Whatchyou talkin’ ‘bout, Siggy?!?

An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914

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What the heck is going on?!? Challenges to Reason/Certainty

New Physics New Philosophy New Psychology

Attacks on Religion Civil Rights Imperialism Bismarckian Alliances Problems in the Balkans

Scientific Developments New Physics undermines Newtonian universe Atom no longer seen as static building block

Marie & Pierre Curie Max Planck Albert Einstein

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Albert Einstein

Marie Curie

Uncertainty in Philosophy Friedrich Nietzsche

Western society weakened by reason Christianity = slave morality Calls for rise of Ubermensch (“Supermen”)

Henri Bergson Limits on reason

Georges Sorel Socialism: need violence, small elite General strike = key tool

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“God is dead”

Psychology: Sigmund Freud Theories question rational nature of the human mind The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

Dreams represent unconscious sexual energy “Repression”

Unsettling experiences blotted out But continue to influence behavior unconsciously

Mind = battleground of 3 forces Id - lust/pleasure Ego - reason Superego - morality

Psychoanalysis - resolves inner conflict

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Misuses of Darwinism Social Darwinism

Survival of the Fittest Herbert Spencer

Nationalism Racism

Volk

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Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903

Religion Challenges

Urbanization Liberal anticlericism Scientific Theories “The Historical Jesus”

Response Rejection of Modernity (Pius IX, Syllabus of Errors, 1864) Acceptance of Modernity Compromise

Catholic social action (Leo XIII) Urban charity (Salvation Army)

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Pope Pius IX, 1846-78

Modernism in the Arts Impressionism (c. 1870s)

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Modernism in the Arts Post-Impressionism (c. 1880-1900)

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Paul Cezanne

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Van Gogh

Modernism in the Arts Cubism/Abstract Art (post-1900)

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Pablo Picasso

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Kandinsky

Modernism in the Arts Music

Folk Music/National Identity

Literature Naturalism--Realism but with pessimistic view of

human nature Emile Zola, Fyodor Dostoevsky

Symbolists Objective knowledge of the world is impossible Only the artist can truly understand his meaning Art for art’s sake

Women’s Rights Custody & Property Rights Suffrage

Millicent Fawcett--moderate The Pankhursts (WPSU)

Mostly middle/upper class Destroyed property Hunger strikes

Suffrage granted after WWI

“The New Woman” Renounced traditional roles

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Jews in Europe New Opportunities in 19th Century

Enlightenment &French Revolution Legal equality in Western/Central Europe Assimilation into business, politics, universities

But Problems Remain Dreyfus Affair (1895-1899) German/Austrian Nationalist Groups Pogroms in Russia & E.Europe

Zionism Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State, 1896 Balfour Declaration (1917)

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Transformation of Liberalism Must Deal with Problems of “Mass Society”

Pressure from Trade Unions, Fabian Socialists Groups coalesced into Labour Party

Liberals feel need to appeal to workers National Insurance Act of 1911 Pensions for retirees Raises taxes on wealthy QuickTime™ and a

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David Lloyd George

Bismarckian Alliance System Triple Alliance (1882)

Germany, Austria, Italy

Triple Entente (1907) France, Britain, Russia

Crisis in the Balkans Problems:

Ottomans = sick man of Europe Russia/Austria both wanted Balkans

Treaty of San Stefano (1878) Congress of Berlin (1878)

Independence of Serbia, Montenegro, Romania New Bulgarian state reduced

Major Crises (1909-13) Austria thwarted Serbian plans for Pan-Slavic kingdom Serbians viewed Austrians as evil oppressors