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Fungicides: Efficacy and EconomicsHEATHER KELLY, EXTENSION/RESEARCH PLANT PATHOLOGISTDANNY MORRIS, AREA FARM MANAGEMENT SPECIALISTUNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE
SoybeanCornWheat
Disease Pyramid
1. Pathogen influenced by field history, location, etc.
2. Environment promotes disease development
3. Susceptible host variety
4. Time all 3 factors have to occur at a critical time/growth stage
For yield loss to be an issue
Factors needed to result in yield loss due to disease PEST
F 10.5.1 – Spray for Scab fungus infects through the blooms (use www.wheatscab.psu.edu for risk)
F6-F9 – Scout for leaf diseases - infections begin on lower leaves (news.utcrops.com)
Image from southernstates.com
Wheat 2013-2017 Fungicide Trials
1.31.7
4.6 4.6
5.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
early early+bloom early+flag flag bloom
bu
/a
Fungicide Timing
Yield (bu/a) above Non-treated check
# treatments 17 2 13 35 59
Top Yield Robbing Diseases in Corn
Grey Leaf Spot
Upper side of leaf
Lower side of leaf
Southern Rust
news.utcrops.com For in season disease updates
Corn Growth Stages
Image from aganytime.com, adapted from Univ. of IL agronomy handbook, 1999
Average Corn Yield Response to Fungicides (bu/A)
2010n=160
2011n=57
2012n=343
2013n=425
2014n=462
Avgn=1447
Early(V5-V8)
3.4 2.1 -1.1 0.1 2.3 1.0
Standard(VT-R2)
4.5 0.4 4.9 4.5 7.6 5.4
Double(V5 + R1)
7.4 4.5 3.0 3.7 4.9 4.4
Summary Data from 15 states and Ontario, Canada
2014 National Corn Disease Data
Standard fungicide timing (VT-R2) observations
• Less than 5% final disease on non-treated control (n = 86):
+3.0 bu/A
• More than 5% final disease on non-treated control (n = 121):
+11.1 bu/A
Soybean Best timing for fungicide application - growth stage R3 (beginning pod ~0.25 inch long pod at one of 4 uppermost nodes on main stem)
Fungicide response factors:Variety
Field history
Disease pressure/environment
Soybean Variety Disease Trialso County Standard Trial (CST) varieties are evaluated in small, replicated plots at oMultiple locations (varying disease pressures) oWith and without fungicide application at R3
o Disease rating data: Frogeye Leaf Spot, Target Spot, Stem Canker, Sudden Death Syndrome, Charcoal rot, Cercospora Leaf Blight, and Soybean Cyst Nematode
o 2013 – 2017 data in searchable database @ http://search.utcrops.com/disease/
o Larger database is being build by group of specialists http://search.utcrops.com/
o PDFs also available @ UTcrops.com
2017 Variety Disease Data-Field history and yearly environment affects
Average yield (bu/a) response to fungicideRECM JAX WTREC
MG III 3.8 2.8 -MG IV E 3.9 -1.4 -LL MG IV E 7.0 0.6 -
MG IV L 4.1 2.8 0.9LL MG IV L 8.4 2.7 1.5MG V 4.2 3.8 -Average 5.2 1.9 1.2
http://search.utcrops.com/
2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017Disease pressure Severe Severe-Moderate Moderate-Low
MG III 5.2 4.5 3.8 3.2 7.6 2.8 - - -MG IV E 6.1 5.0 3.9 3.4 5.1 -1.4 3.5 1.9 -MG IV E - LL - - 7.0 - - 0.6 - - -MG IV L 7.5 6.6 4.1 5.0 6.2 2.8 4.6 4.4 0.9MG IV L - LL 5.6 4.8 8.4 3.5 5.5 2.7 - - 1.5MG V 7.5 6.9 4.2 5.2 8.8 3.8 - - -
Average 6.4 5.3 5.2 4.1 6.7 1.9 4.1 3.5 1.25.6 4.2 2.9
2017 Variety Disease Datahttp://search.utcrops.com/
Example scenario…
•Should I spray a fungicide on my soybeans? What’s the variety and field history? Seeing any disease?
Example scenario…
•Should I spray a fungicide on my soybeans? What’s the variety and field history? Seeing any disease?
•AgriGold G4835 RX variety, have it in multiple fields with different histories Based on variety trial data, spraying a fungicide at R3 protected:
6.5 bu/a in severe disease pressure location
0.9 bu/a in moderate disease pressure location
1.9 bu/a in a low disease pressure location (after wheat)
◦ Across all locations, average of 3.1 bu/a fungicide response
2017 Fungicide TrialsConducted at 2 to 3 locations
Fungicides applied at R3 growth stage
Verification
5 highly effective fungicide combinations evaluated across 3 cultivars, varying in disease susceptibility
Make Your Own Mix
Fungicide combinations compared to pre-mixed fungicide across FLS susceptible cultivar
Verification Trials 2017Across all locations, all products significantly protected yield, regardless of cultivar, but analysis by location showed…
◦ No effect on yield from cultivar or fungicides at low disease pressure location (wheat-beans)
d
c
bc
abc
ab
a
48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64
NTC
Topguard EQ (quadris+topguard)
Acropolis (domark+topsin)
Quadris Top SBX
Quadris+Tilt+Topsin
Priaxor+Tilt
Yield (bu/a) Response at Mod-Severe Pressure Location
Table 3 – in report
Verification Trials 2017Across all locations, all products significantly protected yield, regardless of cultivar, but analysis by location showed…
◦ No effect on yield from cultivar or fungicides at low disease pressure location (wheat-beans)
d
c
bc
abc
ab
a
48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64
NTC
Topguard EQ (quadris+topguard)
Acropolis (domark+topsin)
Quadris Top SBX
Quadris+Tilt+Topsin
Priaxor+Tilt
Yield (bu/a) Response at Mod-Severe Pressure Location
Table 3 – in report
b 46.3
a 53.4
a 53.7
a 55.8
a 55.9
a 57.1
45 50 55 60
NTC
Quadris Top SBX
Priaxor+Tilt
Quadris+Tilt+Topsin
Acropolis
Topguard EQ
Yield (bu/a) FLS Suscept. Cultivar -AG4934, Severe Disease Pressure
b 49.4
b 51.3
b 52.1
b 52.6
b 52.8
a 57.0
45 50 55 60
Acropolis
Quadris+Tilt+Topsin
Quadris Top SBX
NTC
Topguard EQ
Priaxor+Tilt
Yield (bu/a) FLS Resistant Cultilvar -AG4632, Severe Disease Pressure
Table 4 in report
Fungicide Trials – make your own mix
c 46.3
b 49.8
ab 50.4
ab 51.3
ab 52.0
a 53.3
42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0
Non-treated Check
Quadris+Tebu Star
Quadris
Quadris+Tilt (4+4)
Quadris+Tilt (6+3)
Quadris+Domark
2016 Jackson - Yield (bu/a)
Fungicide Trials – make your own mix
b 48.6
a 52.8
a 53.9
a 53.9
a 54.3
a 54.3
a 55.0
a 55.2
44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0
NTC
Quadris+Tilt
Quadris+TebuStar
Quadris+Domark
Quadris+Proline
Aproach Prima
Quadrist+Tilt+Topsin
Quadris+Topguard
2017 Yield (bu/a) - across 2 locations
*
*
* Phytotoxicity noted
†
†
† Significantly lower FLS ratings than non-treated
Resources for fungicides:
UTcrops.com
Fungicide efficacy tables
• Diseases listed across the top
• Products listed down the left, grouped by fungicide MOA
• Each product rated from Poor to Excellent
Economics of Fungicide Applications- Review economics of fungicide applications in the following crops:
◦ Wheat
◦ Corn
◦ Soybeans
- Various scenarios for each crop
- Break-even charts for each crop
Economics of Wheat Applications- Evaluate applying an early applied fungicide versus spraying at bloom
- Targeted disease is septoria and head scab (Fusarium Head Blight/FHB)
- Early application is tebuconazole and bloom application is Prosaro
Fungicide Application in WheatWheat
Scenario: Apply full rate of tebuconazole early
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 1.30
Price per bushel 4.50$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 5.85$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Tebuconazole (Early Application) 2.65$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 7.72$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre (1.87)$
Fungicide Application in WheatWheat
Scenario: Apply full rate of Prosaro at bloom
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 5.80
Price per bushel 4.50$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 26.10$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Prosaro (Bloom Application) 12.46$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 17.53$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre 8.57$
Break-even Points for Wheat Fungicide Application
Wheat price
($/bu) 10.00$ 12.00$ 14.00$ 16.00$ 18.00$ 20.00$ 22.00$ 24.00$
4.00$ 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
4.25$ 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.6
4.50$ 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.9 5.3
4.75$ 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.1
5.00$ 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8
5.25$ 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6
5.50$ 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.4
5.75$ 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.2
Break-even Scenarios for Wheat
Application cost ($/A)
Fungicide Application in Corn- Evaluate fungicide response in corn based on summary data from 15 states and Ontario, Canada
- Look at early application (V5-V8) versus standard application at (VT-R2)◦ Evaluate applications in high disease pressure versus low disease pressure
◦ Main diseases include southern corn rust and grey leaf spot
Fungicide Application in Corn – 15 State & Ontario Study
Corn
Scenario: Southern Rust and Gray Leaf Spot; Early Application (V5-V8) with full rate
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 1.00
Price per bushel 3.60$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 3.60$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Stratego YLD (Early Application) 11.48$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 16.55$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre (12.95)$
Fungicide Application in Corn – 15 State & Ontario Study
Corn
Scenario: Southern Rust and Gray Leaf Spot; Standard Application (VT-R2)
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 5.40
Price per bushel 3.60$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 19.44$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Stratego YLD (Standard Application) 11.48$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 16.55$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre 2.89$
Fungicide Application in Corn – National Corn Disease Data
Corn
Scenario: Standard Application (VT-R2) less than 5% of final disease on non-treated control
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 3.00
Price per bushel 3.60$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 10.80$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Stratego YLD (Standard Application) 11.48$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 16.55$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre (5.75)$
Fungicide Application in Corn – National Corn Disease Data
Corn
Scenario: Standard Application (VT-R2) more than 5% of final disease on non-treated control
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 11.10
Price per bushel 3.60$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 39.96$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Stratego YLD (Standard Application) 11.48$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 16.55$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre 23.41$
Break-even Points for Corn Fungicide Application
Corn price
($/bu) $8 $10 $12 $14 $16 $18 $20 $22 $24
$3.00 2.7 3.3 4.0 4.7 5.3 6.0 6.7 7.3 8.0
$3.25 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5 6.2 6.8 7.4
$3.50 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.1 5.7 6.3 6.9
$3.75 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.3 4.8 5.3 5.9 6.4
$4.00 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
$4.25 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.6
$4.50 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.9 5.3
$4.75 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.1
Break-even Scenarios for Corn
Application cost ($/A)
Fungicide Applications in Soybeans- Evaluate fungicide applications in different maturity groups of soybeans
- Look at the disease pressure of soybeans and how that impacts the economics of a fungicide application
- Consider the potential impact that a variety’s disease package has on fungicide applications
- All data for soybeans comes from the 2015-2017 variety disease data testing conducted by UT Extension
Fungicide Applications in Group III Soybeans
Soybeans
Scenario: Varying Diseases; Application (R3); Maturity Group 3;
Severe Disease Pressure
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 4.50
Price per bushel 9.70$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 43.65$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Sample Fungicide Treatment (Quadris Top SBX) 14.65$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 19.72$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre 23.93$
Soybeans
Scenario: Varying Diseases; Application (R3); Maturity Group 3;
Moderate Disease Pressure
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 4.53
Price per bushel 9.70$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 43.97$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Sample Fungicide Treatment (Quadris Top SBX) 14.65$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 19.72$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre 24.25$
Fungicide Applications in Late IV Soybeans
Soybeans
Scenario: Varying Diseases; Application (R3); Maturity Group
Late 4; Severe Disease Pressure
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 6.07
Price per bushel 9.70$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 58.85$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Sample Fungicide Treatment (Quadris Top SBX) 14.65$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 19.72$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre 39.13$
Soybeans
Scenario: Varying Diseases; Application (R3); Maturity Group
Late 4; Low Disease Pressure [Soybeans Planted after Wheat]
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 3.18
Price per bushel 9.70$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 30.85$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Sample Fungicide Treatment (Quadris Top SBX) 14.65$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 19.72$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre 11.13$
Fungicide Applications in Soybeans: Comparison Between Resistant and Non-resistant Varieties
Soybeans
Scenario: Varying Diseases; Application (R3); FLS Susceptible
Variety; Severe Disease Pressure
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 7.10
Price per bushel 9.70$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 68.87$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Sample Fungicide Treatment (Quadris Top SBX) 14.65$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 19.72$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre 49.15$
Soybeans
Scenario: Varying Diseases; Application (R3); FLS Resistant
Variety; Severe Disease Pressure
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) -0.50
Price per bushel 9.70$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application (4.85)$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Sample Fungicide Treatment (Quadris Top SBX) 14.65$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 19.72$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre (24.57)$
Fungicide Applications in Soybeans: Comparison Between Resistant and Non-resistant Varieties
Soybeans
Scenario: Varying Diseases; Application (R3); FLS
Susceptible Variety; Severe Disease Pressure
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 7.40
Price per bushel 9.70$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 71.78$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Sample Fungicide Treatment (Priaxor + Tilt) 16.25$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 21.32$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre 50.46$
Soybeans
Scenario: Varying Diseases; Application (R3); FLS
Resistant Variety; Severe Disease Pressure
Benefit
Yield Increase (bushels per acre) 4.40
Price per bushel 9.70$
Gross Revenue Gain from Fungicide Application 42.68$
Expenses
Chemicals:
Sample Fungicide Treatment (Priaxor + Tilt) 16.25$
Application Costs (equipment, repair, fuel, & labor) 5.07$
Total Expenses 21.32$
Net Gain from Fungicide Application per Acre 21.36$
Break-even Points for Soybean Fungicide Applications
Cost for Various Treatments:◦ Priaxor + Tilt = $16.25 - Generic Quadris + Generic Tilt = $13.32
◦ Quadris Top SBX = $14.65 - Generic Quadris + Generic Tilt + Topsin = $18.94
◦ Per acre application cost of $5.07 - Total Costs for all treatments = $18.39 - $24.01
Soybean price
($/bu) 10.00$ 12.00$ 14.00$ 16.00$ 18.00$ 20.00$ 22.00$ 24.00$
8.75$ 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7
9.00$ 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7
9.25$ 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.6
9.50$ 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5
9.75$ 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.5
10.00$ 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
10.25$ 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3
10.50$ 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3
Break-even Scenarios for Soybeans
Application cost ($/A)
Break-even Points for Soybean Fungicide Applications
Cost for Various Treatments:◦ Priaxor + Tilt = $16.25 - Generic Quadris + Generic Tilt = $13.32
◦ Quadris Top SBX = $14.65 - Generic Quadris + Generic Tilt + Topsin = $18.94
◦ Per acre application cost of $5.07 - Total Costs for all treatments = $18.39 - $24.01
Soybean price
($/bu) 10.00$ 12.00$ 14.00$ 16.00$ 18.00$ 20.00$ 22.00$ 24.00$
8.75$ 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7
9.00$ 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7
9.25$ 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.6
9.50$ 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5
9.75$ 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.5
10.00$ 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
10.25$ 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3
10.50$ 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3
Break-even Scenarios for Soybeans
Application cost ($/A)
Here, a 3 bushel increase from the fungicide application is needed for a profitable return.
Take Away from Economic Analysis
Cost of application has a large impact on the net return from fungicide application.
Know the fields environment and growing conditions to calculate the benefit of a fungicide application.
Factors to consider: moisture, seed variety disease package, historical presence of disease, and signs of existing disease.
You should consider all costs of fungicide application including: chemicals, equipment, labor, fuel, and time.