The Passive Voice of the 1st and 2nd Conjugations; Ablative of Agent; Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives.

The Passive Voice of the 1st and 2nd Conjugations; Ablative of Agent; Interrogative Pronouns and AdjectivesCHAPTER 18Chapter 18OBJECTIVESUpon completion of this chapter, students should be able to:1. Explain the difference between active voice and passive voice.2. Identify the personal endings for the passive voice of the three present system tenses.3. Recognize, form, and translate the present system tenses, passive voice, of first and secondconjugation verbs.4. Define, recognize, and translate the ablative of agent construction.The Passive Voice:General RemarksVoice is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb performs or receives the action.There are two types of voice: active voice and passive voice.

Already familiar with Active Voice The subject of a sentence is the doer of the action. (i.e. The senators killed Caesar).These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.The dog jumped onto the boy.The dog (subject) is doing the jumping (verb).Austin will give a book report to the class.Austin (subject) is doing the giving (verb).The computer ate my paper.The computer (subject) is doing the eating (verb).

Passive VoiceIn the Passive Voice the subject of the passive verb is the receiver of the action of the verb (i.e. Caesar was killed by the senators).

The DOER of the action in the passive voice is provided in the ablative phrase (by the senators)

In passive voice, the DOER/PERFORMER of the action is called the ablative of personal agent, and it follows the preposition or ab.

In Latin, there are special endings to show that the verbs are in the passive voice!

The formation of Passive VoiceThe formation of Passive Voice for the First and Second Conjugation verbs in the Present System is rather simple. Just add the passive voice endings to the Present Stem for the Present Tense.

For the Future and Imperfect, first add the tense markers to the present stem. Imperfect (-ba) or Future (-bo,- bi,- bu). Then add the passive voice endings.

Ex. Present, Indicative, Passive, 3rd Person, Singular -> do, dare, dedi, datumdare -> da (present stem) + -tur (ending) = daturEx. Imperfect, Indicative, Passive, 3rd Person, Singular -> do, dare, dedi, datumdare -> da (present stem) + -ba- (Imperfect tense marker) + -tur (ending) = dabaturTranslation: he is being given.

Ex. Future, Indicative, Passive, 3rd Person, Singular -> do, dare, dedi, datumdare -> da (present stem) + -bi- (Future tense marker) + -tur (ending) = dabiturTranslation: he will be given.

How is Passive Voice Formed?In present, imperfect, and future tenses, passive verbs use a different set of endings.The verb stem + standard vowel + personal passive endings: -r-mur-ris-mini-tur-ntur

Present Passive of Amo, Amare and Teneo, TenereAmo, AmareLoveTeneo, TenereHoldAmorI am lovedTeneorI am heldAmarisYou are lovedTenerisYou are heldAmaturHe/she/it is lovedTeneturHe/she/it is heldAmamurWe are lovedTenemurWe are heldAmaminiYou are lovedTeneminiYou are heldAmanturThey are lovedTenenturThey are heldImperfect Passive of Amo, Amare and Teneo, TenereAmo, AmareLoveTeneo, TenereHoldAmabarI was being lovedTenebarI was being heldAmabarisYou were being lovedTenebarisYou were being heldAmabaturHe/she/it was being lovedTenebaturHe/she/it was being heldAmabamurWe were being lovedTenebamurWe were being heldAmabaminiYou were being lovedTenebaminiYou were being heldAmabanturThey were being lovedTenebanturThey were being heldFuture Passive of Amo, Amare and Teneo, TenereAmo, AmareLoveTeneo, TenereHoldAmaborI will be lovedTeneborI will be heldAmaberisYou will be lovedTeneberisYou will be heldAmabiturHe/she/it will be lovedTenebiturShe/he/it will be heldAmabimurWe will be lovedTenebimurWe will be heldAmabiminiYou will be lovedTenebiminiYou will be heldAmabunturThey will be lovedTenebunturThey will be heldPRACTICE AND REVIEWMulti morte etiam facili nimis terrentur.Beata memoria amicitiarum dulcium numquam delebitur.Illa femina caeca omnia genera artium quoque intellexit et ab amicis iucundis semper laudabatur.Pater senex vester, a quo saepe iuvabamur, multa de celeribus periculis ingentis maris heri dicere coepit.PRACTICE AND REVIEWMentes nostrae memoria potenti illorum duorum factorum cito moventur.Consilia reginae illo tertio bello longo et difficili delebantur.Itaque mater mortem quarti filii exspectabat, qui non valebat et cuius aetas erat brevis.Bella difficilia sine consilio et clementia numquam gerebamus.ON DEATH AND METAMORPHOSISO genus humanum, quod mortem nimium timet! Cur pericula mortis timetis? Omnia mutantur, omnia fluunt, nihil ad veram mortem venit. Animus errat et in alia corpora miscetur; nec manet, nec easdem formas servat, sed in formas novas mutatur. Vita est flumen; tempora nostra fugiunt et nova sunt semper. Nostra corpora semper mutantur; id quod fuimus aut sumus, non cras erimus.Chapter 19OBJECTIVESUpon completion of this chapter, students should be able to:1. Recognize, form, and translate the three perfect system tenses, passive voice, of all verbs.2. Define and explain the function of an interrogative pronoun and an interrogative adjective.3. Recognize, form, and translate the interrogative pronoun quis, quid, and the interrogative adjective qui, quae, quod.4. Distinguish among the relative pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, and the interrogative adjective.Chapter Nineteen introduces the Perfect Passive system of all verb conjugations. The Perfect Indicative Passive is rather simple to form.

The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Passive each use the Fourth Principle part of the verb combined with the conjugations of sum (Perfect Passive), eram (Pluperfect), and ero (Future Perfect) to form the passives.

In Latin, there are special endings to show that the verbs are in the passive voice!Indicative Passive of the 1st and 2nd Conjugations in the Perfect SystemThe present system (i.e. Present, Future, Imperfect = Present stem + passive endings.

The perfect system (i.e. Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect) = 4th Principal Part + Appropriate form of Sum (to be).

Amo, Amare, Amavi, Amatus (a,um).Teneo, Tenere, Tenui, Tentus (a, um).

4th Principal part must agree with the subject of the verb in gender and number.Perfect Passive of Amo, Amare and Teneo, TenereAmo, Amare, Amavi, AmatusLoveTeneo, Tenere, Tenui, TentusHoldAmatus sumI was lovedTentus sumI was heldAmatus esYou were lovedTentus esYou were heldAmatus estHe was lovedTentus estHe was heldAmati sumusWe were lovedTenti sumusWe were heldAmati estisYou were lovedTenti estisYou were heldAmati suntThey were lovedTenti suntThey were heldPluperfect Passive of Amo, Amare and Teneo, TenereAmo, Amare, Amavi, Amatus

LoveTeneo, Tenere, Tenui, Tentus

HoldAmatus eramI had been lovedTentus eramI had been heldAmatus erasYou had been lovedTentus erasYou had been heldAmatus eratHe had been lovedTentus eratHe had been heldAmati eramusWe had been lovedTenti eramusWe had been heldAmati eratisYou had been lovedTenti eratisYou had been heldAmati erantThey had been lovedTenti erantThey had been heldFuture Perfect Passive of Amo, Amare and Teneo, TenereAmo, Amare, Amavi, Amatus

LoveTeneo, Tenere, Tenui, Tentus

HoldAmatus eroI will have been lovedTentus eroI will have been heldAmatus erisYou will have been lovedTentus erisYou will have been heldAmatus eritHe will have been lovedTentus eritHe will have been heldAmati erimusWe will have been lovedTenti erimusWe will have been heldAmati eritisYou will have been lovedTenti eritisYou will have been heldAmati eruntThey will have been lovedTenti eruntThey will have been heldPassive InfinitiveSimply take the present active infinitive and replace the final e with i.

Amare (to love) Amari (to be loved).

Tenere (to hold) Teneri (to be held).Examples of the Tensesa. Perfect: Puer ductus est. The boy has been lead.

b. Pluperfert: Puer ductus erat. The boy had been lead.

c. Future Perfect: Puer ductus erit. The boy will have been lead.

Examples of the agreement of gender, number, and case:a. Masculine, Singular: Puer ductus est. The boy has been lead.

b. Masculine, Plural: Pueri ducti sunt. The boys have been lead.

c. Feminine, Singular: Puella ducta erat. The girl had been lead.

d. Feminine, Plural: Puellae ductae erant. The girls had been lead.

e. Neuter, Singular: Donum laudatum erit. The gift will have been praised.

f. Neuter, Plural: Dona laudata erunt. The gifts will have been praised.

Ablative of AgentThe personal agent by whom the action of a passive verb is performed indicated by the preposition ab (by) + the ablative.

Caesar ab hostibus suis oppugnatus est Caesar was attacked by his enemies.

Remember without the prepostion a or ab, the ablative is the ablative of means:Ablative of Agent Ex: The city is destroyed by the king. Urbs a rege deletur.Ablative of Means Ex: The city is destroyed by the flames. Urbs flammis deletur.Interrogative PronounThe Interrogative Pronoun asks for the identification of a person or thing. In Latin the Interrogative Pronoun works like the English Interrogative Pronoun (who, whose, whom? what, which?).

Who is that man?What are you thinking?

As pronouns they decline according to gender, number, and case.Decline exactly like relative pronouns with a few exceptions: 1. Distinct nominative, singular forms. 2. Masc and Fem singular identical.Note: Because relatives and interrogatives look the same, context will tell you which one you are looking at.Interrogative AdjectiveInterrogative adjectives ask for further information about a specific person or thing.i.e. Whose car are you driving?i.e. To what woman did you write this poem?As adjectives they agree with the noun they modify in gender, number, and case.Forms identical to the relative pronoun so context is important.Tips: 1. Question mark. 2. Presence of an antecedent indicates a relative pronoun. 3. Presence of a noun that agrees in gender, number, and case indicates an interrogative adjective.Cf. Wheelock, p. 125.Remember: the Interrogative Pronoun asks a question about the identity of a person or thing, has no antecedent, and often introduces the question. The Interrogative Adjective asks for more specific identification of a person or thing. The Interrogative Adjective precedes and agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun.

The Relative Pronoun usually introduces a subordinate clause. It has an antecedent and does not ask a question, but provide further information about their antecedents.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAEQuae est natura animi? Est mortalis.

Illa argumenta visa sunt et gravia et certa.

Quid nos facere contra istos et scelera eorum debemus?

Quid ego egi? In quod periculum iactus sum?

O di immortales! In qua urbe vivimus? Quam civitatem habemus? Quae scelera videmus?SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAEQui sunt boni cives nisi ei qui beneficia patriae memoria tenent?Alia, quae pecunia parantur, ab eo stulto parata sunt; at mores eius veros amicos parare non potuerunt.

CATULLUS BIDS A BITTER FAREWELL TO LESBIAVale, puella, iam Catullus obdurat.. . .Scelesta, vae te! Quae tibi manet vita?Quis nunc te adibit? Cui videberis bella?Quem nunc amabis? Cuius esse diceris?Quem basiabis? Cui labella mordebis?At tu, Catulle, destinatus obdura.