where people & places meet: travel and the spatial identities of indochina, france, and hue in...

7/29/2019 Where People & Places Meet: Travel and the Spatial Identities of Indochina, France, and Hue in 1920s-1940s Vietn

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YBJPJ ]JL]NJ & ]NFKJ[ GJJ_8_PFQJN FEO _BJ []F_CFN COJE_C_CJ[ LA CEOLKBCEF,APFEKJ, FEO BZJ CE 630=s-63?=s QCJ_EFGJ[J ]PCE_

@y

Kceoy F. Eiuyje

F _BJ[C[

[u`gcttjo tlGckbcife [tftj Zecvjrsctyce pfrtcfn aunacnngjet la tbj rjqucrjgjets

alr tbj ojirjj la

BcstlryGfstjr la Frts

0=6;


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F@[_PFK_

YBJPJ ]JL]NJ & ]NFKJ[ GJJ_8_PFQJN FEO _BJ []F_CFN COJE_C_CJ[ LA CEOLKBCEF,APFEKJ, FEO BZJ CE 630=s-63?=s QCJ_EFGJ[J ]PCE_

@y

Kceoy F. Eiuyje

_bcs tbjscs jxfgcejs tbj krjftcle la tbj spftcfn cojetctcjs la Ceolkbcef, Arfekj, feo Buj

ce Qcjtefgjsj prcet gjocf le trfvjn feo gfss tlurcsg ce jfrny twjetcjtb kjetury. _brluib tbj

ocrjkt jxpjrcjekj la trfvjn fs wjnn fs frgkbfcr pjrkjptcles vcf trfvjn stlrcjs feo jpbjgjrf,

ceocvcoufns klestruktjo Ceolkbcef, Arfekj, feo Buj wctb plnctckfn, kunturfn, feo ijeojrjogjfeceis. Ce ltbjr wlros, trfvjn kfe kletrc`utj tl tbj cevjetcle la pnfkj, sbfpjo tbrluib tbj

tlplpbcncf lr spftcfn sjetcgjet. Fntbluib faajktcvj ueojrstfeoceis la pnfkj kfe `j su`hjktcvj, tbcs

tbjscs ojglestrftjs blw Qcjtefgjsj trfvjnjrs trfesnftjo tbjcr jekluetjrs wctb ejw pnfkjs feo

pjlpnj tbrluib kleklgctfet ocsklursjs le glojrecty, knfss, eftclefncsg, feo ur`fecsg. Ce tbcs

wfy Ceolkbcef, Arfekj, feo Buj `jkfgj sctjs alr tbj jxprjsscle la ejw alrgs la klnnjktcvj

cojetctcjs sukb fs tbj Qcjtefgjsj cetjnncijetscf, gcoonj knfss, feo stuojets.

_brluib fe fefnyscs la Qcjtefgjsj feo Arjekb nfeiufij fovjrtcsjgjets, trfvjnliujs,

feo acktcle pu`ncsbjo wctbce Qcjtefgjsj prcet `jtwjje tbj 630=s feo 63?=s, tbcs prlhjkt sjjds tl

klevjy tbj pjrslecackftcle la pnfkjs tbrluib `ltb pjrslefn jxpjrcjekjs feo wcojr slkcl-kunturfn

oj`ftjs. Aurtbjrglrj, fs ceockftjo ce gfey tjxtufn rjprjsjetftcles la trfvjn, tbj prlkjss la

glvjgjet syg`lnczjo tbj kftfnyst alr sjna-rjanjktcle fs wjnn fs utlpck vcscles alr slkcfn feoplnctckfn lpplrtuecty. _bus, tbcs tbjscs ojglestrftjs tbj cetjrrjnftclesbcp `jtwjje pjlpnj feo

pnfkj, sukb tbft trfvjnjrs ojacejo tbj pnfkjs la Ceolkbcef, Arfekj, feo Buj, feo wjrj fnsl sbfpjo

`y cts rbjtlrck.


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ccc

Alr Jrckwbl fnwfys `jncjvjo ce gj


4/103

cv

FKDELYNJOIGJEJ_[

_bcs gfstjrs tbjscs wluno elt bfvj `jje plssc`nj wctblut tbj dceo supplrt la gfey

pjlpnj. Acrst feo alrjglst, C wluno ncdj tl tbfed gy fovcslr Or. Kbfrnjs Djctb alr bcs iucofekj

feo jeklurfijgjet tbrluiblut gy yjfrs ft Gckbcife [tftj Zecvjrscty. _brluib gfey rjanjktcvj

klevjrsftcles, bj kbfnnjeijo gj tl `j krctckfn, jxbfustcvj, feo `lno ce gy rjsjfrkb feo tbcedcei.

C fnsl jxtjeo tbj ojjpjst irftctuoj tl gjg`jrs la gy iucofekj klggcttjj, Ors. Njsncj ]fij

Glkb feo Fgceof [gctb, wblsj delwnjoij la gcirftcle, slkcfn bcstlry, feo kunturfn bcstlry

bfvj sbfpjo gy njes la fefnysjs. [pjkcfn tbfeds tl arcjeos ejfr feo afr wblsj sjnanjssejss feoijejrlscty bfvj ojacejo gy jxpjrcjekj ce Gckbcife8 Fnjx Ifnfrzf, Fncsle Dlnlozy, Feorjw

]bfg, Fprcn Irjjewllo, Fsbnjy [feojrs, @jtb Outrcoij-Klrp, Kfrlnye ]rftt, Kftbjrcej Alnjy,

Jnnf Arftfetulel, Jgcny Hlfe, Anlrf Ajntbfg, Bjnje Crjej, Hfsle @nfkd, Hjfe-]fun ojIuzgfe,

Hjefj Klbe, Hjss Gknjlo, Njsncj Kbfetbfpbfslud, Ncz _cg`s, Gfrd [fekbjz, Pyfe Bujy,

[tjpbfecj Sfei, feo [ynvcf Gfrqujs. Feo acefnny tbfed ylu tl gy `jst arcjeo feo kleacofet,

Jrck Dcg, feo tl gy afgcny alr tbjcr uejeocei pftcjekj feo nlvj tbrluiblut gy stuocjs.


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_F@NJ LA KLE_JE_[

NC[_ LA ACIZPJ[ vc

KBF]_JP 6CE_PLOZK_CLE 6_bjlrjtckfn Kletjxt 0_rfvjn feo _rfesplrtftcle wctbce tbj Alrgftcle la Zr`fe Gcoonj Knfss Cojetcty :]rcet feo tbj Kcrkunftcle la Cojfs le Glojrecty, _rfvjn, feo [pfkj 61

[lurkjs & Gjtblos 06

KBF]_JP 0JR]NLPCEI _BJ []FKJ LA CEOLKBCEF8 CEQJE_CLE FEO PJFNC_S 01

Gfdcei [jesj la Ceolkbcejsj [pfkj feo Klgguecty tbrluib _rfvjn 09Pjnftclefn Ojacectcles la [pfkjs & [jna8 _bj Ycnojrejss, Kluetryscoj & Gluetfces ?=

]lwjr feo ]rcvcnjijo Cslnftcle la Fcrpnfejs, Futlgl`cnjs, feo Gluetfce Pjslrts ?2

KBF]_JP ;ACEOCEI KCQCNCXF_CLE8 APFEKJ FEO _BJ AFCNZPJ[ LA KLNLECFNC[G :1

_bj Pbjtlrck la Kcvcnczftcle feo Pjfncty la Joukftcle F`rlfo8 Arfekj feo tbj

Lpplrtuecty alr [lkcl-Jklelgck Fskjescle :3Aceocei [lkcfn ]urplsj ce Arfekj, tbj Nf`lrftlry la ]lnctckfn feo Kunturfn

Glojreczftcle 11Arfekj fs Kunturfn feo Ijejrftclefn Oystlpcf 90

Kleknuscle 93

J]CNLIZJGFDCEI [JE[J LA EJY FEO LNO []FKJ[8 BZJ F[ F [C_J LA KZN_ZPJFEO BJPC_FIJ 26

Buj feo tbj Cevjetcle la f Nlst ]fst 20

@C@NCLIPF]BS3=


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c

NC[_ LA ACIZPJ[

Aciurj 6-68 _lurcst `rlkburj feo gfp la tbj afglus rjo klnlrjo rlfo, nf rlutj gfeofrcej 2

Aciurj 0-68 [kjejry la-_bce -_bkb- [kjeck cgfij tbft fkklgpfecjo tlurcsg frtcknjs tlFeidlr Yft. ]b E_e Qe, 3 Hfeufry 63;= ;;

Aciurj 0-08]blei Bl, 3 Huej 63;; _wl wfys la Qfkftclecei lr Jfst feo Yjst Fvlcocei

Jfkb Ltbjr :;

Aciurj ;-68]b E_e Qe, 01 [jptjg`jr 6303. ]bltl la Qcjtefgjsj stuojets wblpfrtckcpftjo ce tbj skblnfrsbcp klgpjtctcle le 6: [jptjg`jr 6303 1:

Aciurj ;-08 Kfrtlles tbft fkklgpfecjo tbj sjrcjs Ilcei Yjst]blei Bf, 62 Fuiust 63;0 9;

Aciurj ?-68 Klvjr la]blei Bf, 6; Gfrkb 63;1 2:


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6

KBF]_JP 6

CE_PLOZK_CLE

Ce f twl gletb nlei sjrcjs tctnjo Nj _lurcsgj jt njs Feefgctjs feo tbj [fcile `fsjo

ejwspfpjrsNf _rc`uej Ceolkbcelcsj, tbj futblr jxpnfcejo tbj slkcfn feo plnctckfn cgplrtfekj alr

Qcjtefgjsj tl pfrtckcpftj ce tbj glojre prfktckj la tlurcsg.6 _bj futblr jxpfeojo le tbj sfycei

Njs vlyfijs alrgjet nf hjuejssj T_rfvjn `rlfojes tbj gceoW, feo rjctjrftjo tbft trfvjn sbfpjo

tbj klekjptcles la lejspftrcj TaftbjrnfeoW feo tbft la ltbjr kluetrcjs ejfr Ceolkbcef.0 _brluib

klgpfrcsle feo kletrfst wctb nlkftcles ojskrc`jo fs tbj Yjst, Outkb Ceocjs, [cfg, Blei

Dlei, tbj futblr orjw tbj kunturfn `lrojrs la Ceolkbcefs spftcfn cojetcty. Fs jxpnfcejo ce tbj

Qcjtefgjsj 6302 frtcknj, trfvjn jxpjrcjekjs kfe trfesalrg f gftjrcfn spfkj cetl f pnfkj wctb

plnctckfn, kunturfn, feo ijeojrjo kbfrfktjrcstcks. _bcs tbjscs jxpnlrjs tbj krjftcle la tbj spftcfn

cojetctcjs la Ceolkbcef, Arfekj, feo Buj tbrluib fe jxfgceftcle la tlurcsg fovjrtcsjgjets,

rjplrts, feo trfvjn stlrcjs, lr ou d, wbckb anlurcsbjo ce tbj Qcjtefgjsj plpunfr prjss `jtwjje

tbj 630=s feo 63?=s. Fs Qcjtefgjsj trfvjnjo tbrluib feo `jyleo tbj rjicle vcf ejw glojs la

trfesct feo plpunfrczjo rlutjs, tbjy gfppjo pnfkjs wctb kunturfn, klnlecfn, plnctckfn, feo pjrslefn

6 Yctbce tbj gfhlrcty la klnlecfn olkugjets, Qcjtefgjsj (tblsj la Qcjt jtbeckcty) frj rjajrrjotl fs Feefgjsj lr Feefgctjs. Alr tbcs prlhjkt, C cestjfo usj tbj kletjgplrfry tjrgQcjtefgjsj tl rjajr tl Jfstjre Ceolkbcef feo tbj Qcjt pjlpnj fs f kunturfn-nceiucstck irlup.0 _bj futblr jxpnfces Nj vlyfij, oct-le, alrgj nf hjuejssjf sfycei tbft knlsjny trfesnftjs tltbj Jeincsb pbrfsj _rfvjn `rlfojes tbj gceo. Nj _lurcsgj jt njs Feefgctjs, Nf _rc`uejCeolkbcelcsj, 61 Gfy 6302. Fnn Qcjtefgjsj feo Arjekb trfesnftcles tl Jeincsb frj gy lwe.


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0

sciecackfekj tbrluib tbj pu`nckftcle la tbjcr trfvjn jxpjrcjekjs. Glrjlvjr ceocvcoufns

rjanjktcles uple trfvjn feo ijlirfpby klgpnckftj tbj ueojrstfeocei la Qcjtefgjsj glojre

njcsurj, kunturfn cojetcty, feo plnctckfn klgguecty ce tbj nftj klnlecfn pjrclo. _bus tbcs prlhjkt

hlces tlijtbjr klekjpts la trfvjn feo spfkj feo cetjrprjts tbcs fs `ltb blrczletfn feo vjrtckfn

glvjgjettbj alrgjr ojacejo fs fe ceocvcoufns pbysckfn glvjgjet, feo tbj nfttjr fs tbj

klestruktcle la f spftcfn cojetcty tbrluib guntcnjvjnjo rjanjktcles le kunturj, bcstlry, feo

klgguecty.;

_bjlrjtckfn Kletjxt

Fs ocskurscvj ojvckjs, pnfkjs kfe auektcle `ltb fs su`hjkts fktcei uple feo l`hjkts

fktjo le `y trfvjnjrs. _bj fkt la trfvjn feo tbj trfesnftcle la tbft jxpjrcjekj ce pjrslefn ocfrcjs

lr prcet gjocf kfe ojglestrftj tbj guntcocrjktclefn rjnftclesbcp `jtwjje su`hjkt feo

jevcrlegjet. Alr jxfgpnj, gfey trfvjn stlrcjs la Qcjtefgjsj ylutb wbl hlurejyjo tl Arfekj

klevjy jgltcles rfeicei arlg rjsplesc`cncty feo jgplwjrgjet tl cslnftcle feo oystlpck

rjfnczftcle.? Yctbce trfvjn stlrcjs la Ceolkbcef, ceocvcoufns rjanjktjo le fe cevjetjo kunturfn feo

plnctckfn spfkj fs wjnn fs le tbjcr lwe rjnftclesbcp tl tbj kbfeicei jevcrlegjet. Sc-Au _ufe

knfcgs tbft spftcfn delwnjoij lkkurs wbje glvjgjet feo kbfeijs la nlkftcle kfe `j

jevcsfijo wbcnj ce f scgcnfr wfy, Hlbe Zrry feo Kbrcs Plhjd friuj tbft tlurcsg ocrjktny sbfpjs

; Gckbfjn Krlece ojacejs feo ocstceiucsbjs `jtwjje tbjsj twl typjs la trfvjn wctbce bcs `lldFkrlss tbj Ncejs8 _rfvjn, Nfeiufij, _rfesnftcle (Klrd, Crjnfeo8 Klrd Zecvjrscty ]rjss, 0===),63.? Fs ocskussjo ce Kbfptjr 0, twl la tbj glst wjnn-delwe trfvjn stlrcjs tl Arfekj frj Ebt NcebsIlcei tl Arfekj feo N Bu _bl,Ctcerfcrj Oue ]jtct Gfeofrce8 Huce 63?=, KlnnjktcleGglcrjs Fscftcqujs (]frcs8 NBfrgfttfe, 6339).


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;

tbj alueoftcle la eftclefn kunturj. : Fs rlutjs la sjna-rjanjktcle, tbjsj jgltclefn rjsplesjs tl tbj

kbfeicei nfeoskfpj jg`loy blw alr bugfes, `ltb tbj jaajkts la spfkj le lur `jbfvclr feo lur

usj la spfkj frj gjocftjo `y pnfkj.1 Fntbluib tbj `fkdirlueos feo gltcvftcles alr trfvjnjrs

vfrcjo jxtjescvjny, tbjsj efrrftcvjs jxplueo tbj ceanujetcfn rlnj la pnfkjce tbcs kfsj, tbj

kltjrgcelus ojpfrturj arlg feoojacectcle la blgjuple spftcfn fwfrjejss feo sjna-cojetcty.

Ce ltbjr wlros, tbj fkt la trfvjn cespcrjo ejw wfys la tbcedcei f`lut tbj sjna feo spfkjs sukb fs

Ceolkbcef, Arfekj, feo Buj.

Fs _blekbfc Yceckbfdun bfs jnukcoftjo ce [cfg Gfppjo, spfkj cs elt prjsugjo ùt cs

fktcvjny trfesnftjo cetl gfppjo plnctckfn gfecajstftcles la spfkj. 9 Yceckbfdun fnsl kbfnnjeijs

Yjstjre ijlirfpby feo gfppcei tjkbecqujs fs tbj purvjylr la plnctckfn `lueofrcjs feo prlvcojs

cescibt cetl ceocijelus klekjptcles la spfkj `fsjo le spftcfn rjnftcvcty tbrluib plwjr feo

trcùtfry ejtwlrds. Aurtbjrglrj, kunturfn feo nctjrfry prlkjssjs la ueojrstfeocei spfkj fnsl

auektcle fs ltbjr cealrgfn wfys la cgficecei spfkj. Ce tbcs wfy, tbj fkt la trfvjn feo cts

su`sjqujet tjxtufn rjprjsjetftcles fnsl kletrcùtj tl klestrukt f pnfkj. Qcjtefgjsj trfvjn stlrcjsojglestrftj tbj guntcpnckcty la spftcfn pjrkjptcles feo untcgftjny foo tl feo kbfnnjeij klnlecfn

: [pftcfn F`cncty, Delwnjoij, feo ]nfkj ce Sc-Au _ufe feo [tjvje Bljnskbjr, [pfkj feo]nfkj8 _bj ]jrspjktcvj la Jxpjrcjekj (Zecvjrscty la Gceejsltf ]rjss, 0==6), 19-12. _ufejxpnfcejo tbj krjftcle la gjetfn gfps ce tbj alnnlwcei wfy8 lekj le cts jxpnlrftlry pftb,krjftjs nfrij feo klgpnjx spftcfn skbjgftf tbft jxkjjo `y afr wbft fe ceocvcoufn kfe jeklgpfsstbrluib ocrjkt jxpjrcjekj. Kbrcs Plhjd, _lurcei Kunturjs8 _rfesalrgftcles la _rfvjn feo

_bjlry (Nleole8 Plutnjoij, 6339).1 eijns ]fskufn-oj-[fes, [jesj la ]nfkj feo Gcirftcle Bcstlrcjs Cocltlpy feo Cocltlpj,Frjf;1, el. ? (Ojkjg`jr 6, 0==?)8 ;?2;:9. ]fskufn-oj-[fes plsjs fe ceelvftcvj gjtblo tlueojrstfeo tbj pjrslefn tjgplrfncty la pnfkj uscei tbj gjockfn klekjpt la cocltlpj (tbjrjnftclefn ojtjrgceftjs la fetc`locjs) tl syg`lnczj tbj sjesj la `jnleicei la pjlpnj tl pnfkjs feopnfkjs tl pjlpnj.9 _bleikbfc Yceckbfdun, [cfg Gfppjo8 f Bcstlry la tbj Ijl-`loy la f Eftcle (Blelnunu, BC8Zecvjrscty la Bfwfcc ]rjss, 633?).


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?

klestrukts la spfkj. Ourcei tbj klnlecfn pjrclo, f guntctuoj la gfps jgjrijo tl spftcfnny

rjprjsjet Arjekb klnlecfn Ceolkbcef. _bj gfp rjprjsjetjo ijl-plnctckfn `lueofrcjs feo

auektclejo fs f syg`ln la klequjst, Yjstjre ocktftcles la spfkj, feo wbft Ofvco Bfrvjy

ojskrc`js fs tbj blglijecsftcle la spftcfn ctcejrfrcjs feo spftcfn stlrcjs. 2 Alr jxfgpnj,

Ceolkbcef, klescstcei la tbj prltjktlrftjs la Nfls, Kfg`locf, feo _ledce, Feefg, feo tbj

klnley Klkbcekbcef, wfs `ltb rjfn feo cgficejo. Frkbctjkturfn prlhjkts cgplrtjo feo cetjrprjtjo

Arjekb cojfns la `jfuty, glojrecty, feo Ceolkbcejsjejss letl tbj nfeoskfpj. Ft tbj sfgj tcgj,

skblln`llds, gfps, feo kunturfn prlhjkts rjprjsjetjo tbj klnleczjo rjicle, njs kceq anjurs T_bj

Acvj AnlwjrsW, fs f uecacjo kunturfn feo pbysckfn rjfncty.3 [kblnfrs sukb fs Iwjeolnye Yrcibt,

]fecvlei Elrceor, Ecklnf Kllpjr, feo Gftt Gftsuof bfvj cnnugceftjo tbj pbfetfsgck la

Ceolkbcef wctbce Arjekb plpunfr cgficeftcle feo klnlecfn plncky.6= _bjsj wlrds ojpckt blw tbj

ijlirfpbck spfkj la Ceolkbcef wfs kl-lptjo fs f `nfed snftj tl jxbc`ct Arjekb ojacectcles la

`jfuty feo bcstlrckfn vfnuj. @ut blw oco tbj spfkj la Ceolkbcef jgjrij feo jvlnvj le tbj nlkfn,

jvjrofy njvjn la slkcl-kunturfn pjrkjptcles feo plnctckfn rjfncty< _l wbft jxtjet oco fspjkts laNceolkbcej arfefcsj pjrgjftj lr wjrj rjcevjetjo tbrluiblut Qcjtefgjsj plpunfr

cgficeftcle feo vjrefkunfr prcet< Pftbjr tbfe f purjny klnlecfn ocskurscvj fkt, tbj cevjetcle la

2 Ofvco Bfrvjy, _bj Kleoctcle la ]lstglojrecty8 Fe Jequcry cetl tbj Lrcices la KunturfnKbfeij (Lxalro, Jeinfeo4 Ejw Slrd, ES, Z[F8 @nfkdwjnn, 6323).3Njs Kceq Anjurs8 NCeolkbcej Jxpncqujj `y Hjfe Gfrqujt wfs f skblln prcgjr tbft jxpnfcejo

tbj bcstlry la Arjekb Ceolkbcef tl yluei pu`nck skblln kbcnorje.6= Iwjeolnye Yrcibt, Kbfptjr ?8 Ceolkbcef8 _bj Alnny la Irfeojur, ce _bj ]lnctcks la Ojsciece Arjekb Klnlecfn Zr`fecsg (Kbckfil8 Zecvjrscty la Kbckfil ]rjss, 6336)4 ]jeey Jowfros,Kfg`loij8 _bj Kuntcvftcle la f Eftcle 621=-63?: (Blelnunu, BC8 Zecvjrscty la Bfwfcc ]rjss,0==9)4 ]fecvlei Elrceor, ]bfetfsgftck Ceolkbcef8 Arjekb Klnlecfn Cojlnliy ce Frkbctjkturj,Acng, feo Nctjrfturj (Ourbfg, EK8 Oudj Zecvjrscty ]rjss, 6339)4 Gftt D. Gftsuof, Ceolkbcef8Plgfekj la tbj Puces, ceJgpcrj la Nlvj8 Bcstlrcjs la Arfekj feo tbj ]fkcack (Ejw Slrd, ES8Lxalro Zecvjrscty ]rjss, Z[F, 0==:), 6;961=.


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:

Ceolkbcef feo spfkj glrj `rlfony lkkurrjo tbrluiblut vfrclus nctjrfry, pjrslefn, slkcfn, feo

plnctckfn kbfeejns. _bcs qufnctftcvj feo qufetctftcvj stuoy la Qcjtefgjsj trfvjn feo tjxtufn gjocf

kfe cnnugceftj blw Qcjtefgjsj gfppjo tbjcr kunturfn feo pbysckfn wlrno feo klestruktjo tbj

spfkj la Ceolkbcef, Arfekj, feo Buj. Aurtbjrglrj, fe jxfgceftcle la tbjsj tjxts ojglestrftjs

tbj cetjrpnfy `jtwjje cojfs sukb fs tbj Yjst, glojrecty, klnlecfncsg, feo tbj ceocvcoufn uple

tbj jvjryofy ueojrstfeoceis la spfkj.

_bus, tbcs prlhjkt cetjirftjs tbj ojvjnlpgjet la spftcfn cojetctcjsfs cnnugceftjo tbrluib

trfvjn feo tjxtufn trfesnftclescetl tbj kunturfn bcstlry la nftj klnlecfn Qcjtefg. Cealrgjo `y

stuocjs le prcet kunturj, ijeojrjo ijlirfpby, feo kunturfn trfesnftcle tbcs rjsjfrkb fnslojglestrftjs blw tbj rjnftclefn efturj la fijet feo spfkj sbfpjo Qcjtefgjsj klekjptcles la sjna

feo tbj klnnjktcvj. Blw oco tbj sbcat la jvjryofy spfkj feo alrgftcle la spftcfn cojetctcjs tbft

fkklgpfecjo fe ceocvcoufns trfvjn klgj tl sbfpj tbjcr pjrkjptcles la sjna, blgj, feo f`rlfo

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