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What makes me Nervous? By: Kierra, James, Kara, Rachael, Anna, and Josh

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Page 1: What makes me nervous artifact jeopardy

What makes me

Nervous?

By: Kierra, James, Kara,

Rachael, Anna, and Josh

Page 2: What makes me nervous artifact jeopardy

Organization of the Nervous System

Cells of the Nervous System

Nerve Impulses The Synapse

100 100 100 100

200 200 200 200

300 300 300 300

400 400 400 400

500 500 500 500

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This system is a part of the nervous system that

consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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What is CNS?

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This system connects the central nervous system (CNS) to

sensory organs (such as the eye and ear), other organs of the

body, muscles, blood vessels and glands. The peripheral

nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and

roots, and what are called the autonomic nerves that are

concerned specifically with the regulation of the heart muscle,

the muscles in blood vessel walls, and glands.

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What is PNS?

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An nerve impulse that refers to pathways

leading to the cortex (ie, sensory) and a

nerve impulse where the pathways are

leading away (ie, motor).

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What is the difference between afferent and

efferent nerve impulses?

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the part of the pns that is responsible for carrying motor

and sensory information both to and from the cns. This

system is made up of nerves that connect to the skin,

sensory organs and all skeletal muscles. The system is

responsible for nearly all voluntary muscle movements as

well as for processing sensory information that arrives via

external stimuli including hearing, touch and sight.

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What is Somatic Nervous System?

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The part of the peripheral nervous system and it

controls many organs and muscles within the

body.

This is most important in two situations:

In emergencies that cause stress and require us

to "fight" or take "flight" (run away)

In nonemergencies that allow us to "rest" and

"digest."

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What is the Autonomic Nervous

System?

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Astrocytes-

Astrocytes are star shaped glial cells because of cytoplasmic processes that

extend from the cell body. they play a role in regulating the extracellular

composition of brain fluid. They release chemicals that promote the formation

of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of capillaries. (type of Glia)

Oligodendrocytes-

The principle function of oligodendrocytes is to provide support to axons and to

produce the Myelin sheath, which insulates axons.

(type of glia)

Microglia-

Small nonneural cells forming part of the supporting structure of the central

nervous system. They are migratory and act as phagocytes to waste products

of nerve tissue. (type of glia)

Ependymal cells-

Ependymal cells are the cells which line the ventricles of the brain.

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What cells does the central nervous

system consist of?

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- Schwann cells-

Schwann cells are the supporting cells of the PNS

- Satellite cells-

Any of the cells that envelop the bodies of neurons in

the peripheral nervous system.

(2 other types and functions of Glia)

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What cells does the

Peripheral Nervous System?

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Bipolar neurons have two processes extending

from the cell body (examples: retinal

cells, olfactory epithelium cells).

Pseudounipolar cells (example: dorsal root

ganglion cells). Actually, these cells have 2

axons rather than an axon and dendrite. One

axon extends centrally toward the spinal cord;

the other axon extends toward the skin or

muscle.

Multipolar neurons have many processes that

extend from the cell body. However, each

neuron has only one axon (examples: spinal

motor neurons, pyramidal neurons, Purkinje

cells).

Detailed image of

Neuron below:

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What are the types of

Neurons?

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Groups:

Sensory neurons

Motor neurons

Receptors

Interneurons

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What are the groups of

neurons?

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Functions:

Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer parts of your

body (periphery) into the central nervous system.

Motor neurons (motoneurons) carry signals from the central

nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of

your body.

Receptors sense the environment (chemicals, light, sound,

touch) and encode this information into electrochemical

messages that are transmitted by sensory neurons.

Interneurons connect various neurons within the brain and

spinal cord.

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What are the functions of

the groups of neurons?

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Also known as transmembrane potential or

membrane voltage, this is the difference in

electrical potential between the interior and the

exterior of a biological cell. Typical values range

from –40 mV to –80 mV.

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What is Membrane Potential?

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the transmembrane voltage that exists when a

neuron or muscle cell is not producing an action

potential.

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What is resting Membrane Potential?

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The potential is the depolarization of a cell below

threshold. After the cell is sufficiently depolarized

(and reaches threshold), it fires an action potential

down the axon.

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What is Local Potential?

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A nerve impulse that travels down the axon away

from the axon hillock but does not diminish

with distance.

This impulse is either on or off.

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What is Action Potential?

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Na+ is critical for the action potential in nerve cells. Action

potentials are repeatedly initiated as the extracellular

concentration of Na+ is modified. As the concentration of

sodium in the extracellular solution is reduced, the action

potentials become smaller.

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What is a mechanism that produces the

action potential?

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The pairing of homologous

chromosomes during the meiotic phase

of cell division.

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What is Synopsis?

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Action potential passes along a nerve fiber and

over the surface of its synaptic knob.

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What is the event leading to the release

of a neurotransmitter?

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Cause of ion tropic effect

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What is when the neurotransmitter

binds to a receptor that is also an ion

channel?

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When the neurotransmitter binds to a

receptor that activates a second

messenger, then the change in

membrane potential is slightly

delayed.

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What is metabotropic effect?

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The bulbous structures on the end of

an axon, each of which contains many

synaptic vesicles.

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What is the synaptic knob?

Neuromuscular

Reflex Lab (CLICK

ME)

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Neuromuscular Reflex

Lab

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Table 1 (voluntary)

Kick 1

Kick 2 Kick 3 Kick 4 Kick 5 Average

Time of Muscle Constraction (s)

5.84s 10.55s 15.17s 20.37s 25.31s

Time of Stimulus (s)

5.41s 10.24s 14.37s 19.78s 24.73s

Change of time (s)

.43s .31s .8s .59s .58s .54s

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Table 2 (involuntary)Reflex 1 Reflex 2 Reflex 3 Reflex 4 Reflex 5 Average

Time of Muscle Constraction (s)

2.18s 6.75s 10.91s 19.3s 24.35s

Time of Stimulus (s)

2.14s 6.64s 10.85s 19.28s 24.34s

Change of time (s)

.04s .08s .06s .2s .1s .096s

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Table 3Reflex without reinforcement

Reflex with reinforcement

Reflex response

Max (mV) Min (mV) Change of mV

Max (mV) Min (mV) Change of mV

1 1.527 .728 .799 1.411 .86 .551

2 1.421 .832 .589 1.156 .874 .282

3 1.850 .786 1.064 1.473 .837 .636

4 1.751 .778 .973 1.666 .865 .801

5 1.672 .828 .844 1.532 .827 .705

Average Values

.8538 .595

Page 47: What makes me nervous artifact jeopardy

Data Analysis

• There was a significant difference between the voluntary and involuntary reaction times. The average voluntary reaction time took a longer time than the involuntary reaction time. The reason this for what was observed is because the when the body responds to stimuli it takes a lot less than a fraction of a millisecond to go from the area of the body (using receptors) that is being effected to go up to the brain to decipher (using sensory nerves) the electrochemical messages and send the information back (using motor neurons) to act on that change of state of the body.