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which crosses

consists of

Selective Breeding

for example

Inbreeding Hybridization

Similar organisms

Dissimilar organismsfor

example

Organism breed A

Organism breed A

Organism breed B

Retains desired characteristics

Combines desired characteristics

which

which crosses

which

Section 13-1

Concept Map

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The Smallest Scissors in the World

Have you ever used your word processor’s Search function? You can specify a sequence of letters, whether it is a sentence, a word, or nonsense, and the program scrolls rapidly through your document, finding every occurrence of that sequence. How might such a function be helpful to a molecular biologist who needs to “search” DNA for the right place to divide it into pieces?

Section 13-2

Interest Grabber

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1. Copy the following series of DNA nucleotides onto a sheet of paper. GTACTAGGTTAACTGTACTATCGTTAACGTAAGCTACGTTAACCTA

2. Look carefully at the series, and find this sequence of letters: GTTAAC. It may appear more than once.

3. When you find it, divide the sequence in half with a mark of your pencil. You will divide it between the T and the A. This produces short segments of DNA. How many occurrences of the sequence GTTAAC can you find?

Section 13-2

Interest Grabber continued

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13–2 Manipulating DNAA. The Tools of Molecular Biology

1. DNA Extraction2. Cutting DNA3. Separating DNA

B. Using the DNA Sequence1. Reading the Sequence2. Cutting and Pasting3. Making Copies

Section 13-2

Section Outline

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Recognition sequences

DNA sequence

Section 13-2

Restriction Enzymes

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Recognition sequences

DNA sequence

Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments. Sticky end

Section 13-2

Restriction Enzymes

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DNA plus restriction enzyme

Mixture of DNA fragments

Gel

Power source

Longer fragments

Shorter fragments

Section 13-2

Figure 13-6 Gel Electrophoresis

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Section 13-2

Figure 13-7 DNA Sequencing

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DNA polymerase adds complementary strand

DNA heated to separate strands

DNA fragment to be copied

PCRcycles 1

DNAcopies 1

2

2

3

4

4

8

5 etc.

16 etc.

Section 13-2

Figure 13-8 PCR

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Sneaking In

You probably have heard of computer viruses. Once inside a computer, these programs follow their original instructions and override instructions already in the host computer. Scientists use small “packages” of DNA to sneak a new gene into a cell, much as a computer virus sneaks into a computer.

Section 13-3

Interest Grabber

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1. Computer viruses enter a computer attached to some other file. What are some ways that a file can be added to a computer’s memory?

2. Why would a person download a virus program?

3. If scientists want to get some DNA into a cell, such as a bacterial cell, to what sort of molecule might they attach the DNA?

Section 13-3

Interest Grabber continued

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13–3 Cell TransformationA. Transforming BacteriaB. Transforming Plant CellsC. Transforming Animal Cells

Section 13-3

Section Outline

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Recombinant DNA

Flanking sequences match host

Host Cell DNATarget gene

Recombinant DNA replaces target gene

Modified Host Cell DNA

Section 13-3

Knockout Genes

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Human Cell

Gene for human growth hormone

Recombinant DNA

Gene for human growth hormone

Sticky ends

DNA recombination

DNA insertion

Bacterial Cell

Plasmid

Bacterial chromosome

Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone

Section 13-3

Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA

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Recombinant plasmid

Gene to be transferred

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Cellular DNA

Transformed bacteria introduce plasmids into plant cells

Plant cell colonies

Complete plant is generated from transformed cell

Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into host cell chromosome

Section 13-3

Figure 13-10 Plant Cell Transformation

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The Good With the Bad

The manipulation of DNA allows scientists to do some interesting things. Scientists have developed many transgenic organisms, which are organisms that contain genes from other organisms. Recently, scientists have removed a gene for green fluorescent protein from a jellyfish and tried to insert it into a monkey.

Section 13-4

Interest Grabber

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1. Transgenic animals are often used in research. What might be the benefit to medical research of a mouse whose immune system is genetically altered to mimic some aspect of the human immune system?

2. Transgenic plants and animals may have increased value as food sources. What might happen to native species if transgenic animals or plants were released into the wild?

Section 13-4

Interest Grabber continued

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13–4 Applications of Genetic EngineeringA. Transgenic Organisms

1. Transgenic Microorganisms2. Transgenic Animals3. Transgenic Plants

B. Cloning

Section 13-4

Section Outline

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Cloning

Section 13-4

Flowchart

A body cell is taken from a donor animal.

An egg cell is taken from a donor animal.

The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.

The nucleus is removed from the egg.

The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock.

The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother.

The embryo develops into a cloned animal.

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A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Donor

NucleusThese two cells are fused using an electric shock.

Fused Cell

The fused cell begins dividing normally.

EmbryoThe embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.Foster

Mother

The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly

Cloned Lamb

Egg Cell

An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.

The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.

Section 13-4

Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal

Video

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Gene Transfer

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