What’s Next? An introduction to the

Sturman Digital Engine

Presented By: Eddie Sturman

Sturman Industries Woodland Park, CO

Sturman Industries, Woodland Park, CO

IN THIS PRESENTATION… Digital Technology

Platform Digital Engine &Sturman Cycle

DevelopmentStatus

The Core Technology:STURMAN DIGITAL VALVE

45 Years of Experience Space FoundationHall of Fame

PERFORMANCE ENABLING Extremely fast, small & intelligent

Fuel Injector HVA

The new Digital EngineBuilds on past experience

From Delivery of 17 HVA systemsTo customers around the world

The Digital Engine applies theexperience of over 15 years of dieselfuel injector development including aproduction launch for an OEM in 2002

NEW DIGITAL INJECTOR

¾3000 bar demonstrate

¾ 3500 bar target

¾Multi-Fuel Capable

¾Rate Shaping – multiple events

¾High Safety

¾Small Quantity Control

JSAE 20077207 SAE 2007-01-1930

US 2010 Emissions Capable Camless Heavy-Duty On-Highway Natural Gas Engine

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Travels

posi

tion

[mm

]

18-Jul-2007 16:27:38 NCV spool Needle

Int.v lv .1

Int.v lv .2

0.02 x Plunger1 0.02 x Plunger2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

100

200

300

400

Pressures

pres

sure

[MP

a] Rail Plunger1 Plunger2

Int 1 act pin

DNC contr

Nozzle Sac

Nozzle load[N]/10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0

50

100

Rate of Injection and needle velocity [m/sec]*10

time [millisec]

RO

I [m

m3/

mse

c] ROI

Needle v el.*10

Rail pressure 100 MPa Pilots & start of main and post with IR = 2.0, end of main with IR = 3.3

Quantities: 1.17 / 1.12 / 85.23 / 1.10 mm3

Dwells: 280 / 290 / 250 usec

Peak Sac Pressures: 18 / 19 / 326 / 20 MPa

Needle Open Velocities: 0.2 / 0.3 / 1.1 / 0.3 m/s

Needle Close Velocities: 0.6 / 0.8 / 3.6 / 0.8 m/s

Digital Injector SimulationDigital Injector Simulation

Digital Injector SimulationDigital Injector Simulation

Rail pressure 100 MPa

Pilots & start of main and post with IR = 2.0, end of main with IR = 3.3

RO

I [m

m3/

mill

isec

]

Rate of Injection

100

80

60

40

20

0

Time [millisec] 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

Quantities: 1.17 / 1.12 / 85.23 / 1.10 mm3

Dwells:

280 / 290 / 250 usec

Peak Sac Pressures:

18 / 19 / 326 / 20 MPa

Needle Open Velocities:

0.2 / 0.3 / 1.1 / 0.3 m/s

Needle Close Velocities: 0.6 / 0.8 / 3.6 / 0.8 m/s

2

AIR & HYDRAULIC HYBRID ENGINE

The Digital Engine enables complete control

of fuel and air

throughout

ANY combustion cycle

COMPLETE CONTROL OF THE COMBUSTION PROCESS ¾Economical ¾Powerful ¾Efficient ¾Clean

Photos from http://www.avl.com

Digital Engine Schematic

HVA

Fuel InjectorAir Injection

Compression Cylinder Combustion Cylinder

1 6

7 8 9

Temperature / Pressure

52

3 4

1. Exhaust Valve Open (E.V.O) 6. Air Injection Closes 2. E.V.C. 7. Ignition3. Fuel Injection Starts 8. Air Injection Opens4. Fuel Injection ends 9. Air Injection Closes5. Air Injection Opens

Because the Sturman Cycle atomizes fuelthermally rather thanmechanically, it iscompatible withalmost any fuel type.

By implementing a more reversible combustion cycle,the Digital Engine can potentially gain back some of

the efficiency losses inherent to a flame-frontcombustion process.

Source: R. Graves et al, Stretch Efficiency in Combustion Engines with Implications of New Combustion Regimes, Oakridge National Laboratory, FY 2004 Progress Report

Inherent benefits of the Digital Engine:

Stroke = 2, 4, 6, 8 …

Power

NOx, PM, CO2

After-Treatment

Efficiency

Cost EngineSize

Potential benefits of the Digital Enginerunning the Sturman Cycle include:

Development

Progress

Singlecylinder

External air source

This is a video of cylinder pressuretraces in real-time duringdyno testingof the DigitalEngine.

Increase in Torque &

Power

Single cylinder testing has been successful!

The next step is a dual cylinder design.

The dual cylinder design adds acompressor cylinder to the systemto replace the external air source.

The goal of the dual cylinder testing is to collectdata showing improved emissions, efficiency, andperformance.

Next Steps:

JSAE 20077207 SAE 2007-01-1930

US 2010 Emissions Capable Camless Heavy-DutyOn-Highway Natural Gas Engine

James P. ChiuThe NO Southwest Research Institute“The NOx emissions on the 13-mode test are 0.005 g/kW-hr,, which are well below the target of Joshua D. Taylor0.27 g/kW-hr.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory

“The Sturman HVA system enables full use of high Chun Tai Todd Reppertcompression ratio pistons, where full Volvo Powertrain North America compression ratio can be used at light loads and

a reduced effective compression ratio can be Lane Christensen used at high loads to avoid knock.” Sturman Industries, Inc.

“The Sturman system enables throttleless

operation, using early intake valve closing to

control load.”

Production Scheduled

Summer 2013