what makes invasive species so successful? · pdf filewhat makes invasive species so...
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What makes invasive species so successful?
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Definitions
• Non-native: Alien, outside its native range – Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous
– Not normally part of ecosystem
– Established, self-sustaining population
• ‘10% rule’ ~10% survive
~10% of these become invasive
• Human activities involved
• What is an invasive species? –one that is aggressive and threatens local biodiversity.
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Common Characteristics of Successful Invasives
• Few natural enemies
– Predators
– Competitors
– Parasites and diseases
• High reproductive rate
• Long lived
• Good dispersal
• Generalists
• Pioneer species
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Why worry about invasive species?
• Tend to crowd out /replace native species
• Can severely damage ecosystem health
• Harm human activities (agriculture, forestry, fisheries, recreation)
– $137 billion/ year in damages and pest control costs (Pimentel, 2000)
$37 million loss to mid-Atlantic apple production in 2010 alone
USDA
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There are more than 100 invasive species in the Hudson River, including many of our most familiar plants and animals
Carp Seed from water chestnut plant
Zebra mussels
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Extent of zebra mussels in the US
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Larvae (Veliger) 500,000 / m3
Growth
Up to 700,000 /m2
Filter Feeding: 1 liter water /day
Settling: 10,000 /m3 /day
40,000- 1,000,000 eggs /year
95% die 200,000,000 sperm
Filter feeders (plankton)
Eaten by some fish, ducks, crayfish &crabs
Life history
Warm water, external fertilization
Settle on hard surfaces
USG
S
Mature at 1 year
Live 6 - 7 years
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Native pearly mussels
Invasive zebra mussels
Cary IES
Cary IES
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What do you think happened to the native pearly mussel population when the zebra mussels invaded?
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Pearly Mussels Lure Fish then release their larvae (glochidia) which attach to the gills of the fish!
© USGS
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Illinois State Museum
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0YTBj0WHkU
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Submersedplants+38%
Transparency+45%
Soluble P+125%
Dissolvedoxygen-12%
Pelagicbacteria+45%
Phyto-plankton-80%
Zooplankton-71%
Pelagicfish
-28%
Nativebivalves-72%
Deepwaterzoobenthos
-40%
Zebramussels
Early Invasion Years, 1993-2004
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Littoral fish+97%
Submersedplants+38%
Littoralzoobenthos
+20%
Transparency+45%
Soluble P+125%
Dissolvedoxygen-12%
Pelagicbacteria+45%
Phyto-plankton-80%
Zooplankton-71%
Pelagicfish
-28%
Nativebivalves-72%
Deepwaterzoobenthos
-40%
Food web in the shallowsFood web in the open water
Zebramussels
Early Invasion Years, 1993-2004
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Littoral fish+97%
Submersedplants+38%
Littoralzoobenthos
+20%
Transparency+45%
Soluble P+125%
Dissolvedoxygen-12%
Pelagicbacteria+45%
Phyto-plankton-80%
Zooplankton-71%
Pelagicfish
-28%
Nativebivalves-72%
Deepwaterzoobenthos
-40%
Food web in the shallowsFood web in the open water
Zebramussels
Early Invasion Years, 1993-2004
View: Results
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Ecological Effects
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-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
INCREASE
DECREASE
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Zebra Mussels Small
Medium
Large
Zebra Mussel Population Dynamics: Size Classes
•Scientists noticed a change in the numbers of different size classes beginning about 2005.
•What do you notice?
•Think about the food web: What do zebra mussels eat?
•Do different size classes eat different organisms?
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What does the population look like now?
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
ze
bra
mu
ss
els
, (#
/m2
)
Year
Zebra Mussel, number per square meter
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How much water do they filter?
Zebra mussels filter all the water in the
Hudson River basin every 1-4
days.
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Littoral fish+97%
Submersedplants+38%
Littoralzoobenthos
+20%
Transparency+45%
Soluble P+125%
Dissolvedoxygen-12%
Pelagicbacteria+45%
Phyto-plankton-80%
Zooplankton-71%
Pelagicfish
-28%
Nativebivalves-72%
Deepwaterzoobenthos
-40%
Food web in the shallowsFood web in the open water
Zebramussels
increasing
Still low
stable
Later Invasion Years, 2005-2009
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What was eating the large zebra mussels?
Blue crabs and
pumpkin seed fish