What natural hazards are derived from plate movement and how are they managed?

Volcano Basics

Opening in Earth’s crust from which comes molten rock, gases, and ash

The name of the landform around such an opening

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/volcanoes-101?source=searchvideo

Why they form

Decrease in pressure (in asthenosphere due to the lithosphere) (rift zone)

Increase in temperature (hot spot)

Increase in water (decreases melting point) (subduction zone)

Where they form

Rift zone (mid ocean ridge, divergent boundary)

Subduction zones (convergent boundaries O-O, O-C)

Hot spots (ocean (hawaii), land (yellowstone))

Volcano/Magma Characteristics

Based on Amount of Silica

Basaltic- low silica, gas & viscosity, high temp& flow @ rifts and ocean hot spots

Andesitic-mod. Gas & viscosity, inter. Temps, sometimes explosive @subduction boundaries

Rhyolitic-high silica, gas, viscosity, explosive, low temps @ continental hot spots

Volcanic landformsBased on magma/lava flow

Shield - large gently sloping (basaltic magma-Hawaii)

Cinder cone – small from vents near larger volcanoes

Composite – explosive volcanic eruption layers (magma, water, ash, mud flows) Mt. St. Helens

Caldera – top blows, crater-collapses (Yellowstone Crater lake)

Mauna Kea

Last eruption 4,500 ya

Iceland

April 14, 2010

Mt. Fuji

Last eruption 1707, overdue for another

St. Helens

Last eruption 1980

Amboy California

Last eruption ~6,000 ya

Crater Lake Oregon

Last eruption 7,700 ya

Monitoring Tools

Tiltmeters – expansion/dome of area (balloon

buried under layers of sand/plaster)

Geodimeter – change in horizontal distance via laser

Earthquake frequency – peaks before eruption

Gas emission - via correlation spectrometer “sees sulfur dioxide”

Historical eruptions – written and geologic

Just for fun…Extraterrestrial Vulcanism Moon (maria) 15 % basaltic lava flows 3-

4 BYA

Mars several shield volcanoes

Venus 1600 large volcanoes, lava flows, and calderas

Io (moon of Jupiter) caused by friction of surface pulled by gravity of Jupiter and other nearby moons.

Volcano Activities

Volcano Vocabulary worksheet Hawaii lab Google Earth exercise

http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/globallists.cfm?listpage=googleearth

Earthquake Basics - Cause

Strain (in lithosphere)Faults (Cracks)Plate boundaries

Release (of energy)– Volcanic eruption– Cave collapse– Bomb detonation– Meteor impact

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/earthquake-101

Earthquake Cycle

Cross Section of an Earthquake

Where do Earthquakes occur and what can they tell us about plate boundaries?

ArcGIS Earthquake lesson

Movement/Magnitude of an Earthquake depends on:

The shape of the boundary

The depth of the stress release

The type of rock

Boundary shape = Fault type

Review Earthquake Cycle

90% of energy from earthquake results in static deformation (change shape). What accounts for the other 10% of energy?

Seismic Waves

Body waves

P-wavesS-waves

Surface wavesLove wavesRaleigh waves (view CZ ES1002)

Seismic Waves

http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/waves/wavemotion.html

Observation/Recording

seismograph

World Earthquake Map

Misawa

Secondary Hazards

Tsunami - http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/tsunami-101?

source=searchvideo

Landslide - http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/landslides?source=searchvideo

Pyroclastic flow (Nuee Ardentes) - http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/discovery-presents/videos/ultimate-guide-to-

volcanoes-pyroclastic-flow/