what you’ll learn how to relate the structure of dna to its function how to explain the role of...
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What you’ll learn
• How to relate the structure of DNA to its function
• How to explain the role of DNA in protein production.
• How to distinguish among different types of mutations.
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What you will do in this section
• You will analyze the structure of DNA
• You will determine how the structure of DNA enables it to reproduce itself accurately
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What is DNA?
• DNA produces proteins which carry messages to perform different functions
• In all living cells, DNA molecules are the storehouses of information about heritable traits.
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Structure of DNA
DNA is a type of nucleic acidDNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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Nucleic Acids are a type of macromolecule.
There are two types:
DNA and RNA
The building blocks of Nucleic acids
are nucleotides
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Nucleotides
• A nucleotide has 3 parts:–Simple sugar –Phosphate group–Nitrogen base
• The simple sugar and phosphate group do not change
–ex: In DNA – »simple sugar = deoxyribose
– In RNA simple sugar = ribose
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The molecule of life• A nitrogen base is a molecule of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen.
–There are four possible bases in DNA:
»adenine (A)
»guanine (G)
»Cytosine (C)
»Thymine (T)
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The molecule of Heredity• Watson and Crick discovered the
structure of DNA –It is made of 2 chains or strands of
nucleotides linked by nitrogen bases.• Nitrogen bases link by hydrogen bonds
–They called it a double helix. (looks like a winding staircase)
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The molecule of life
• The backbone of DNA (railing of the staircase) is deoxyribose sugar and phosphate linked together repeatedly.
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The molecule of life• The “stairs” of the DNA are the nitrogen
bases– Amount of Adenine always = amount of
Thymine – Amount of Guanine always = amount of
Cytosine• So A = T and G = C (and vice versa)
– these are called complementary base pairs
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The molecule of life• The bases pair randomly and causes
all of the differences between organisms of different species.–there is no limit to how many times
or how often a base appears in a code.
–this results in an infinite number of different combinations.
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DNA Sequencing
• Each DNA sequence codes for something.– Example: the word dear and read use
the same letters, but mean something completely different from one another. The letters are just rearranged. It is the same with DNA.
– The closer the genetic relationship between organisms, the more similar their DNA sequence.
– Ex: chimp and human DNA is 99% identical in sequence.
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Uses
• Scientists use similarities in DNA sequences to determine:–Evolutionary relationships
–Relation in organisms (offspring to parent)
–Criminal analysis
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DNA Replication: Copying
• What happens before mitosis or meiosis can occur? DNA replication–DNA replication is the copying of DNA.–DNA has 2 strands, each strand is not
identical, but complementary.• To copy DNA, both strands must be copied.
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How the process works.
– First, an enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between each nitrogen base pair.• It unzips the DNA.
– As the DNA unzips, the base pairs are free to link onto nucleotides floating in the surroundings.
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How the process works Cont.– Another enzyme
attaches the nucleotides together to form new backbone and new base pair connections.
– The process continues until every part of the DNA has been unzipped and copied.
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How it works continued again– Each new strand is
called the complementary strand.
– Each original strand is called the parent strand.
– When replication is complete, you have two DNA double helixes.
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Before a cell divides, it makes an exact copy of each strand of DNA so that new cells will have a complete set of all genes. Sometimes during this process, your body makes a mistake. These mistakes are called mutations.
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