which way to utopia?: anarchist spatial theory
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Which Way To — OR ,
A Short History OF
Anarchist Theories
AND Practices OF SpaceThe act of hoping is not illusory.
—Benoît Malon.
![Page 2: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Prologue:
Present Miseries Explained.
![Page 3: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Rural Space. “The famous 'open field system' ... Carried to the village level ... fostered free peasant assemblies, a lively sense of reciprocity, and the reinforcement of archaic communal traditions such as the use of uncultivable land for 'commons' to pasture animals and collect wood for fuel and construction materials. The manorial economy of the territorial lords by no means dominated this increasingly libertarian village society; rather, it retained only a loosening hold over the artisan and commercial towns nearby.”
— Murray Bookchin,The Ecology of Freedom.
The Commons
![Page 4: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Rural Space Enclosed. “In order to raise larger cash crops, [the landed aristocracy] began to ‘enclose’ the pasture which had previously been deemed ‘common land’ … By dispossessing the peasant, it ‘created’ a new kind of labor force – landless, without traditional sources of income, however meagre, impelled to find work for wages wherever it might be available … [i.e.,] the urban proletariat …”
— Robert Heilbroner,The Making of Economic Society.
The CommonsAfter the Enclosure
![Page 5: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Urban Space.
“Esthetically, a medieval town is like a medieval tapestry: the eye, challenged by the rich intricacy of the design, roams back and forth over the entire fabric, captivated by a flower, an animal, a head, lingering where it pleases, retracing its path, taking in the whole only by assimilating the parts, not commanding the design at a single glance.”
— Lewis Mumford,The City in History.
Medieval ConstantinopleMedieval Tapestry
![Page 6: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Urban Space Rationalized.
“States and city planners have striven, as one might expect, to overcome this spatial unintelligibility and to make urban geography transparently legible from without…”
— James C. Scott,Seeing Like A State.
Medieval London
![Page 7: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Dominated Space.
“From an administrator's vantage point, the ground plan of Chicago is nearly utopian. It offers a quick appreciation of the ensemble, since the entirety is made up of straight lines, right angles, and repetitions ...“For an outsider – or a
policeman – finding an address is a comparatively simple matter; no local guides are required.”
— James C. Scott, Seeing Like A State. Industrial Chicago, 1901
![Page 8: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Dominated Space.
“The order [of the modern city] ... is most evident, not at street level, but rather from above and from outside. Like a marcher in a parade or like a single riveter in a long assembly line, a pedestrian in the middle of this grid cannot instantly perceive the larger design of the city. The symmetry is [apparent from] ... a God's-eye view, or the view of an absolute ruler.”
— James C. Scott, Seeing Like A State.
![Page 9: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dominated Space.
“[In rural Iowa,] the land looks stitched ... [like] a sheet of lined paper, or a bolt of cloth, but not anything earthlike …” “ I almost never see
anyone who is not inside an automobile or a farm machine – and why should I? There is no place to walk ... A walk would take you nowhere – things look the same from every point of view.”
— Jane Smiley, “Farming and the
Landscape.”
![Page 10: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Which Way to Utopia?
How have we conceptualized and built “autonomous” spaces?
How do we navigate through dominated spaces? How can our “autonomous”
spaces coexist with dominated spaces?
How do we imagine and reclaim the “commons”?
![Page 11: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1.a.) Anarchist Spaces: Theory.
![Page 12: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Paris 1968
![Page 13: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Paris 1871
![Page 14: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Paris 1848
![Page 15: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
(1809-1865)
![Page 16: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
Since the Revolution, the café and the tavern have entered increasingly into the lifeways of the peasant . . . I would argue that these venues have done more for the progress of civilization than the house of prayer.
It is true that one learns there less adoration than freedom: that is why the church, the aristocracy, and power hate them. Their security requires that citizens live alone in their homes, kept in solitary confinement. For thirty years, I have frequented
cafés, taverns, diners, pubs, restaurants . . . When I was single, I had no salon other than the café; as a married man, from time to time, I find there a distraction that is always pleasant with a company that I encounter nowhere else.
![Page 17: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Parisian café, ca. 1870
![Page 18: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
Thus, instead of arming power with the force of the whole at the expense of the parts, it arms the part with the force of the whole so that it may withstand the abuse of power.
Proudhon’s organizational idea: the FEDERATION.
What I call federation, instead of absorbing the federated entities within a central authority, reduces the role of the center to one of coordination and consultation. All members retain the right to withdraw from the federation at any time.
![Page 19: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.In anarchy, society is organized, like any other living being, such that its center is everywhere, its circumference nowhere.
the effect of the railroads, by the constancy and the regularity of their service, further aided by telegraphic correspondence, is to place the producer and the consumer in direct relation with one another, whatever the distance which separates them, and consequently, to remove intermediaries.
This decentered world is foreshadowed by the potential of modern transportation and communication technologies.
Under the irresistible pressure of the development of railroads, society’s center of gravity is displaced.
However . . .
![Page 20: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
Thus, in place of a federative and levelling network, a monarchical and centralizing network of railroads is superimposed, subordinating the provinces to the capital, making a great nation, hitherto free, into a people of functionaries and serfs.
Capitalism and the State distort technological development by subjecting it to the logic of profit and privilege.
All our railroads, like so many rays, address the center of government . . .
![Page 21: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
French Railway system
![Page 22: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
There are still among us the chauvinists who maintain absolutely that France must recapture her natural frontiers. They ask too much or too little. France is everywhere that her language is spoken, her Revolution followed, her manners, her arts, her literature adopted…
Against territorialism:
The oppression of peoples and their mutual hatred are two correlative, inseparable facts... No more control of one people by another, one State by another!
What was formerly the nation becomes an agglomeration of free and independent nationalities, united only by identity of language, resemblance of occupations, and territorial conditions. Under such conditions conquest is meaningless.
![Page 23: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Non-Territorial National Identities.
“[A nation] is everywhere that her language is spoken, her Revolution followed, her manners, her arts, her literature adopted…”
Bernard Lazare
Gustav Landauer
I believe that one day humanity will be a confederation of free groupings and not organized in keeping with the capitalist system; free groupings ... These groups must be allowed to be constituted, to form themselves. Why wouldn’t Jews form one?
My language and the language of my children is German ... [yet] Judaism is alive in everything that I do. I accept my complexity and hope to be an even more multifarious unity than I am now aware of.
![Page 24: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Joseph Déjacque.
(1821-1864)
![Page 25: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Humanisphere.
The harrow has ploughed over all the national borders. Railroads, bridges thrown over the straits and underwater tunnels, submarines and airships driven by electricity, have made the entire globe into a single city that one can circle in less than a day.
Electricity carries humankind on its wings and makes it walk the clouds on aerial steamboats. It lets us traverse in a few seconds spaces that today would cost entire months to cross by boat ...
Continents are but the districts or neighborhoods of the universal city … The globe is like a park, the oceans its ponds; a child can span them as lightly as a brook while playing with a balloon.
In Déjacque’s utopian vision of the future ...
![Page 26: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Humanisphere.I went up by airship with my guide; we sailed in the air for a minute and soon lighted on the steps of one of the public gardens of the universal city. It is something like a phalanstery, but without any hierarchy, without any authority, where all, on the contrary, testifies to freedom and equality, to the most complete anarchy. The form of this
one is about that of a star, but its rectangular faces are not at all symmetrical, each having its own particular type …
In Déjacque’s utopian vision of the future ...
![Page 27: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Humanisphere.
This recalls, but in much more grandiose proportions, the salons and cabins of the splendid American steamboats.
The apartments of the children are large salons in rows, lit from above, with a line of rooms on each side.
The watchers of day and night, men and women, occupy cabinets of vigilance in which couches are placed. These watchers contemplate with solicitude the movements and the sleep of all these young human growths, and provide for all their desires, all their needs.
This is a voluntary guard, freely assembled, of those who have the strongest feeling of paternity or maternity.
In Déjacque’s utopian vision of the future ...
![Page 28: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Humanisphere.
The popular ocean shall leap from its gulfs … and make of the fragmented and proprietarized soil a collective unity.
It will no longer be a question of a little French Republic, nor of a little American Union, nor even of a little United States of Europe, but of the true, the grand, the social, human Republic, one and indivisible … the Republic of the united individualities of the globe.
The monstrous American Union, the fossil Republic, will disappear in this cataclysm. Then the Republic of the social United States of Europe will span the Ocean and will take possession of this new conquest. Blacks and whites, Creoles and red-skins shall then fraternize and form a single race.
In Déjacque’s utopian vision of the future ...
![Page 29: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Elisée Reclus.
(1830-1905)
![Page 30: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Elisée Reclus.
A hidden harmony exists between the Earth and the people it supports, and when imprudent societies strike a blow at what is beautiful in their domain, they have always been sorry for it.
Among the causes in human history that have led to the disappearance of many civilizations, we ought to mention the brutal violence with which the majority of people related to the land they lived on …Perhaps the climate has changed due to geological causes … but man has to a great extent contributed to the transformation of the fields into deserts.
![Page 31: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Elisée Reclus.Growing by the day, or even by the hour, like octopuses extending their long tentacles into the countryside, these cities indeed seem to be monsters, gigantic vampires draining the blood from men.
![Page 32: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Growth of Cities.
Paris, 1795
![Page 33: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Growth of Cities.
Paris, 1860
![Page 34: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Growth of Cities.
Paris, 1860
![Page 35: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Growth of Cities.
Paris, 1860
Paris, ca. 2009
![Page 36: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Elisée Reclus.But every phenomenon is complex …
… [those who] wish to learn, who seek opportunities to think, to improve themselves, to blossom into writers or artists, or even into the apostles of some truth … Are they not also immigrants to the cities, and is it not thanks to them that the chariot of civilization continues to move forward through the ages?
When the cities grow, humanity progresses, and when they shrink, the social body is threatened with regression into barbarism.
Indeed, cities also function as laboratories for social self-reinvention, sought out by…
![Page 37: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Garden City.
![Page 38: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Garden City.
![Page 39: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Garden City.
![Page 40: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Garden City.
![Page 41: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Peter Kropotkin.
(1842-1921)
Oh, it’s you.
![Page 42: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Peter Kropotkin.
But this great benefit will manifest itself by a steady and marked diminution of the food supplies pouring into the great cities of western Europe.
Since all our middle-class civilization is based on the exploitation of inferior races and countries with less advanced industrial systems, the Revolution will confer a boon at the very outset, by menacing that "civilization," and allowing the so-called inferior races to free themselves.
![Page 43: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Peter Kropotkin.
The scattering of industries over the country … and the combination of industrialwith agricultural work are surely the next step to be made, as soon as a reorganisation of our present conditions is possible.
The two sister arts of Agriculture and Industry were not always soestranged from one another as they are now. There was a time, andthat time is not far off, when both were thoroughly combined …
![Page 44: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Peter Kropotkin.
The large towns, as well as the villages, must undertake to till the soil. We must return to what biology calls the integration of functions... the taking up of it as a whole — this is the course followed throughout nature.
![Page 45: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Peter Kropotkin.
Integration
— of —
Functions
The large towns, as well as the villages, must undertake to till the soil. We must return to what biology calls the integration of functions... the taking up of it as a whole — this is the course followed throughout nature.
![Page 46: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Clifford Harper, “Visions” #1: Autonomous Terrace.
![Page 47: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Clifford Harper, “Visions” #2: Collectivised Gardens.
![Page 48: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Clifford Harper, “Visions” #3: Household Basement Workshop
![Page 49: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Clifford Harper, “Visions” #4: Community Heavy-Workshop
![Page 50: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Clifford Harper, “Visions” #5: Community Media Centre
![Page 51: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Clifford Harper, “Visions” #6: Autonomous Housing Estate
![Page 52: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Paul and Percival Goodman.
Paul Goodman
(1911-1972)
Percival Goodman
(1904-1989)
![Page 53: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Paul and Percival Goodman.
New DelhiGreenbelt, Maryland
Works of engineering and architecture and town plan … and the foreground of human activity are profoundly and intimately dependent on one another.
If we look at the town plan of New Delhi we can immediately read off much of the history and social values of a late date of British imperialism.
And if we look at the Garden City plan of Greenbelt, Md., we can understand something very important about our present American era of “organization man.”
![Page 54: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Paul Goodman on the Social Psychology of Space.
Any human function that an architect plans for is rich with cause and shape … with history and cultural meaning.
… Even the choice of seating arrangements.
![Page 55: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Paul and Percival Goodman.
Public place, Athens
An Athenian’s domestic home was very simple; it was not an asylum for his personality. It did not have to be filled with furniture, mirrors, keepsakes, curiosa, and games.
An Athenian, if free and male, experienced in the public places, the market, the law court, the porticoes, the gymnasia, most of the feelings of ease, intimacy, and personal excitement that we reserve for home and private clubs. He lived in the city more than at home… [So] there was no sharp distinction between public and private affairs.
![Page 56: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Paul and Percival Goodman.
Private place, Victorian England
The most curious examples of heavily furnished homes that are the insane asylums of the spirit frozen and rejected in the city square can be found among the middle classes at the beginning of the twentieth century.
![Page 57: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Paul and Percival Goodman.
Greenbelt, Maryland
What a booby trap!
![Page 58: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Paul and Percival Goodman.
Greenbelt, Maryland
The division of space into “public” and “private,” “working” and “domestic” life, is schizophrenic.
![Page 59: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Paul and Percival Goodman.
[We propose] the elimination of the difference between production and consumption … merging the means in[to] the end.
A square in the town: integration of love, work, and
knowledge
![Page 60: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Paul and Percival Goodman.
A square in the town: integration of love, work, and
knowledge
[We propose] the elimination of the difference between production and consumption … merging the means in[to] the end.
![Page 61: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Paul Glover.Transportation is a waste product. [A modern city] has
become an army camped far from its sources of supply, using distant natural resources faster than these renew.
Accordingly, Glover proposes “recentralizing populations” while “decentralizing supports.”
![Page 62: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Recentralizing Populations – Decentralizing Supports.
From dependence on distant sources of dwindling cropland controlled by distant corporations, toward local production in municipal gardens, community gardens, rooftop gardens, street orchards, and backyard gardens. From meat to vegetarian diets. Community storage. Land use for agriculture rather than manufacturing.
Food
![Page 63: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Recentralizing Populations – Decentralizing Supports.
From centralized disposal of valuable sludge from water-wasting crappers, toward production of compost in waterless toilets for distribution on gardens.
Sewage
![Page 64: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Recentralizing Populations – Decentralizing Supports.
From piecework production of resource-wasteful baubles exported from factories, toward essentials crafted in neighborhoods of local materials for local use. From corporate ownership and management toward community ownership and worker management.
Industry
![Page 65: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Recentralizing Populations – Decentralizing Supports.
From bulk dumping in destroyed woodland, through resource separation and recycling, toward minimal use of resources.
Solid Waste
![Page 66: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Recentralizing Populations – Decentralizing Supports.
From distant centralized suppliers of non-renewable fuels toward neigborhood networks of solar cells, wind, and hydro. Community woodlots. Heavy insulation.
Fuel
![Page 67: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Recentralizing Populations – Decentralizing Supports.
From grid pattern to south-facing combination of single-family, multi-family, extended family, neofamily, and individual units. Comprised of conventional homes, connected homes, cabins, greenhouses, domes, yurts, treehouses, built of local materials. Many floral parks and celebratory areas. Dwellings owned by community, possessed by residents, with system of voluntary rotation of residence.
Housing
![Page 68: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Recentralizing Populations – Decentralizing Supports.
From dangerous, wasteful, and poisonous automobiles, through mass transit and bikeways, toward reliance on foot mobility. Most physical and emotional needs met within walking distance. Most streets replaced by orchards (progressive street reclamation).
Transportation
![Page 69: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Recentralizing Populations – Decentralizing Supports.
From passive consumption of electric commercial culture toward creative participatory celebration of beauty, abundance and life, by music, dance, art and story.
Culture
![Page 70: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Ecolonies.
![Page 71: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Ecolonization.
![Page 72: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Ecolonization.
![Page 73: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Ecolonization.
![Page 74: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Ecolonization.
![Page 75: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Ecolonization.
![Page 76: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Ecolonization.
![Page 77: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Ecolonization.
![Page 78: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Ecolonization.
![Page 79: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
1.b.) Anarchist Spaces: Practice.
![Page 80: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
• 1850-1936: anarchism spreads to the Americas, Asia, Australia, and parts of Africa.
A sample of the international anarchist press, ca. 1931: 100
publications, 10 languages.
![Page 81: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
France — Russia 1840s
![Page 82: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
France — Italy, U.S. 1850s
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
![Page 83: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
Italy — Spain, Greece
Greece — Mexico 1860s
![Page 84: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
France — Oceania Italy — Egypt
1870s
![Page 85: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
Russia — Palestine, U.S., Britain;Italy — Argentina1880s
![Page 86: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
Spain — Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines 1890s
![Page 87: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
Palestine — U.S. — Turkey
France — China, BritainItaly — Brazil1890s
![Page 88: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
Russia — Argentina Britain — Japan 1900s
![Page 89: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
Japan — Korea 1910s
![Page 90: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Globalization of the Anarchist Movement.
Union members represented by delegates to the anarcho-syndicalist International Workingmen’s
Association congress of 1923
Not present:
Spain — 1,000,000+ membersCuba — 80,000+ membersU.S. — 100,000 members
Argentina — 200,000 membersChile — 20,000 membersDenmark — 600 membersGermany — 120,000 membersHolland — 22,500 membersItaly — 500,000 members
Mexico — 30,000 membersNorway — 20,000 membersPortugal — 150,000 membersSweden — 32,000 membersFrance — 100,000 members
![Page 91: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Le Trimardeur.
G. de Greef, “Le Chemineau”
(Almanach de la Question Sociale, 1898)
![Page 92: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Colônia Cecília.
(1890-1894)
![Page 93: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Milieux Libres.
![Page 94: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Ateneos.
Façana del carrer Ample, 22 (1927)
Façana del Passeig Xifré (1926)
![Page 95: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Infoshops.
Crossroads Infoshop and Radical Bookstore, Kansas City, Mo.
![Page 96: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Autonomes Jugendzentrum.
AJZ Biel, Switzerland
![Page 97: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Autonomes Jugendzentrum.
AJZ Rote Fabrik, Zürich, Switzerland
![Page 98: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Autonomes Jugendzentrum.
AJZ Bahndamm, Wermelskirchen, Germany
![Page 99: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Occupation.
Workers’ assembly in an occupied Fiat plant, Italy, 1920
![Page 100: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Occupation.
Squatted building in “Wijers,” Amsterdam, 1980s
![Page 101: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Occupation.
Squatted building, Amsterdam, 1999
![Page 102: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Centro Social Okupado y Biblioteca Sacco y Vanzetti, Santiago, Chile
Occupation.
![Page 103: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Anti-Borders Action.
San Diego, 2005
![Page 104: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Anti-Borders Action.
Anarchists Against the Wall, Beit Mirsim, 2007
![Page 105: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Reclaim The Streets.
RTS Street Party, Helsinki, Finland
![Page 106: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Critical Mass.
Dublin, Ireland (photo: Workers Solidarity Movement )
![Page 107: Which Way to Utopia?: Anarchist Spatial Theory](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062418/553ad00c4a7959842a8b45da/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
The End.