$"#

n:!nn on $" :!""do o: #/""9, $" o+"!0!"ad$ do9$!n" a//3"# <"n a

#$a$$" n""d3"##3 !"#$!an# "+"n 9on#$$$ona33 a!an$""d !$#.=> In $# 9a#",

$" /"$$on"!# 93a $a$ $" O!dnan9" a"# a #<""/n n$!#on n$o $" !$

$o 30"!$ o: $"! 93"n$#. W" 9an #"" $a$ 0a#"d on $" a33"a$on# n $" /"$$on,

$" O!dnan9" #::"!# :!o o+"!0!"ad$.

  W" $# !"9onJ" $a$ $" /"$$on"!# a+" a !$ $o a##"!$ $" 9on#$$$ona3!$# o: $"! 93"n$# $o /a$!onJ" $"! "#$a03#"n$# :o! a ?<a#!a$"@ $"

:!a".

 III.

 

To #$d"n$# o: ;!#/!d"n9", $" :a9$# o: $# 9a#" <33 !"9a33 $o nd no$

on3 $" !"9"n$ City of Manila !3n, 0$ o! 16 d"9#on n Ermita-Malate

 &otel and Motel Operations Association, Inc., v. &on. City Mayor of Manila.=45>

  Ermita-Malate9on9"!n"d $" C$ o!dnan9" !"!n /a$!on# $o :33 / a /!"#9!0"d :o! #$a$n /"!#ona3 n:o!a$on #9 a# na", "nd"!, na$ona3$,

a", add!"## and o99/a$on 0":o!" $" 9o3d 0" ad$$"d $o a o$"3, o$"3 o! 

3odn o#". T# "a!3"! o!dnan9" <a# /!"9#"3 "na9$"d $o nJ" 9"!$an

 /!a9$9"# d"""d a!:3 $o /039 o!a3#. A /!/o#" #3a! $o $" ann33"d

o!dnan9" n City of Manila <9 #o$ a 03an"$ 0an on o$"3#, nn# and #3a! 

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"#$a03#"n$# n $" E!$aMa3a$" a!"a. Ho<"+"!, $" 9on#$$$ona3$ o: $"

o!dnan9" n Ermita-Malate <a# ##$an"d 0 $" Co!$.

 

T" 9oon $!"ad $a$ !n# $!o $o#" d"9#on# and $" 9a#" a$ 0a! o"# 0"ond $" #n3a!$ o: $" 3o9a3$"# 9o+"!"d nd"! $" !"#/"9$+"

o!dnan9"#. A33 $!"" o!dnan9"# <"!" "na9$"d <$ a +"< o: !"3a$n /039

o!a3# n93dn /a!$93a! 339$ a9$+$ n $!an#"n$ 3odn "#$a03#"n$#. T#

9o3d 0" d"#9!0"d a# $" dd3" 9a#", <"!"n $"!" # no <o3"#a3" 0an on o$"3#

and o$"3# 0$ $" #"!+9"# o::"!"d 0 $"#" "#$a03#"n$# a+" 0""n #"+"!"3

!"#$!9$"d. A$ $# 9o!", $# # ano$"! 9a#" a0o$ $" "7$"n$ $o <9 $" S$a$" 9an

n$!d" n$o and !"3a$" $" 3+"# o: $# 9$J"n#.

 

T" $"#$ o: a +a3d o!dnan9" # <"33 "#$a03#"d. A 3on 3n" o: d"9#on#

n93dn City of Manila a# "3d $a$ :o! an o!dnan9" $o 0" +a3d, $ #$ no$ on3 0" <$n $" 9o!/o!a$" /o<"!# o: $" 3o9a3 o+"!n"n$ n$ $o "na9$ and /a##

a99o!dn $o $" /!o9"d!" /!"#9!0"d 0 3a<, $ #$ a3#o 9on:o! $o $" :o33o<n

#0#$an$+" !"!""n$#% F1 #$ no$ 9on$!a+"n" $" Con#$$$on o! an #$a$$"

F2 #$ no$ 0" n:a! o! o//!"##+" F #$ no$ 0" /a!$a3 o! d#9!na$o! F4

#$ no$ /!o0$ 0$ a !"3a$" $!ad" FB #$ 0" "n"!a3 and 9on##$"n$ <$

 /039 /o39 and F6 #$ no$ 0" n!"a#ona03".=41>

 

T" O!dnan9" /!o0$# $<o #/"9:9 and d#$n9$ 0#n"## /!a9$9"#, na"3

<a# !a$" ad##on# and !"n$n o$ a !oo o!" $an $<9" a da. T" 0an #"+d"n$3 #o$ $o 0" !oo$"d n $" /o39" /o<"! a# 9on:"!!"d on 3o9a3

o+"!n"n$ n$# 0 $" Lo9a3 Go+"!n"n$ Cod" $!o #9 /3""n$# a# $"

"n"!a3 <"3:a!" 93a#".

 A.

 

Po39" /o<"!, <3" n9a/a03" o: an "7a9$ d":n$on, a# 0""n /!/o#"3

+"3"d n "n"!a3 $"!# $o nd"!#9o!" $# 9o/!""n#+"n"## $o ""$ a33 "7"n9"#

and /!o+d" "no !oo :o! an "::9"n$ and :3"703" !"#/on#" a# $" 9ond$on#

<a!!an$.=42> Po39" /o<"! # 0a#"d /on $" 9on9"/$ o: n"9"##$ o: $" S$a$" and $#

9o!!"#/ondn !$ $o /!o$"9$ $#"3: and $# /"o/3". =4> Po39" /o<"! a# 0""n #"d

a# ;#$:9a$on :o! n"!o# and +a!"d a9$on# 0 $" S$a$". T"#" !an" :!o $"

!"3a$on o: dan9" a33#,=44> o+" $"a$"!#,=4B> a# #$a$on#=46> and 9o9/$#.=4> T"

a<"#o" #9o/" o: /o39" /o<"! # 0"#$ d"on#$!a$"d 0 $" :a9$ $a$ n $# nd!"d

o! #o "a!# o: /!"#"n9" n o! na$on# 3"a3 ##$", $# #" a# !a!"3 0""n d"n"d.

 

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T" a//a!"n$ oa3 o: $" O!dnan9" # $o nJ" : no$ "3na$" $" #" o: 

$" 9o+"!"d "#$a03#"n$# :o! 339$ #"7, /!o#$$$on, d! #" and a3". T"#"

oa3#, 0 $"#"3+"#, a!" n/"a9a03" and 9"!$an3 :a33 <$n $" a0$ o: $"

 /o39" /o<"! o: $" S$a$". )"$ $" d"#!a03$ o: $"#" "nd# do no$ #an9$: an and

a33 "an# :o! $"! a9"+""n$. To#" "an# #$ a3n <$ $" Con#$$$on, ando! ""!n #o/#$9a$"d ana3## o: $# a!an$""# $o $" /"o/3". T" (33 o: 

R$# #$and# a# a !"0" $o $" #"d9$+" $"o! o: Ma99a+"33, and, #o"$"#

"+"n, $" /o3$9a3 a;o!$"# ana$"d 0 # 9n9#.

E+"n a# <" d"#n $" /!"9"d"n$# $a$ "#$a03# $" :!a"<o! :o! ana3##

o: d" /!o9"## o! "a3 /!o$"9$on "#$on#, $" 9o!$# a!" na$!a33 n0$"d 0 a

d" d":"!"n9" $o $" 9o"a3 0!an9"# o: o+"!n"n$ a# $" "7"!9#" $"! 

 /o3$9a3 :n9$on#. ($ <"n <" a!" 9o/"33"d $o n33: "7"9$+" o! 3"#3a$+"

a9$on#, "$ ano$"! :o! o: 9a$on ""!"#. I: $" Co!$ <"!" ana$"d 0 $"

#a" /a##n :an9"# o! $!03"n$ "o$on# $a$ o$+a$" an /o3$9a3 d"9#on#, ;d9a3 n$"!$ # 9o/!o#"d 0 an /"!9"/$on $a$ $" ;d9a! # "!"3 $"

$!d /o3$9a3 0!an9 o: o+"!n"n$. W" d"!+" o! !"#/"9$ and ood #$andn n

$" anna3# o: #$o! 0 a9$n a# ;d9o# and n"$!a3 a!0$"!# o: $" !3" o: 3a<,

and $"!" # no #!"! <a $o $a$ "nd $an $!o $" d"+"3o/"n$ o: !o!o# and

#o/#$9a$"d 3"a3 #$anda!d# $!o <9 $" 9o!$# ana3J" $" o#$

:nda"n$a3 and :a!!"a9n 9on#$$$ona3 "#$on# o: $" da.

 

 %.

 T" /!a! 9on#$$$ona3 "#$on $a$ 9on:!on$# # # on" o: d" /!o9"##,

a# a!an$""d nd"! S"9$on 1, A!$93" III o: $" Con#$$$on. D" /!o9"## "+ad"# a

 /!"9#" d":n$on.=48>  T" /!/o#" o: $" a!an$ # $o /!"+"n$ a!0$!a!

o+"!n"n$a3 "n9!oa9"n$ aan#$ $" 3:", 30"!$ and /!o/"!$ o: nd+da3#.

T" d" /!o9"## a!an$ #"!+"# a# a /!o$"9$on aan#$ a!0$!a! !"3a$on o! 

#"J!". E+"n 9o!/o!a$on# and /a!$n"!#/# a!" /!o$"9$"d 0 $" a!an$ n#o:a! 

a# $"! /!o/"!$ # 9on9"!n"d.

 

T" d" /!o9"## a!an$ a# $!ad$ona33 0""n n$"!/!"$"d a# /o#n $<o

!"3a$"d 0$ d#$n9$ !"#$!9$on# on o+"!n"n$, /!o9"d!a3 d" /!o9"## and

#0#$an$+" d" /!o9"##. P!o9"d!a3 d" /!o9"## !":"!# $o $" /!o9"d!"# $a$ $"

o+"!n"n$ #$ :o33o< 0":o!" $ d"/!+"# a /"!#on o: 3:", 30"!$, o! /!o/"!$.=4> P!o9"d!a3 d" /!o9"## 9on9"!n# $#"3: <$ o+"!n"n$ a9$on ad"!n $o $"

"#$a03#"d /!o9"## <"n $ a"# an n$!#on n$o $" /!+a$" #/"!". E7a/3"#

!an" :!o $" :o! o: no$9" +"n $o $" 3"+"3 o: :o!a3$ o: a "a!n.

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I: d" /!o9"## <"!" 9on:n"d #o3"3 $o $# /!o9"d!a3 a#/"9$#, $"!" <o3d

a!#" a0#!d #$a$on o: a!0$!a! o+"!n"n$ a9$on, /!o+d"d $" /!o/"! 

:o!a3$"# a!" :o33o<"d. S0#$an$+" d" /!o9"## 9o/3"$"# $" /!o$"9$on

"n+#on"d 0 $" d" /!o9"## 93a#". I$ n!"# <"$"! $" o+"!n"n$ a##::9"n$ ;#$:9a$on :o! d"/!+n a /"!#on o: 3:", 30"!$, o! /!o/"!$.=B5>

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T" "#$on o: #0#$an$+" d" /!o9"##, o!"#o $an o#$ o$"! :"3d# o: 

3a<, a# !":3"9$"d dna# n /!o!"##+" 3"a3 $o$ $"d <$ $" "7/and"d

a99"/$an9" o: :nda"n$a3 :!""do#. Po39" /o<"!, $!ad$ona33 a<"#o" a# $a 0", # no< 9on:!on$"d <$ a o!" !o!o# 3"+"3 o: ana3## 0":o!" $ 9an 0"

/"3d. T" +$a3$ $o o: 9on#$$$ona3 d" /!o9"## a# no$ 0""n /!"d9a$"d

on $" :!""n9 <$ <9 $ a# 0""n $3J"d $o a9"+" a 30"!a3 !"#3$ :o!, a:$"! 

a33, $" 30"!$a!an "nd# #o3d #o"$"# "3d $o $" /!"!oa$+"# o: $" S$a$".

In#$"ad, $" d" /!o9"## 93a#" a# a9!"d /o$"n9 0"9a#" o: $" #o/#$9a$"d

"$odo3o $a$ a# ""!"d $o d"$"!n" $" /!o/"! "$"# and 0ond# :o! $#

a//39a$on.

 

C.

 T" "n"!a3 $"#$ o: $" +a3d$ o: an o!dnan9" on #0#$an$+" d" /!o9"##

!ond# # 0"#$ $"#$"d <"n a##"##"d <$ $" "+o3+"d :oo$no$" 4 $"#$ 3ad do<n 0

$" U.S. S/!"" Co!$ n '.(. v. Carolene "roducts.=B1>  oo$no$" 4 o: 

$" Carolene "roducts 9a#" a9no<3"d"d $a$ $" ;d9a! <o3d d":"! $o $"

3"#3a$!" n3"## $"!" # a d#9!na$on aan#$ a ?d#9!"$" and n#3a!@ no!$

o! n:!n""n$ o: a ?:nda"n$a3 !$.@=B2>  Con#""n$3, $<o #$anda!d# o: 

 ;d9a3 !"+"< <"!" "#$a03#"d% #$!9$ #9!$n :o! 3a<# d"a3n <$ :!""do o: 

$" nd o! !"#$!9$n $" /o3$9a3 /!o9"##, and $" !a$ona3 0a## #$anda!d o: 

!"+"< :o! "9ono9 3"#3a$on. 

A $!d #$anda!d, d"nona$"d a# "$"n"d o! "da$" #9!$n, <a#

3a$"! ado/$"d 0 $" U.S. S/!"" Co!$ :o! "+a3a$n 93a##:9a$on# 0a#"d on

"nd"! =B> and 3"$a9.=B4>  I"da$" #9!$n <a# ado/$"d 0 $" U.S. S/!""

Co!$ nCraig,=BB> a:$"! $" Co!$ d"93n"d $o do #o n )eed v. )eed.=B6>  W3" $"

$"#$ a a+" :!#$ 0""n a!$93a$"d n "a3 /!o$"9$on ana3##, $ a# n $" Un$"d

S$a$"# #n9" 0""n a//3"d n a33 #0#$an$+" d" /!o9"## 9a#"# a# <"33.

 

W" o!#"3+"# a+" o:$"n a//3"d $" !a$ona3 0a## $"#$ an3 n ana3## o: 

"a3 /!o$"9$on 9a33"n"#.=B> U#n $" !a$ona3 0a## "7ana$on, 3a<# o! 

o!dnan9"# a!" /"3d : $" !a$ona33 :!$"! a 3"$a$" o+"!n"n$a3 n$"!"#$.=B8> Und"! n$"!"da$" !"+"<, o+"!n"n$a3 n$"!"#$ # "7$"n#+"3 "7an"d and

$" a+a3a03$ o: 3"## !"#$!9$+" "a#!"# # 9on#d"!"d.=B> A//3n #$!9$

#9!$n, $" :o9# # on $" /!"#"n9" o: 9o/"33n, !a$"! $an #0#$an$a3,

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o+"!n"n$a3 n$"!"#$ and on $" a0#"n9" o: 3"## !"#$!9$+" "an# :o! a9"+n

$a$ n$"!"#$.

 

In $"!# o: ;d9a3 !"+"< o: #$a$$"# o! o!dnan9"#, #$!9$ #9!$n !":"!# $o

$" #$anda!d :o! d"$"!nn $" a3$ and $" aon$ o: o+"!n"n$a3 n$"!"#$ 0!o$ $o ;#$: $" !"3a$on o: :nda"n$a3 :!""do#.=65> S$!9$ #9!$n # #"d

$oda $o $"#$ $" +a3d$ o: 3a<# d"a3n <$ $" !"3a$on o: #/""9, "nd"!, o! 

!a9" a# <"33 a# o$"! :nda"n$a3 !$# a# "7/an#on :!o $# "a!3"! a//39a$on#

$o "a3 /!o$"9$on.=61> T" Un$"d S$a$"# S/!"" Co!$ a# "7/and"d $" #9o/" o: 

#$!9$ #9!$n $o /!o$"9$ :nda"n$a3 !$# #9 a# #::!a",=62> ;d9a3

a99"##=6> and n$"!#$a$" $!a+"3.=64>

 

I: <" <"!" $o $a" $" o/9 +"< $a$ an O!dnan9" #o3d 0" ana3J"d

#$!9$3 a# $o $# "::"9$ on3 on $" /"$$on"!# a$ 0a!, $"n $ <o3d #"" $a$ $"

on3 !"#$!an$ /o#"d 0 $" 3a< <9 <" a!" 9a/a9$a$"d $o a9$ /on # $" n;!$o /!o/"!$ ##$an"d 0 $" /"$$on"!#, an n;! $a$ <o3d <a!!an$ $"

a//39a$on o: $" o#$ d":"!"n$a3 #$anda!d $" !a$ona3 0a## $"#$. )"$ a# "a!3"! 

#$a$"d, <" !"9onJ" $" 9a/a9$ o: $" /"$$on"!# $o n+o" a# <"33 $"

9on#$$$ona3 !$# o: $"! /a$!on# $o#" /"!#on# <o <o3d 0" d"/!+"d o: 

a+a3n #o!$ $" a99"## o! <a#/ !a$"# $o $" 3odn "#$a03#"n$# n

"#$on.

 

V"<"d 9n9a33, on" $ #a $a$ $" n:!n"d !$# o: $"#" 9#$o"!#<"!" a!" $!+a3 #n9" $" #"" #o!n o: /o3$9a3 9on#""n9". Con9"d"d3, $"#"

a!" no$ $" #o!$ o: 9"!#"d !$# $a$, <"n /!o#9!0"d, <o3d /"3 $" /"o/3"

$o $"a! / $"! cedulas. S$33, $" (33 o: R$# do"# no$ #"3$"! gravitas a3on".

Ind""d, $ # $o#" ?$!+a3@ "$ :nda"n$a3 :!""do# <9 $" /"o/3"

!":3"7+"3 "7"!9#" an da <$o$ $" /a!n a<a!"n"## o: $"! 9on#$$$ona3

9on#""n9" $a$ a99!a$"3 !":3"9$ $" d"!"" o: 30"!$ "n;o"d 0 $" /"o/3".

L0"!$, a# n$"!a33 n9o!/o!a$"d a# a :nda"n$a3 !$ n $" Con#$$$on, # no$

a T"n Coand"n$##$3" "n"!a$on o: <a$ a o! <a$ a no$ 0" don"

 0$ !a$"! an a$o#/"!" o: :!""do <"!" $" /"o/3" do no$ :""3 3a0o!"d nd"! a

( (!o$"! /!"#"n9" a# $" n$"!a9$ <$ "a9 o$"!, $"! #o9"$ and na$!", n a

ann"! nna$"3 nd"!#$ood 0 $" a# n"!"n$, <$o$ don a! o! n;! $o

o$"!#.

 

 *.

 

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T" !$# a$ #$a" "!"n :a33 <$n $" #a" :nda"n$a3 !$# $o 30"!$

<9 <" /"3d n City of Manila v. &on. Laguio, Jr . W" "7/ond"d on $a$ o#$

 /!o!da3 o: !$#, $#%

 L0"!$ a# a!an$""d 0 $" Con#$$$on <a# d":n"d 0 -#$9" Ma39o3

$o n93d" $" !$ $o "7#$ and $" !$ $o 0" :!"" :!o a!0$!a! !"#$!an$ o! 

#"!+$d". T" $"! 9anno$ 0" d<a!:"d n$o "!" :!""do :!o /#9a3 !"#$!an$

o: $" /"!#on o: $" 9$J"n, 0$ # d"""d $o "0!a9" $" !$ o: an $o "n;o$" :a93$"# <$ <9 " a# 0""n "ndo<"d 0 # C!"a$o!, #0;"9$ on3 $o #9

!"#$!an$ a# a!" n"9"##a! :o! $" 9oon <"3:a!".= =6B>> In a99o!dan9" <$ $#

9a#", $" !$# o: $" 9$J"n $o 0" :!"" $o #" # :a93$"# n a33 3a<:3 <a# $o

3+" and <o! <"!" " <33 $o "a!n # 3+"3ood 0 an 3a<:3 9a33n and $o /!#" an a+o9a$on a!" a33 d"""d "0!a9"d n $" 9on9"/$ o: 30"!$.==66>>

T" U.S. S/!"" Co!$ n $" 9a#" o: )ot! v. %oard of )egents, #o$ $o93a!: $" "ann o: 30"!$. I$ #ad%

 W3" $" Co!$ a# no$ a$$"/$"d $o d":n" <$ "7a9$n"##

$" 30"!$ . . . a!an$""d =0 $" :$ and o!$""n$

A"nd"n$#>, $" $"! d"no$"# no$ "!"3 :!""do :!o 0od3!"#$!an$ 0$ a3#o $" !$ o: $" nd+da3 $o 9on$!a9$, $o "na"

n an o: $" 9oon o99/a$on# o: 3:", $o a9!" #":3

no<3"d", $o a!!, "#$a03# a o" and 0!n / 93d!"n, $o<o!#/ God a99o!dn $o $" d9$a$"# o: # o<n 9on#9"n9", and

"n"!a33 $o "n;o $o#" /!+3""# 3on !"9onJ"d . . . a# "##"n$a3

$o $" o!d"!3 /!#$ o: a//n"## 0 :!"" "n. In a Con#$$$on:o! a :!"" /"o/3", $"!" 9an 0" no do0$ $a$ $" "ann o: 

30"!$ #$ 0" 0!oad nd""d.=6> =C$a$on# o$$"d>

 

I$ 9anno$ 0" d"n"d $a$ $" /!a! animus 0"nd $" o!dnan9" # $"

9!$a3"n$ o: #"7a3 0"a+o!. T" C$ a##"!$# 0":o!" $# Co!$ $a$ $" #0;"9$

"#$a03#"n$# ?a+" an"d no$o!"$ a# +"n" o: /!o#$$$on, ad3$"! and

:o!n9a$on# n Man3a #n9" $" /!o+d" $" n"9"##a! a$o#/"!" :o! 

93and"#$n" "n$!, /!"#"n9" and "7$ and $# 0"9a" $" d"a3 a+"n :o! 

 /!o#$$$"# and $!33#"""!#.@=68> W"$"! o! no$ $# d"/9$on o: a mise-en-

 scene o: +9" # a99!a$", $ 9anno$ 0" d"n"d $a$ 3"$a$" #"7a3 0"a+o! aon<33n a!!"d o! 9on#"n$n #n3" ad3$# <9 # 9on#$$$ona33

 /!o$"9$"d=6> <33 0" 9!$a3"d a# <"33, a# $ <a# n $" City of Manila 9a#". O! 

o3dn $"!"n !"$an# #n:9an9" :o! o! /!/o#"#%

 

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T" 9on9"/$ o: 30"!$ 9o/"3# !"#/"9$ :o! $" nd+da3 <o#" 93a $o

 /!+a9 and n$"!:"!"n9" d"and# !"#/"9$. A# $" 9a#" o: Morfe v. Mutuc,

 0o!!o<n $" <o!d# o: La#, #o +"! a/$3 #$a$"d% 

Man # on" aon an, o0#$na$"3 !":#n !"d9$on $o

n$. H# #"/a!a$"n"##, # #o3a$on, a!" nd":"a#03" nd""d, $"a!" #o :nda"n$a3 $a$ $" a!" $" 0a## on <9 # 9+9

o03a$on# a!" 03$. H" 9anno$ a0andon $" 9on#""n9"# o: #

#o3a$on, <9 a!", 0!oad3 #/"an, $a$ # "7/"!"n9" # /!+a$", and $" <33 03$ o$ o: $a$ "7/"!"n9" /"!#ona3 $o #"3:.

I: " #!!"nd"!# # <33 $o o$"!#, " #!!"nd"!# #"3:. I: # <33

# #"$ 0 $" <33 o: o$"!#, " 9"a#"# $o 0" a a#$"! o: #"3:. I

9anno$ 0"3"+" $a$ a an no 3on"! a a#$"! o: #"3: # n an!"a3 #"n#" :!"".

 Ind""d, $" !$ $o /!+a9 a# a 9on#$$$ona3 !$ <a# !"9onJ"d

n Morfe, $" n+a#on o: <9 #o3d 0" ;#$:"d 0 a 9o/"33n #$a$"n$"!"#$. Morfe a99o!d"d !"9on$on $o $" !$ $o /!+a9 nd"/"nd"n$3 o: $#

d"n$:9a$on <$ 30"!$ n $#"3: $ # :33 d"#"!+n o: 9on#$$$ona3 /!o$"9$on.

Go+"!n"n$a3 /o<"!# #o3d #$o/ #o!$ o: 9"!$an n$!#on# n$o $" /"!#ona3 3:"

o: $" 9$J"n.=5>

 

W" 9anno$ d#9on$ o$"! 3"$a$" a9$+$"# <9 $" O!dnan9" <o3d

 /!o#9!0" o! /a!. T"!" a!" +"! 3"$a$" #"# :o! a <a# !a$" o! !"n$n $"

!oo o$ :o! o!" $an $<9" a da. En$!" :a3"# a!" no<n $o 9oo#" /a## $"

$" n a o$"3 o! o$"3 <3#$ $" /o<"! # o"n$a!3 o$ n $"! o"#. In$!an#$ /a##"n"!# <o <# $o <a# / and !"#$ 0"$<""n $!/# a+" a 3"$a$"

 /!/o#" :o! a00!"+a$"d #$a# n o$"3# o! o$"3#. Ind""d an /"!#on o! !o/# o: 

 /"!#on# n n""d o: 9o:o!$a03" /!+a$" #/a9"# :o! a #/an o: a :"< o!# <$

 /!/o#"# o$"! $an a+n #"7 o! #n 33"a3 d!# 9an 3"$a$"3 3oo $o

#$an n a o$"3 o! o$"3 a# a 9on+"n"n$ a3$"!na$+".

 E.

 

Ta$ $" O!dnan9" /!"+"n$# $" 3a<:3 #"# o: a <a# !a$" d"/!+n /a$!on#

o: a /!od9$ and $" /"$$on"!# o: 39!a$+" 0#n"## $"# n <$ ano$"! 

9on#$$$ona3 !"#$" :o! $" 3"$a9 o: $" O!dnan9" a# a /o39" /o<"! 

"a#!". I$ #$ a//"a! $a$ $" n$"!"#$# o: $" /039 "n"!a33, a# d#$n#"d

:!o $o#" o: a /a!$93a! 93a##, !"!" an n$"!:"!"n9" <$ /!+a$" !$# and $"

"an# #$ 0" reasonably necessary :o! $" a99o/3#"n$ o: $" /!/o#" and

no$ nd3 o//!"##+" o: /!+a$" !$#.=1>  I$ #$ a3#o 0" "+d"n$ $a$ no o$"! 

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a3$"!na$+" :o! $" a99o/3#"n$ o: $" /!/o#" 3"## n$!#+" o: /!+a$" !$#

9an <o!. Mo!" /o!$an$3, a !"a#ona03" !"3a$on #$ "7#$ 0"$<""n $" /!/o#"#

o: $" "a#!" and $" "an# "/3o"d :o! $# a99o/3#"n$, :o! "+"n nd"! $"

#" o: /!o$"9$n $" /039 n$"!"#$, /"!#ona3 !$# and $o#" /"!$ann $o

 /!+a$" /!o/"!$ <33 no$ 0" /"!$$"d $o 0" a!0$!a!3 n+ad"d.

=2>

 

La9n a 9on9!!"n9" o: $"#" !"#$"#, $" /o39" "a#!" #a33 0" #$!9 

do<n a# an a!0$!a! n$!#on n$o /!+a$" !$#. A# "3d n Morfe v. Mutuc, $"

"7"!9#" o: /o39" /o<"! # #0;"9$ $o ;d9a3 !"+"< <"n 3:", 30"!$ o! /!o/"!$

# a::"9$"d.=>Ho<"+"!, $# # no$ n an <a "an$ $o $a" $ a<a :!o $"

+a#$n"## o: S$a$" /o39" /o<"! <o#" "7"!9#" "n;o# $" /!"#/$on o: +a3d$.=4>

 

S3a! $o $" Co"3"9 !"#o3$on !"!n n"<#/a/"!# $o dona$"

ad+"!$#n #/a9" $o 9andda$"#, $# O!dnan9" # a 03n$ and "a+ n#$!"n$.=B> T" O!dnan9" a"# no d#$n9$on 0"$<""n /3a9"# :!""n$"d 0 /a$!on#

"na"d n 339$ a9$+$"# and /a$!on# "na"d n 3"$a$" a9$on#. T# $

 /!"+"n$# 3"$a$" #" o: /3a9"# <"!" 339$ a9$+$"# a!" !a!" o! "+"n n"a!d o:.

A /3an !"adn o: #"9$on o: $" O!dnan9" #o<# $ a"# no 93a##:9a$on

o: /3a9"# o: 3odn, $# d""# $" a33 ##9"/$03" $o 339$ /a$!ona" and

#0;"9$ $" <$o$ "79"/$on $o $" n;#$:"d /!o0$on.

 

T" Co!$ a# /!o:"##"d $# d""/ #"n$"n$ and $"nd"!n"## o: $" E!$a

Ma3a$" a!"a, $# 3on$" o",=6> and $ # #"/$9a3 o: $o#" <o <# $o d"/9$

o! 9a/$a3 9$ $" P"a!3 o: $" O!"n$ a# a od"!n

da Sodo o! Goo!!a :o! $" T!d Wo!3d#"$. To#" #$33 #$""/"d n N9 

-oand!"a# o: $" !and"! o: O3d Man3a <33 a+" $o a99"/$ $a$ Man3a 3"

a33 "+o3+n 0 9$"#, <33 a+" $# /!o03"#. U!0an d"9a # a :a9$ o: "a 9$"#

#9 a# Man3a, and +9" # a 9oon /!o03" 9on:!on$"d 0 $" od"!n

"$!o/o3# <"!"+"! n $" <o!3d. T" #o3$on $o #9 /"!9"+"d d"9a # no$ $o

 /!"+"n$ 3"$a$" 0#n"##"# :!o o::"!n a 3"$a$" /!od9$. Ra$"!, 9$"#

!"++" $"#"3+"# 0 o::"!n n9"n$+"# :o! n"< 0#n"##"# $o #/!o$ / $#

a$$!a9$n $" dna# o: nd+da3# $a$ <o3d 0!n a n"< !and"! $o Man3a.

 

T" 0"a+o! <9 $" O!dnan9" #""# $o 9!$a3 # n :a9$ a3!"ad

 /!o0$"d and 9o3d n :a9$ 0" dn#"d #/3 0 a//3n "7#$n 3a<#. L"##

n$!#+" "a#!"# #9 a# 9!0n $" /!o3:"!a$on o: /!o#$$$"# and d! d"a3"!#

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)"$ $" 9on$nn /!o!"##on o: $" an #$o! a# #""n no$ on3 $"

a99"/$an9" o: $" !$<!on d#$n9$on, 0$ a3#o $" ad+"n$ o: :nda"n$a3

30"!$"# a# $" " $o $" "n;o"n$ o: 3:" $o $" :33"#$. O! d"o9!a9 #

d#$n#"d :!o non:!"" #o9"$"# no$ <$ an o!" "7$"n#+" "3a0o!a$on ono! /a!$ o: <a$ # o!a3 and o!a3, 0$ :!o o! !"9on$on $a$ $" nd+da3

30"!$ $o a" $" 9o9"# n o! 3+"# # nna$", and /!o$"9$"d 0 $" S$a$".

Ind"/"nd"n$ and :a!nd"d ;d"# $"#"3+"# a!" nd"! a o!a3 d$ $o /o3d

$" Con#$$$on a# $" "0od"n$ o: $" !3" o: 3a<, 0 !"a#on o: $"! "7/!"##on

o: 9on#"n$ $o do #o <"n $" $a" $" oa$ o: o::9", and 0"9a#" $" a!"

"n$!#$"d 0 $" /"o/3" $o /o3d $" 3a<.=81>

 

E+"n a# $" /3""n$a$on o: o!a3 no!# !"an# an nd#/"n#a03"

9o/3""n$ $o o+"!nan9", $a$ /!"!oa$+" # a!d3 a0#o3$", "#/"9a33 n $"

:a9" o: $" no!# o: d" /!o9"## o: 30"!$. And <3" $" $"n#on a o:$"n 0" 3":$$o $" 9o!$# $o !"3"+", $ # /o##03" :o! $" o+"!n"n$ $o a+od $" 9on#$$$ona3

9on:39$ 0 "/3on o!" ;d9o#, 3"## d!a#$9 "an# $o /!oo$" o!a3$.

 

WHEREFORE, $" P"$$on # GRANTED. T" D"9#on o: $" Co!$ o: 

A//"a3# # REVERSED, and $" D"9#on o: $" R"ona3 T!a3 Co!$ o: Man3a,

(!an9 , # REINSTATED. O!dnan9" No. 4 # "!"0 d"93a!"d

UNCONSTITUTIONAL. No /!onon9""n$ a# $o 9o#$#.

 

SO ORDERED. 

DANTE O.

TINGA  Associate Justice

 

WE CONCUR%

 

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RE)NATO S. PUNO

C!ief Justice

 

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LEONARDO A. 'UISUM(ING

 Associate Justice

FOn O::9a3 L"a+"

CONSUELO )NARESSANTIAGO

 Associate Justice

 

ANTONIO T. CARPIO

 Associate Justice

MA. ALICIA AUSTRIAMARTINE*

 Associate Justice

 

RENATO C. CORONA

  Associate Justice

CONCHITA CARPIO

MORALES 

 Associate Justice

 

ADOLO S. A*CUNA

 Associate Justice

PRES(ITERO -. VELASCO, -R.

 

MINITA V. CHICONA*ARIO

 Associate Justice

 

ANTONIO EDUARDO (. NACHURA Associate Justice

 

 Associate Justice 

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FOn S9 L"a+"

TERESITA LEONARDO DE CASTRO

 Associate Justice

ARTURO D. (RION

 Associate Justice

 

FOn O::9a3 L"a+"

  DIOSDADO M. PERALTA

 Associate Justice 

C E R T I F I C A T I O N

 

P!#an$ $o A!$93" VIII, S"9$on 1 o: $" Con#$$$on, $ # "!"09"!$:"d $a$ $" 9on93#on# n $" a0o+" D"9#on <"!" !"a9"d n

9on#3$a$on 0":o!" $" 9a#" <a# a##n"d $o $" <!$"! o: $" o/non o: $"

Co!$. 

RE)NATO S. PUNO  C!ief

 Justice 

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 =1>G.R. 11812, 12 A/!3 255B, 4BB SCRA 58.

 =2>S"" rollo, //. 441. =>Id. a$ 42B. P"nn"d 0 A##o9a$" -#$9" -a" M. Lan$n, 9on9!!"d n 0 A##o9a$" -#$9"# R9a!do P.

Ga3+"J F3a$"!, So39$o!G"n"!a3 and An$ono P. So3ano.

 

=4>Id. a$ 46.

 =B>Id. a$ 626. =6>Id. a$ 4B46.

 

=>Id. a$ 5.

 =8>Id. a$ 4.

 =>Id. =15>Id.

 =11>Id. a$ 48.

 =12>Id. a$ 81.

 =1>Id. a$ 828.

 =14>Id. a$ 84.

 

=1B>

Id. a$ 15415B. =16>Id. a$ 4. =1>Id. a$ B2.

 =18>Id. a$ 125. 

=1> No. L44B, 25 Ma!9 18, 148 SCRA 6B.

 =25> )ollo, //. 1214B.

 =21>

Id. a$ 1B8. =22>Id. a$ B.

 =2>Id.

 =24>Id. a$ 4B.

 

=2B>Id. a$ 445.

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 =48>S"" '.(. v. Ling (u 3an, 15 P3. 154 F158 Insular $overnment v. Ling (u 3an, 1B P3. B8 F115.

 

=4> Lope/ v. *irector of Lands, 4 P3. 2, 2 F124.

 =B5>S"" City of Manila v. &on. Laguio, Jr ., #/!a no$" 1 a$ 5 9$n CHEMERINS), ERWIN,

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES, 2nd Ed. B2 F2552. 

=B1>54 U.S. 144 F18.

 =B2>Id, a$ 1B2.

=B>Craig v. %oren, 42 U.S. 15 F16. 

=B4>Clar v. Jeter , 486 U.S. 4B6 F188.

 =BB>42 U.S. 15 F16.

 =B6>454 U.S. 1 F11. =B>Central %an Employee4s Association v. %ango (entral ng "ilipinas, 48 P3. B1 F2554 Association

of (mall Lando#ners in t!e "!ilippines v. (ecretary of Agrarian )eform , G.R. No#. 842, 15, 44, and

, -3 14, 18, 1B SCRA 4 In Ermita-Malate, #/!a no$" 1 a$ 24, $" Co!$ n :a9$ no$"d% ?: $" 30"!$

n+o3+"d <"!" :!""do o: $" nd o! $" /"!#on, $" #$anda!d :o! $" +a3d$ o: o+"!n"n$ a9$# # 9 o!"

!o!o# and "7a9$n, 0$ <"!" $" 30"!$ 9!$a3"d a::"9$# <a$ a!" a$ $" o#$ !$# o: /!o/"!$, $" /"!##03"#9o/" o: !"3a$o! "a#!"# # <d"!.

=B8>Central %an Employee4s Association v. %ango (entral ng "ilipinas, #/!a no$" B.

 =B>Id.

=65>M"ndoJa, J ., Con9!!n O/non n Estrada v. (andigan2ayan, G.R. No. 148B65, 1 No+"0"! 2551,

6 SCRA 4.

 =61>Id. =62> %us! v. $ore, B1 U.S. 8 F2555.

 =6> %oddie v. Connecticut , 451 U.S. 1 F11. =64>(!apiro v. 0!ompson, 4 U.S. 618 F16. I$ a# 0""n o/n"d 0 C""!n# $a$ $" #" o: $" "a3

 /!o$"9$on 93a#" <a# $o a+od $" #" o: #0#$an$+" d" /!o9"## #n9" $" 3a$$"! :"33 n$o d#:a+o! n $" Un$"d

S$a$"#. S"" ERWIN CHEMERINS), CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES F2nd "d. 2552.

 

=6B> Morfe v. Mutuc, 15 P3. 41B F168.

 =66>Id. a$ 445.

 =6>City of Manila v. Laguio, Jr., #/!a no$" 1 a$ 6.

 =68> )ollo, /. 2B8.

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=6>?Mo$"3 /a$!on# <o a!" #n3" and na!!"d a n+o" $# !$ $o a$ono $o 9on#a$" $"! 

 0ond# n n$a$" #"7a3 9ond9$ <$n $" o$"3K# /!"#"# Q 0" $ #$!"##"d $a$ $"! 9on#"n#a3 #"7a3 0"a+o! 

do"# no$ 9on$!a+"n" an :nda"n$a3 #$a$" /o39 a# 9on$an"d n $" Con#$$$on. FS"" Concerned Employee v.

$lenda Espiritu Mayor , A.M. No. P521B64, 2 No+"0"! 2554 Ad3$# a+" a !$ $o 9oo#" $o :o!" #9!"3a$on#/# <$ o$"!# n $" 9on:n"# o: $"! o<n /!+a$" 3+"# and #$33 !"$an $"! dn$ a# :!"" /"!#on#. T"

30"!$ /!o$"9$"d 0 $" Con#$$$on a33o<# /"!#on# $" !$ $o a" $# 9o9". T"! !$ $o 30"!$ nd"! $" d"

 /!o9"## 93a#" +"# $" $" :33 !$ $o "na" n $"! 9ond9$ <$o$ n$"!+"n$on o: $" o+"!n"n$, a# 3on a#

$" do no$ !n a:o3 o: $" 3a<. L0"!$ #o3d 0" $" !3" and !"#$!an$ $" "79"/$on.

L0"!$ n $" 9on#$$$ona3 #"n#" no$ on3 "an# :!""do :!o n3a<:3 o+"!n"n$ !"#$!an$ $ #$

n93d" /!+a9 a# <"33, : $ # $o 0" a !"/o#$o! o: :!""do. T" !$ $o 0" 3"$ a3on" # $" 0"nnn o: a33 :!""do

 Q $ # $" o#$ 9o/!""n#+" o: !$# and $" !$ o#$ +a3"d 0 9+3J"d "n.@ City of Manila v. &on. Laguio, Jr . #/!a no$" 1 a$ 8.

 =5>City of Manila v. Laguio, Jr., #/!a no$" 1 a$ 8.

=1> Metro Manila *evelopment Aut!ority v. +iron 0ransportation Co., G.R. No#. 156B6 and 156B, 1B

A#$ 255, B5 SCRA 41.

 

=2>'.(. v. 0ori2io, 1B P3. 8B F115. 

=>15 P3. 41B F168.

 =4>Carlos (uperdrug v. *(*, G.R. No. 16644, -n" 2, 255, Alalayan v. ational "o#er Corporation,

24 P3. 12 F168 '.(. v. (alaveria, P3. 152 F118.

 =B> "!ilippine "ress Institute v. Comelec, 14 P3. 11 F1B. =6>S/!a no$" 1.

=>City of Manila v. &on. Laguio, Jr ., #/!a no$" 1 *e La Cru/, et al. v. &on. "aras, "$ a3., 258 P3. 45F18 Ermita-Malate &otel and Motel Operations Association, Inc. v. City Mayor of Manila, #/!a no$" 42.

=8>

?T" "nd o: $" #$a$" # no$ "!" 3:" $ #, !a$"!, a ood a3$ o: 3:".@ T"!":o!" an #$a$" ?<9 #$!3 #o 9a33"d, and # no$ "!"3 on" n na", #$ d"+o$" $#"3: $o $" "nd o: "n9o!an oodn"##. O$"!<#", a

 /o3$9a3 a##o9a$on #n# n$o a "!" a33an9"@ T" 3a< ?#o3d 0" a !3" o: 3:" #9 a# <33 a" $" "0"!#o: a =#$a$"> ood and ;#$.@ O$"!<#" $ ?0"9o"# a "!" 9o+"nan$ o! Fn $" /!a#" o: $" So/#$ L9o/!on a

a!an$o! o: "n# !$# aan#$ on" ano$"!.@ "olitics II..68.1285 112850 9$"d n &am2urger,

 M ., MORALS AND LAW% THE GROWTH O ARISTOTLES LEGAL THEOR) F1B1 "d., /. 18.

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