what makes a planet habitable? atmospheric science...
TRANSCRIPT
GEOS22060/GEOS32060/ASTR45900
Lecture3Thursday11April2019
Whatmakesaplanethabitable?Atmosphericsciencebasics
Forlast3meLecture2keypoints:FromEarthhistorytotheCircumstellarHabitableZoneconcept
• SmallimbalancesbetweenthegeologicreleaserateofpCO2andthegeologicconsump3onrateofpCO2wouldhaveseriouslythreatenedEarth’shabitability.
• Thisstronglysuggestsanega3vefeedbackhasregulatedpCO2overgeologic3me.– Inthelast~10years,theevidenceforanegaJvefeedbackhasgoLenstronger-somepeoplewouldgofurtherandsayaweatheringfeedbackisrequiredtoexplainthegeologicdata.
• Acandidatemechanismfortheweatheringfeedbackiscarbonate-silicateweathering.
• TheHabitableZoneisdefinedastherangeofdistancesfromastarwithinwhichaweatheringfeedbackmightoperate.
Reminder:ClasswebsiteishLp://geosci.uchicago.edu/~kite/geos32060_2019/
(Walkeretal.,JGR,1981;KasJngetal.,Icarus,1993)
OnEarth,long-termclimatestabilityinvolvesthenonlineartemperaturedependenceofgreenhousegasdrawdownbyweathering.
*increase
stabilizeGHGconcentraJon
increasetemperature
increaseGHGconcentraJon
increase
Stabilizingfeedback:
Defini3onsofahabitableplanet(OperaJonal)definiJonofhabitableplanetusedinthiscourse:Habitableplanet≈maintainssurfaceliquidwateroverJmescalesrelevanttobiologicalmacroevoluJon
DependentonwhichatmosphericvolaJlesareavailable
Feedbacksinthecarbonate-silicatecycle
Langmuir&
BroeckerC
h.9
• VolunteersneededforpresentaJonofsecJon3.1-3.6ofCatling&KasJngonTue16April
• Homework1willbeonwebsiteSaturday(youwillgetanoJficaJonemail),anddueinclassonThu18April
• Officehours:Thursdays,11a-noon(aeerclass).Hinds467,orbyappointmentkite@uchicago.edu.Pleaseemailatleast48hoursinadvancewitharangeofsuggestedJmes.
Lecture3:Atmosphericsciencebasics:Keypoints
• Describeandqualita3velyexplainver3caltemperaturestructureofrocky-planetatmospheres.
• Applyelementarymodelsofradia3onbalance.• Explainthegreenhouseeffectintermsofver3caltemperaturestructureandopacityatvisibleandthermalwavelengths.
• (Explainthetheore3calbasisforexpec3nganatmosphere-surfacetemperatureoffset).
HorizontalstructureJunoCamonJUNOspacecrae(Jupiterpolarorbiter)
VerJcalstructure LORRI(LongRangeReconnaissanceImager)/NewHorizons
Catling&KasJngAtmosphericevolu0ononinhabitedandlifelessworlds,Chapter1
mostlyconvec3veheattransport.opJcallythick(opaque)inthethermal,opJcallythin(translucent)inthevisibleundercloud-freecondiJons.
mostlyradia3veheattransportstra0fied
stratosphericabsorpJonof
sunlightSTRATOSPHERE
TROPOSPHERE
tropopause
ForEarth,sunlight(mostenergyin0.1-1μmwavelengths)ismostlyabsorbedatthegroundThermalemission(mostenergyat4-20μmforhabitablesurfaces)ismostlyre-radiatedtospaceintheuppertroposphere
HydrostaJcbalanceandatmosphericpressurevs.height
idealgaslaw
AtmosphericverJcalthermalstructureDRYADIABATICLAPSERATE
dependsonatm.composiJon
O(101)m/s^2(forrockyplanets,neveroralmostnever102m/s^2,perLeslieRogers’work)
Describesthetroposphereunderdry,convecJvecondiJons
SpectrumofblackbodyradiaJon
Pierrehu
mbe
rt201
0
Rayleigh-Je
anstail
Wien’sdisplacementlaw:
b=2900microns/K
ConsidertheradiaJonfieldwithinaclosedcavitythatperfectlyabsorbsandemitsradiaJonatallwavelengths.Atequilibrium,producJonandlossofradiaJonbalanceandtheintensityoftheradiaJonfieldisuniform.MaxPlanckfoundthespectrumtobeuniquelyrelatedtothecavitywalltemperature,T,bythePlanckfuncJon.
Lecture3:Atmosphericsciencebasics:Keypoints
• Describeandqualita3velyexplainver3caltemperaturestructureofrocky-planetatmospheres.
• Applyelementarymodelsofradia3onbalance.• Explainthegreenhouseeffectintermsofver3caltemperaturestructureandopacityatvisibleandthermalwavelengths.
• (Explainthetheore3calbasisforexpec3nganatmosphere-surfacetemperatureoffset).
DefiniJonofBond/planetaryalbedo(usedforclimatecalculaJons)
Keplerspacetelescopemeasuresthedipinvisiblelightfromanexoplanet+starwhentheexoplanetpassesbehindtheexoplanet’shoststar.(a)Whatisthephaseangleforthismeasurement?(b)DoesthismeasurementconstraintheBond/planetaryalbedoorthegeometricalbedo?
Energybalance:
Langmuir&Broecker
Energybalance:
~2/3fromH2O;~1/3fromCO2However,“H2OisaslavetoCO2.”
CO2
CO2
Titan:complicatedduetointerplayofCH4,H2,andanJgreenhousehaze
Theglobalmeansurfacetemperaturecanbealotlessthantheeffec3vetemperature
Top-of-atmosphereenergyin=top-of-atmosphereenergyout
• HowquicklywouldEarth’ssurfacetemperaturedoublewitha1W/m^2(<1%)top-of-atmosphereenergyimbalance?
• HowquicklydidEarth’ssurfacetemperaturereturntonormalfollowingtheChicxulubimpact(~15kmdiameterasteroid,~30km/s)?
isaverygoodapproximaJonforthepurposesofthiscourse
Lecture3:Atmosphericsciencebasics:Keypoints
• Describeandqualita3velyexplainver3caltemperaturestructureofrocky-planetatmospheres.
• Applyelementarymodelsofradia3onbalance.• Explainthegreenhouseeffectintermsofver3caltemperaturestructureandopacityatvisibleandthermalwavelengths.
• (Explainthetheore3calbasisforexpec3nganatmosphere-surfacetemperatureoffset).
PierrehumbertPrinciplesofPlanetaryClimate
Pierrehumbert,“Principlesofplanetaryclimate”
Howtoreadaplanet’sthermalemissionspectrumEarth,Nigervalley,warmseasonà
dashedlines:theoreJcalblackbodycurvessolidline:spacecraeobservaJonschemicalspecies:absorpJonbandsWhatcouldweconcludefromthisspectrumifwehadobtaineditforahabitable-zone1-Earth-radiusexoplanet?
CasJng&Katling,chapter2
Absorp3onofoutgoingEarthlight
Pierrehumbert2010
ERBE=EarthRadiaJonBudgetExperiment
Lecture3:Atmosphericsciencebasics:Keypoints
• Describeandqualita3velyexplainver3caltemperaturestructureofrocky-planetatmospheres.
• Applyelementarymodelsofradia3onbalance.• Explainthegreenhouseeffectintermsofver3caltemperaturestructureandopacityatvisibleandthermalwavelengths.
• (Explainthetheore3calbasisforexpec3nganatmosphere-surfacetemperatureoffset).
RelaJonshipbetweensurfacetemperatureandatmospherictemperature
RelaJonshipbetweensurfacetemperatureandatmospherictemperature
Bonusslides