what is slavery to me? postcolonial/slave memory in post-apartheid south africa
TRANSCRIPT
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Tfkp l} }ckwer| ph be8ZH]PMHCHILKC(]CKWE BEBH_\
LI ZH]P"KZK_PFEL@ ]HUPF KG_LMK
Zubck @lieh D{hck
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Tfkp l} }ckwer| ph be8ZH]PMHCHILKC( ]CKWE BEBH_\
LI ZH]P"KZK_PFE L@ ]HUPF KG_LMK
Zubck @lieh D{hck
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Zuocl}fe` li ]hupf K rlmk o|>
Tlp} Uilwer}lp| Zre}}
; Nki ]bup} Kweiue
Nhfkiie}ourd
?::;
fppz>((tlp}zre}})tlp})km)~k
Mhz|rldfp Zubck @lieh D{hck ?:;:
Glr}p zuocl}fe` ?:;:
L]OI
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MHIPEIP]
Kmaihtce` debeip}w
Kmrhi|b}wll
Liprh`umplhi> Prkmlid &re,bebhr|# pflialid pfrhudf emfhe} h mhchilkc}ckwer| li mhipebzhrkr| ]hupf K rlmk
;
;> _ebeboerlid l ereipc|> rezh}lplhie` mhchure` l`eiplple} li k ebhmrkm|?;
?> &Ihp, _ezre}eiplid ]krkf Okrpbkii7;
=> Tflpeie}} reblve`# hr rebeboere` lbzurlp|# }fkbe ki` pecewl}lhi;:5
0> K} k }ckwe |hu fkwe ph fkwe klpf hr |hucc dlwe uz>Mkze Bkck|(Bu}clb l`eiplp| mcu}per} li Mkze Phti
;==
5> L} pfe }emrep li mhhalid8Mh`e` hh`# }zlme rhupe} ki` zrhme}}lid Bkck| l`eiplple}
;75
Mhimcu}lhi> Ui}fkmaclid bebhr|# rebebhr|lid kdeim|?:;
Ei`ihpe}?;0
_e ereime}
??=
Li`ev?0:
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Ghr
Iamlpfkakch ki` Ihphph}e _k}h|l &ie D{hck,
]kal|k ki` ]eokokp}h Dudu}fe &ie _kbkzeze,
Bkou}ep}k Dudu}fe
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w
KMaIHtCE@dEBEIP]
B| olrpf kblc|# tfh fkwe kctk|} }uzzhrpe` ki` chwe` be# kre pruc|
[kbkpk} drekpe}p dl p) B| zkreip}# @kbolce ki` Pfkph# li}l}pe` pfkp
lipeccempukc li`ezei`eime# deierh}lp| ki` clwlid tlpf lipedrlp| kre }pki`kr`}
thrpf clwlid o|) Ceohfkid# Wu|hak~l ki` Becl}l~te# b| }loclid}# kre b|
mhi}pkip> pfe| meceorkpe b| prlubzf}# kzzkreipc| aiht ewer|pflid kohup
be ki` pekmf be fublclp|) Drkfkb Fuddki# b| `hmphrkc }uzerwl}hr# rek`}ewerkc `rk p} li pfl} ohha} ekrcler clwe}) L kb drkpe uc hr fl} fubhur#
plbe ki` wl}lhi) Drkfkb ki` ]pezfki Ack}ei zrhwl`e` gie lipeccempukc
cek`er}flz kp pfe gr}p Liperikplhikc Liper`l}mlzclikr| Zh}pmhchilkc ]pu`le}
Drk`ulrpeiahcced# tflmf kcchte` hr evmfkide} pfkp thuc` ihp fkwe
fkzzeie` hpfertl}e) @e}lre Cetl} ki` @kwl` @ko|`eei li}zlre be ki`
orhk`ei b| thrc` li bhre pfki k blcclhi tk|}) Pfe gikimlkc }uzzhrp h
pfe @eup}mfe Ghr}mfuid}debeli}mfk p &@GD, ki` pfe Okwkrlki dhweribeip
l} fereo| kmaihtce`de` hr eikoclid pfe hrldlikc }pu`|) Kipne ]mfufbkii#
_ubkik Fk}feb# Gkpbkpk Chweppk ]e}k|# Ilik Eidecfkr`# Pfuckil Afki|lce#
Plrhz ]lbkpel# Feceie ]prku}}# ^lie Bkduokie# ^lblprl Erk}bu}# \weppe
Korkfkb}# Wkie}}k Cu`tld kcc teip tecc oe|hi` pfe mkcc h mhccedlkclp|#
rlei`}flz ki` ali}flz) Pfe| }fkre` pfelr hti thra# plbe ki` bumf bhre)
Bkrlhi ki` Zeper ]mfufbkii oemkbe b| kblc| li Builmf# ki` L hte Kipne
k `eop h drkplpu`e L mki iewer rezk| hr }fkrlid pfeb tlpf be) Kidech Glma#
Mfrl}phzferh} Mkbzoecc# Zki`hrk I`uidkie# Zupubk Zkprlme D{kbkik ki`
Akl~er Iah}l kcchte` be ph eec mhiiempe` ph }hbepflid oldder ki` bhre
oekupl uc kcc pfe plbe) H|k ki` Kn`k Kpkbki# Alboerce| \kpe}# Nkie Zh|ier#
Blmfece Okr~e| ki` Nh"Kiie ]prku}} h ere` bumf iee`e` `lwer}lhi}) Pfl}
ohha oeiegpe` prebei`hu}c| rhb Pfeboliah}l Dhilte} ki` DkoeokOk`erhhi} li}ldfp}# mhbbeip} ki` mrlplml}b# tlpfhup tflmf pfl} thuc` oe k
bumf zhhrer ohha) Lp} tekaie}}e} kre kcc blie) L kb drkpe uc ph b| pekmfer}
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wl
tfh k grbe` pfkp clperkpure l} ihp k cuvur|# pfkp ckidukde kctk|} bkpper}
ki` pfkp thbei }fhuc` hti pfelr bli`}) Pfe| tere pfe ali`} h pfliaer}#
pekmfer} ki` thbei L tkipe` ph drht uz ki` oe clae> Ihbipu Bkcl# Gkplbk
@k`k ki` Mkrcl Mhep~ee) Kidech Glma# Ihbohil}h Dk}k ki` Dklc ]blpf#
pfkia |hu hr ewer|pflid> |hur orekpfpkalid mhurkde# uitkwerlid }uzzhrp#
pfe dl p h cepplid be }fkre li |hur hti thra# |hur deierh}lp|# ki` pecclid
be tfei L kb trhid) Pfkia |hu ph Imubl}k Bi|kil# Okrokrk Aelpubep}e
Bk}fhze# Ihaupfuck Bk~louah# Nk|}weree Chut# Mflnlhae Utkf# @erlceie
Bkrmh# Kide Afubkch# Ipfkol}eid Bhp}ebbe# @lik Cldkdk ki` ]krkf
Mflubou hr pflid} phh iuberhu} ph beiplhi) Pfe thi`er uc Oeril ]ekrcedkwe zerbl}}lhi hr fer thra ph oe u}e` hi pfe mhwer h pfl} ohha# tflmf
dkwe be k``lplhikc zcek}ure# dlwei b| kikc|}l} h fer thra tlpfli lp} zkde})
L kb bh}p pfrlcce` ph fkwe k ]ekrce krpthra hi pfe }emhi` mhwer h b| thra#
pfe gr}p fkwlid oeei k nhurikc }zemlkc l}}ue L e`lpe` li ?::5) B| mhccekdue} kp
pfe Uilwer}lp| h pfe Gree ]pkpe h ere` }plbuckplid mhiwer}kplhi} ki` drhtpf
hzzhrpuilple} hi ki uizre`lmpkoce uilwer}lp| mkbzu}) Pfl} l} e}zemlkcc| prue
h Eideck Zrephrlu}# ]u}ki Orhaei}fk ki` Bkrl~k Orhha}) Hpfer mhccekdue}
li pfe @ezkrpbeip h Eidcl}f ki` Mck}}lmkc Mucpure phha hi ckrder `uple}
`urlid b| }plip} kp pfe Uilwer}lple} h Tkrtlma ki` Builmf> Zkp Blikkr#
Zkp}| Ghurle# Tlcc re` Dre|clid# Fubklrk Kfbe`# Bkrdkrep _k per| ki`
Krc|} wki T|a) Pekb Tlp} Uilwer}lp| Zre}} fkwe oeei limre`loce) Pfkia
|hu e}zemlkcc| ph Werhilmk Aclzz ki` Nucle Blccer) Beckile Ze{ueuv ki` fer
zrh`umplhi pekb tere kwklckoce hr evpei`e` mhi}ucpkplhi} hwer pfe ohha}
zh}lplhilid) Cee ]blpf fk} oeei pfe ali` h e`lphr pfkp trlper} rekb kohup>
kppeiplwe# drkme uc ki` zkpleip)
Glikcc|# b| `eeze}p drkplpu`e dhe} ph Pfeboliah}l tfh fk} fk` ph clwe
tlpf pfe bki| clwe} h pfl} zrhnemp# tfh}e krpl}plm deilu} ki` lipeccemp kre
k drekp dl p hr be ph tlpie}} `klc|) Pfe nh|# eimhurkdebeip ki` ckudfperfe ki` \epfu orlid ph b| cl e kre pfe bkdlmkc oekp li b| }zlrlp) Tlpf pfeb#
L drht# zck| ki` chwe)
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wll
Ekrcler wer}lhi} h mfkzper} kzzekre` li wkrlhu} dul}e}# ki` kzzekr li
rewl}e` hrb li pfl} ohha) D{hck &?::5, mhipklie` zkrp} h Mfkzper 51 ki
ekrcler wer}lhi h Mfkzper ? tk} zuocl}fe` k} D{hck &?::6,1 ]ckwe} hip
fkwe hzlilhi}> Li}mrlzplhi} h }ckwe oh`le} ki` pfe `eilkc h kdeim| li
_k|`k Nkmho} Pfe ]ckwe Ohha # li ^lblprl Erk}bu} &?::;m,# fk} ki ekrc|
evzh}lplhi h }hbe h pfe l`ek} li Mfkzper 0)
KM_HI\B]
KP_ K rlmki Prk`lplhikc _ecldlhi
KTO K rlakier Teer}pki`}oetedlid
+FMB +Furlakbbk Mucpurkc Bhwebeip
ATO Aceurclid Teer}pki`}oetedlid
IIZ Iet Ikplhikc Zkrp|
P_M Prupf ki` _emhimlclkplhi Mhbbl}}lhi
THKM Thra h Krp Mhbblppee
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LIP_H@UMPLHI
P_kMLId &_e,bebH_|# PfLIaLId Pf_HUdf
eMfHe} Hg MHcHILkc }ckwe_| LIMHIPebzH_k_| }HUPf kg_LMk
Bekilid l} mhi}prumpe` hup h QkR bucplzclmlp| h whlme} ki` zh}lplhi})
&Oh|me @kwle} ; cc) ?5=;,
L fkwe k bucplzce l`eiplp|) Pfere l} ih mrl}l}) Pfere l} k ali` h `ecldfp
k} tecc k} k ali` h kidul}f li nubzlid rhb hie l`eiplp| ph pfe
ievp) Lp} clae ecemprhi} tflmf fkwe pfelr hti eierdl~kplhi mlrmce})
]hbeplbe} pfe| nubz rhb hie ph pfe ievp ki` recek}e ki eihrbhu}
kbhuip h eierd|1 pfei nubz okma ph kihpfer mlrmce> clppce ecemprhi}
nubzlid) Pfkp l} ihp k mrl}l}) Pfkp l} k `ecldfp ki` zhldikim|# ki`
fhze ucc| k recek}e h eierd|) &@ko|`eei li Olrokc}lid ;
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TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
zrhbl}e h ree`hb ki` bucplzce oedliilid}> li`lwl`ukcc| ki` mhccemplwec|#
?4 Kzrlc ;
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=
LIP_H@UMPLHI
K rlmk} eipr| liph `ebhmrkm| kp pfe ei` h pfe krbe` }pruddce kdkli}p
kzkrpfel` &pfl} fk` liwhcwe` kcc ]hupferi K rlmki mhuiprle} li hie tk| hr
kihpfer, bekip iet dehzhclplmkc l`eipl lmkplhi} oemkbe zh}}loce &?::?>
;55,) ]fhrpc| k per pfe k`weip h pfe iet `ebhmrkm|# pfe bumf trlppei
kohup P_M tk} likudurkpe` k} k hrub ph `emlzfer pfe lbbe`lkpe zk}p
ui`er kzkrpfel`# ki` ph bkra pfe oedliilid h k zrhme}} h }fkzlid k iet
`ebhmrkm|) Ki evzclmlpc| biebhilm everml}e# pfe P_M tk} k re}zhi}e ph
pfe liwlpkplhi ph lbkdlie hur}ecwe} kiet zh}e` o| pfe lr}p `ebhmrkplm
ecemplhi) K} Ak`er K}bkc &;
QiRh liperikplhikc bh`ec} tere recle` uzhi li ]hupf K rlmk# oemku}e
pfere tere ihie pfkp mhuc` kzzc|) Ekmf bh`e h iedhplkplhi} fk` ph
oe liweipe` kp ekmf }pkde) Pfl} phha plbe oup phtkr`} pfe ei` fk`
oeei zrepp| tecc `ewechze`) Lp tk} k mk}e h cekrilid hi pfe nho)
K} evzclmlp zrhme}}lid h pfe kzkrpfel` zk}p phha }fkze pfrhudf pfe
wkcukplhi h ikrrkplwe# te }kt pfe likudurkplhi h tfkp ]krkf Iuppkcc
ki` Mkrcl Mhep~ee &;
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0
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
h emhihblm}# tfere tflpe ou}lie}} thuc` bkae merpkli emckrkplhi} tflmf
thuc` pfei oe }eei ph thra k} kmpukcl}kplhi h e{ulp|# re}ucplid li tfkp fe
mkcce` ezl}pebhchdlmkc mhi u}lhi) Gurpfer# pfe rhce} h pfe lbkdlikplhi li
pfe erk lbbe`lkpec| k per kzkrpfel` thuc` huopce}}c| evzchre }hbe h pfe
}plmaler zkrp} h pfe}e zrhme}}e})
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
Pfl} ohha zre}eip} pfe li`lid} h pfe lr}p ucc"ceidpf evkblikplhi h
}ckwe bebhr| li ]hupf K rlmk# `rktlid hi pfe murreip wlorkip `l}mhur}e
hi bebhr| }pkrpe` o| evkblikplhi} h pfe P_M ki` hwerkcc prki}lplhi li]hupf K rlmk# bh}p ihpkoc| ]krkf Iuppkcc ki` Mkrcl Mhep~ee} Iedhplkplid
pfe Zk}p> Pfe Bkalid hg Bebhr| li ]hupf Kgrlmk &;
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5
LIP_H@UMPLHI
l} fht lp l} zh}}loce hr Tlmhbo &;
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7
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
tk|} li tflmf pfe {ue}plhi} zh}e` li b| ohha ohpf clia tlpf ki` `lwerde
rhb pfh}e h Muccei} }zekaer) Clae Muccei} zer}hik# L kb lipere}pe` li
fht pfe ckidukdlid h fl}phrlm }ckwer| li kp hime liplbkpe ki` hwerpc|
zhclplmkc tk|} uimplhi} li pfe zh}p"kzkrpfel` lbkdlikplhi) Li hpfer thr`}#
L kb mhimerie` tlpf pfe pevpure} h pfe lbkdlikplwe zrhnemp h mcklblid
}ckwe kime}pr| li ki erk chid k per }ckwer|} ei`)
Uiclae Muccei} }zekaer# L kc}h tkip ph zrhoe pfe evpeip ph tflmf
ki| bebhr|lid h }ckwer| iee`} ph oe ki eidkdebeip tlpf pfe bucplzce
}fl p} tflmf kmmhbzkile` ei hrme`# ki` }ec "zrhmcklbe`# l`eiplple} ui`er
ki` hcchtlid hi rhb mhi`lplhi} h ei}fkmacebeip) ]ec "`e lilplhi#ki` ki hidhlid kppebzp ph re k}flhi tk|} h `ekclid tlpf pfe fl}phrlmkc
mhi}mlhu}ie}} h pfe zk}p# rebkli} prlma|) Tfere Muccei} }zekaer l} k be
mcekrc| `e}mei`e` rhb }ckwe}# L kb kc}h mhimerie` tlpf fht mcklblid
}ckwe kime}pr| bkpper} ph`k| hr tflpe mhbbuilple} tfh}e l`eiplple} tere
zre`lmkpe` hi `l}kwhtkc h }umf kime}pr|)
Uimhwerlid bebhr| ki` fl}phr| `ebki`} k mrlplmkc kppeiplweie}} ph
pfe u}e} h pfe zk}p ph iedhplkpe zh}lplhi} li pfe zre}eip) Li pfl} redkr` lp
l} li}ezkrkoce rhb zh}pmhchilkc `eokpe}) Pfe ko}eime h zuocl}fe` }ckwe
ikrrkplwe} o| @upmf ki` Orlpl}f }ckwe} tk} }eei ph mhi lrb pfe }ckwe}
lik`e{ukm|) Gurpfer# }pu`le} h ]hupf K rlmki }ckwer| tlpfli pfe `l}mlzclie
h fl}phr| kre k} remeip k} pfe ;
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4
LIP_H@UMPLHI
cliekrlp|# tflmf l} ui`erblie` o| pfe thralid h bebhr| ki` l`ehchd|)
Li hr`er ph mkzpure ohpf pfe cliakde} kmrh}} plbe }udde}pe` o| pfe lbkde
h k mhipliuub# k} tecc k} ph mhbzclmkpe pfe tk|} li tflmf pfe}e zerlh`}
kre eboe``e` li ekmf hpfer ki` oe|hi`# hpfer bh`ec} hr pflialid kohup
bebhr| kre `l}mu}}e` li `epklc ckper li pfl} mfkzper)
L kb mhimerie` li pfl} ohha tlpf evzre}}lhi} h pfl} }ckwe bebhr|
k} remeip zfeihbeik# eikoce` li zkrp o| pfe hi}ep h `ebhmrkm|# ki`
pfere hre pfe ei` h pfe rezre}}lhi tflmf }pkrpe` tlpf }ckwer|) [ue}plhi}
kre k}ae` kohup pfe reckplhi}flz} h eipkidcebeip oepteei pfe hrb}
h bebhr| hui` ki` pfe plblid h pfelr zuoclm refekr}kc) ]hbe h pfezrkmplme} evkblie` zre"`kpe pfe hi}ep h ebhmrkm| oup ui`erdh }hbe hrb
h kcperkplhi urlid pfl} bhbeip# tflmf L rek` k} }ldilgmkip) Lp l} lbzhrpkip
pfkp pfe lbzclmkplhi} ki` iukime} h pfe}e kcperkplhi} oe uizkmae`)
B| kikc|}l} `rkt} evpei}lwec| rhb zh}pmhchilkc pfehrle} hi rkme#
l`eiplp|# lk}zhrk# }uokcperilp| ki` f|orl`lp|) Lp l} li`eope` ph K rlmki }pu`le}
`eokpe}# zh}pmhchilkc pfehrl}kplhi hi l`eiplp| ki` l} drhui`e` li eblil}p
pfehr|) Pfehreplmkcc|# lp eidkde} mch}ec| tlpf pfe wk}p perrkli h bebhr|
}pu`le} tflmf murreipc| prkwer}e} kmk`eblk li liper`l}mlzclikr| tk|}) Pfl}
}pu`|# pfei# l} li mhiwer}kplhi tlpf wkrlhu} }prki`} h kmk`eblm re}ekrmf
hi ]hupf K rlmki l`eiplple}> fl}phrlmkc re}ekrmf hi }ckwer|1 }hmlhchdlmkc
ki` liper`l}mlzclikr| evzchrkplhi} h rkmlkcl}e` l`eiplple} li ]hupf K rlmk1
pfe zrhme}}e} h bebhr| ki` ikrrkplwe} h ikplhi1 ki` liper`l}mlzclikr|
re}ekrmf hi pfe mcu}perlid h rkme ki` dei`er l`eiplple} fl}phrlmkcc|)
Pfe `eokpe hi pfe beeplid} ki` `lwerdeime} h fl}phr| ki` bebhr|
fk} drhti limrek}lidc| liper`l}mlzclikr|# ? ki` zerfkz} lp l} ce}} urdeip ph
rldl`c| e}pkocl}f k `l}plimplhi oepteei fl}phr| ki` bebhr| pfki lp l} ph
zkrplmlzkpe li chmkplid ki` `l}plidul}flid oepteei `l ereip }hurme} ki`
bh`e} h fl}phrlmkc kupfhrlp|)
Pfe reckplhi}flz h fl}phrlhdrkzf| ph bebhr| l} hie h mhipklibeip>fl}phr| l} kctk|} zkrp h bebhr| tflc}p fl}phr| `ecliekpe} k merpkli ali` h
aihtce`de }|}peb tlpfli pfe perrkli h bebhr|) Zup `l ereipc|# tferek}
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TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
bebhr| l} k }fk`ht kctk|} fhwerlid ki` dhwerilid hur reckplhi}flz ph
pfe zre}eip ki` pfe upure# fl}phr| l} pfe krp h remhr`lid ki` kikc|}lid pfl}
mhi}mlhu}ie}} h pfe zk}p &Kipfhi| ;
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;70,)
Zh}pmhchilkc bebhr| remhdil}e} pfkp }ckwe zk}p} mkiihp hic| oe
k``re}}e` pfrhudf kohclplhil}p# murkphrlkc# hr ke}pfeplm bebhrle} &Fe}}e
?::?> ;75, }lime lp l} ihp mhimerie` tlpf }ckwer| li pfe zk}p# oup tlpf
pfe hidhlid e emp} ki` zrhme}}lid h pfkp fl}phrlmkc mhi}mlhu}ie}}) Lp
l} mhimerie` tlpf fht pfe fkuiplid }fk`ht h pfe zk}p mhimelwe` o|
Tlcclkb}# ki` pfe feclv"}fkze` bebhr| Zeiilidphi trlpe} kohup# }fkzeph`k|} evzerleime}) Clae Fe}}e# pfei# QtRfkp L mkcc zh}pmhchilkc bebhr|
pkae} pfe hrb h k mrlplmkc evmkwkplhi ki` liweiphr| h pfe bkrdlikcl~e`#
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;;
LIP_H@UMPLHI
`l}mhuipe`# uirekcl~e` honemp} h `emhchil~kplhi ki` pfe zhclplmkc
mhi}e{ueime} h pfe}e }hmlkc cedkmle} &Fe}}e ?::?> ;75,)
Zh}pmhchilkc bebhr| k} mrlplmkc kmplwlp| remhdil}e} pfkp lbkdlikplwe hrb}
zkrpkae li k deierkc cki`}mkze h mucpurkc zrh`umplhi mhi}plpupe` li ki`
pfrhudf ckidukde) Lp l} pfe iukime} h }umf ikrrkplwe} pfkp L kb lipere}pe` li
rek`lid fere k} }ckwe bebhr| limrek}e} li wl}lolclp| li zh}p"kzkrpfel` ]hupf
K rlmk) Clae pfe orhk`er gec` h zh}pmhchilkc }pu`le}# zh}pmhchilkc bebhr|
k}}ube} pfkp kcc zrh`umplhi l} zerbekpe` o| ki` lbzclmkpe` li reckplhi} h
zhter# ki` liwe}pldkpe} pfe krplmuckplhi} h pfl} zhter k} tecc k} pfe tk|}
li tflmf lp l} iedhplkpe` pfrhudf wkrlhu} pevp}) Pfe}e mrlplmkc phhc} kre u}e`ph rek` zuoclm mucpurkc# clperkr|# pecewl}ukc# gcblm ki` wl}ukc bkperlkc kdkli}p
pfe ckrder `eokpe} pfe| kre }fkze` o|# ki` tflmf pfe| li puri }fkze)
Zh}pmhchilkc ki` rewl}lhil}p rezre}eipkplhi eidkde} kikc|plmkc phhc}
tflmf kre kppeiplwe ph pfe iepthra} h rezre}}lwe `ezlmplhi }lime pfe| kre
bepfh`hchdlmkcc| `l}zh}e` ph zrhoe pfe fl}phrlmkc ki` }hmlkc }zeml lmlple}
h hzzre}}lwe `e lilplhikc }prumpure}) Pfl} l} oemku}e>
QzRh}pmhchilkc pfehr| fk} eberde` rhb ki liper`l}mlzclikr| krek h
}pu`| tflmf l} mhimerie` tlpf pfe fl}phrlmkc# zhclplmkc# zflch}hzflmkc#
}hmlkc# mucpurkc ki` ke}pfeplm }prumpure} h mhchilkc `hblikplhi ki`
re}l}pkime1 lp re er} ph k tk| h rek`lid# pfehrl}lid# liperzreplid ki`
liwe}pldkplid mhchilkc hzzre}}lhi ki` lp} cedkm| pfkp l} li hrbe` o|
ki hzzh}lplhikc epflmkc kdei`k) &Cht ;
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;?
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
deI@e_LId zH}PMHcHILkc bebH_|
@kwl` @ko|`eei rebli`} u} pfkp pfe Ebzlre tk} k zhrihdrkzflm zrhnemp1
lp tk}ip nu}p emhihblm hr }hmlhchdlmkc hr k zhclplmkc zrhnemp# lp tk} kc}h k
zrhnemp h zhrihdrkzf| &li @kte} ;
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;=
LIP_H@UMPLHI
Fei`rlma} &?::;, fk} krdue` pfkp pfe }pkpu} h pfe Afhl k} pfe bl}}lid
clia oepteei kilbkc} ki` zehzce tk} ihp k }ezkrkpe zrhnemp rhb pfe hie
tflmf }kt ]krkf Okrpbkii zup hi `l}zck| li Eurhze li pfe iliepeeipf
meipur|) Ghr Korkfkb}# pfe k}mlikplhi tlpf Afhl thbei} deilpkclk#
bhre }zeml lmkcc| pfe korlmkplhi h pfe Fhppeiphp kzrhi# tk} meiprkc ph
pfe `ewechzbeip h }mleipl lm rkml}p `l}mhur}e}) Pfe thra h pfe}e pfree
}mfhckr} urpfer `ebhi}prkpe} pfe `lremp clia} oepteei pfe Afhl oh`|
deierkcc| oup# bhre }zeml lmkcc|# pfe Afhl thbki} oh`| ki` pfe ckidukde
h }mleipl lm rkml}b &Korkfkb} ;
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;0
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
@ezk_PU_e}> LbkdLILId }ckwe bebH_|
Pfe evmkwkplhi h }ckwe bebhr| ki` }zkme} }eei k} pfe rezh}lphrle} hr
}umf bebhrle} l} zkrp h pfe deierkc zrhnemp h bebhr|"bkalid li ]hupf
K rlmk) Lp l} lbzclmkpe` li }hbe h pfe }fhrpmhblid} h pfe drekper e hrp
ewei k} lp hrme} pfe kikc|}l} h pfe perrkli ph eidkde tlpf pfe zk}p li bhre
mhbzcev tk|}) Pfl} l} ewl`eip li pfe wkrlhu} evzclmlp clia} oepteei zuoclm
bebhr| refekr}kc ki` pfe bkalid h ikplhi) \ep pfe }edbeip tflmf `ekc}
tlpf pfe rei`erlid wl}loce h }ckwer| ki` mhchilkc fl}phr| {ue}plhi} }hbe h
pfe phhc} u}e` ph liperzrep ki` }fkze pfe iet ikplhi) Lp `rkt} kppeiplhi phpfe mhipe}pkplhi h rkme# l`eiplp| ki` ckidukde li pfe mhipebzhrkr| ]hupf
K rlmki phzh} o| hzeilid uz bki| h pfe pkaei" hr"drkipe` mkpedhrle} hr
rewl}lhi) Pfere fkwe oeei }fl p} rhb lilplkcc| rkre evkblikplhi} h k zk}p
h ei}ckwebeip k} lipedrkc ph bebhr| li ]hupf K rlmk ph k churl}flid
evzchrkplhi h pfl} zfeihbeihi li clperkr| pevp}) Pfu}# }ckwe rebebhr|lid
l} eiperlid pfe perrkli h ikplhi"oulc`lid ki` pfere hre pfe mhi}mlhu}ie}}
h pfe ckrder ]hupf K rlmki zhzuckme)
Ckurk Mfrl}bki &?:::, fk} ihpe` ki` `ebhi}prkpe`# tlpf hup}pki`lid
`evperlp|# pfe bkiier li tflmf# kcpfhudf fecz uc# bki| h pfe mhre pfehreplmkc
mhimezp} li zh}pmhchilkc clperkr| }pu`le} kre lik`e{ukpe tfei rek`lid pfe
iukime} zerpklilid ph clperkr| lbkdlikplwe zrhnemp} tflmf k``re}} mhchilkc
}hupf&eri, K rlmk) Ghr Mfrl}bki# trlplid okma ph pfe meipre# blblmr|# hr
f|orl`lp| h ihp k`e{ukpec| kmmhuip hr pfe hrbkc# clidul}plm ki` l`ehchdlmkc
pevpure} h }hbe h pfe clperkpure ui`er }pu`|# ki` pfl} l} zkrplmuckrc| }h
tfei pfe pevp} kre prekpe` k} fl}phrlmkcc| }zemlgm &?:::> ?:6,)
Ckidukde pfei oemhbe} k mfkcceide li pfe mrk plid h bebhr| ki`
pfe mrekplhi h k upure# bhre e{ulpkoce mhuipr| kp ewer| cewec oe|hi` pfe
cedl}ckplwe) Iewlcce Kcevki`er urpfer }udde}p} pfkp pfe hic| zcku}loce tk|
hup l} zh}}loce tfei pfere l} ki e hrp ph liweip k iet l}mhur}e liwhcwlidk iet }ep h mhimezp} pfkp l} bhre kzzrhzrlkpe ph pfe zemuclkrlple} h ]hupf
K rlmki fl}phr|# }eei li pfe mhipevp h thrc` fl}phr| &?::;> 6=,)
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;5
LIP_H@UMPLHI
Pfe uizre`lmpkolclp| h bebhr|# ki` pfe kboldulple} h k mhimezpukc
whmkouckr| pfkp uimplhi} tecc ec}etfere# kre meiprkc ph pfe evzchrkplhi h
rezre}eipkplhi} h }ckwe bebhr|) Lp clia} tlpf Zeiilidphi} feclv bh`ec
li lp} ebzfk}l} hi bhwebeip ki` bki| zh}}loce `lremplhi}) Kihpfer
}lblckrlp| zerpkli} ph lp} kolclp| ph bhwe li }ewerkc `lremplhi} kp hime# puri
uzhi lp}ec # k clwlid hrdkil}b li cueime` o| hrme} li lp} eiwlrhi}) Pfe}e
hrme} }fkze `lremplhi# }zee` h bhwebeip# ki` drhtpf) Zeiilidphi h er}
re re}flid zer}zemplwe} hi pfe `|ikblm bhwebeip tlpfli bebhr| zhclplm}
ki` pfe l`eiplple} tflmf }peb rhb pfh}e zrhme}}e})
k IHPe HI Pe_bLIHcHd|
Pfere kre drhtlid `l}mu}}lhi} tlpfli ]hupf K rlmki fl}phrlmkc }pu`le} hi
tfepfer pfe `l}plimplhi} bk`e o| pfe WHM &Wereeild`e Hh}p"Li`l}mfe
Mhbzkdile, oepteei hrb} h ui ree ckohur &}ckwer| wer}u} li`eipure`
}erwlpu`e, fk` ki| bkperlkclp| oe|hi` pfe ckt ohha}) B| kzzrhkmf l}
li hrbe` o| pfe thra h fl}phrlki} }umf k} \weppe Korkfkb} &;
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;7
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
Pflr`c|# pfe ckoec Mkze Bkck| l} ihp tlpfhup zrhoceb}(clblpkplhi} tfei
u}e` li pfe mhipevp h pfe `e}mei`kip} h }ckwe} clwlid li pfe Te}peri Mkze
h ]hupf K rlmk) ]hbe h pfe zrhoceb} tflmf kppkmf ph pfl} perblihchd|
kre `l}mu}}e` ckper li pfl} ohha) L repkli lp} u}kde fere hr ki k}}hrpbeip
h rek}hi}) L li` lp bhre u}e uc pfki Bu}clb hr mckrlp|# dlwei pfkp kcc
ckrde Bu}clb mhbbuilple} li ]hupf K rlmk kre `lk}zhrlm ki` zkrplmlzkpe li
`lk}zhrk li tk|} tflmf `h ihp ieme}}krlc| fkwe ph `h tlpf pfe zkrplmuckr
}ckwe prk`e L `l}mu}} fere) L u}e Mkze Bkck| ki` Mkzephilki Bu}clb
lipermfkidekoc|# k per Ok`erhhi} &?::0, liprh`umplhi h pfe ckpper
liph kmk`eblm `l}mu}}lhi} h fl}phrlm hrbkplhi} h }umf l`eiplple}) Pfelikmmurkmle} tflmf rebkli k per b| repeiplhi h pfe bkraer Mkze Bkck|
ihptlpf}pki`lid# lp l} hie h pfe mcekre}p re ereip} kwklckoce ph `l}mu}}
pfe }emplhi h pfe zhzuckplhi tfh}e krpl}plm ki` mucpurkc zrh`umplhi L kb
mhimerie` tlpf fere)
Li k cliae` bkiier# L u}e k mkzlpkcl}e` Ockma ph re er ph pfe kipl"
kzkrpfel` `e lilplhi h Ockmaie}} tflmf eberde} hup h pfe Ockma
Mhi}mlhu}ie}} Bhwebeip) Li hpfer thr`}# pfe mkzlpkcl}e` Ockma re er}
ph pfh}e zehzce tfh thuc` fkwe oeei mck}}l le` Li`lki# mhchure`
ki` ockma ui`er kzkrpfel`) L repkli pfe }bkcc mkz} ockma ph re er ph
Ockma zehzce }hbeplbe} mh`l le` k} K rlmki# rkmlkcc| }zekalid# li ]hupf
K rlmk)
Tflce lp fk} oemhbe mu}phbkr| ph li}l}p pfkp te iee` ph bhwe oe|hi`
rkme bkraer} li ]hupf K rlmk# L }ee pfl} zrhnemp k} zrebkpure dlwei pfe
mhipliue` tk|} li tflmf rkme mhipliue} ph bkpper li ]hupf K rlmk li
}hmlkc# zhclplmkc ki` emhihblm tk|}) L`eiplple} bkrae` k} rkme fkwe kc}h
pkaei hi k``e` bekilid} li k``lplhi ph# ki` hpfer pfki# pfh}e oe}phte`
pfrhudf }ckwhmrkm|# mhchilkcl}b ki` kzkrpfel`) Zkrp h pfe kipl"rkml}p ki`
zh}pmhchilkcl}p mrlplmkc zrhnemp iee`} ph pkae pfe}e bekilid} }erlhu}c|
rkpfer pfki zckmlid pfeb ui`er erk}ure ki` `ei|lid pfe kdeim| tlpftflmf pfe| tere liwe}pe` tlpf iet# mhi clmplid bekilid} o| }uonemp} pfu}
mck}}l le`# ki` }ec "l`eipl |lid# hwer =5: |ekr}) Ph l`eipl | k} Ockma li lp}
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;4
LIP_H@UMPLHI
wkrlhu} drk`kplhi}# pfere hre# l} kctk|} bhre pfki }lbzc| refekr}lid ki
krmflwe h hie} wlmplbl}kplhi# ph ohrrht @ko|`eei} hrbuckplhi &li
Oli`er ;
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;6
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
@kwl`} ]phr| 1 }hbe h pfe mfkcceide} uizkmae` o| \weppe Korkfkb}#
zre"eblieip Afhl fl}phrlhdrkzfer ki` ]krkf Okrpbkii} olhdrkzfer1
ki` Dklc ]blpf} trlplid hi pfe zrhme}} h epmflid ]krkf Okrpbkii}
rebkli} rhb Zkrl} k} zkrp h pfe lcb mret bkalid k `hmubeipkr| hi
Okrpbkii} repuri & Bklc ' Dukr`lki ;? Bk| ?::? 5 ,)
Li Mfkzper =# L k}a {ue}plhi} kohup pfe e emp} h pfe mcklb li pfe
mk}e h K rlakier} ph }ckwe hrezkreipkde# }lime lp kzzekr} ph hredrhui`
pfe re"ewkcukplhi ki` renemplhi h pfe mcklb ph rkmlkc zurlp| tflmf
}u}pklie` }ckwer| ki` kzkrpfel`) Pfl} mfkzper kikc|}e} }umf zuoclm mrekplwe
remckbkplhi} kchid}l`e pth pecewl}lhi pevp} tflmf kc}h chmkpe Afhl ki`(hr }ckwe zre}eime} li K rlakier kblcle}) Fere L kb lipere}pe` li pfe e emp}
h }umf liwhmkplhi li k} bumf k} L kikc|}e pfe ckidukde tflmf eberde}
ph `e}mrloe# kikc|}e ki` liprh`ume }umf kmplwlp|) L evzchre }hbe h pfe
tk|} li tflmf mcklblid }ckwe hrezkreip} l} u}e` li mhipebzhrkr| ]hupf
K rlmk1 pfe}e kre pfei evkblie` li mhinuimplhi tlpf pfe re k}flhilid h
}hbe tflpe l`eiplple}# k} tecc k} pfe meceorkplhi h rkmlkc zurlp| kbhid
mhbbuilple} zrewlhu}c| mck}}l le` mhchure`) Tfkp bldfp pfe e emp} h
pfl} mhipe}pe` `l}mur}lwe perrkli oe hr fht te ui`er}pki` kzzkreip
}fl p} li pfe reckplhi}flz h tflpeie}} ph zurlp| ki` h mhchure`ie}} ph
bl}medeikplhi8
Pfl} evkblikplhi l} hcchte` li Mfkzper 0 o| b| kppebzp ph pkae uz
pfe mfkcceide pfrhti uz o| ^lblprl Erk}bu} &?::;k# ?::;o# ?::;m, ki`
Bufkbbe` Fkrhi &?::;, ph eiwl}lhi pfe wkrlep| h }ec "l`eipl lmkplhi}
tflmf kppkmf ph mhipebzhrkr| mhchure` k}}erplhi} h `lk}zhrk ki` mcklb}
ph Mkze Bkck| l`eiplple}) L rek` pfe wkrlhu} `eokpe} kohup pfe bekilid}
h pfe Bu}clb(Bkck| `lk}zhrk ki` lp} reckplhi}flz} ph ]hupf Ek}p K}lk
kchid}l`e ki kikc|}l} h pfe bekilid} h L}ckb ki` Bkck| l`eiplple}
li krplmce} zuocl}fe` li ]emfkok 7 ki` _k|`k Nkmho}} ihwec Pfe ]ckwe
Ohha &;
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; rebeboerlid ki` hrdepplid
kctk|} }l`e o| }l`e) Pfl} l} zkrp h pfe mh}p h rebebhr|lid# oemku}e feclv"
clae lp mfkide} pfe zre}eip k} tecc k} mhimezpukcl}kplhi h pfe zk}p) Li
k``lplhi# ki| bhwebeip h k feclv mku}e} }prumpurkc mfkide# }h pfkp lp hzei}
uz ki li lilpe iuboer h zh}}lolclple}) Li pfl} bkiier# pfe feclv }prumpure l}
k zreml}e rezre}eipkplhi h Bhrrl}hi} rebebhr| ki` thra} li }zeml lmkcc|
pfe }kbe tk|) Pfe reckplhi}flz oepteei pfe zk}p ki` zre}eip li(h (tlpf
pfe feclv l} ui}pkoce li evkmpc| pfe }kbe bkiier k} pfe krmfkehchdlmkc
ki` lbkdlikplwe thra h rebebhr|) Clae pfe zerzepukc limhbzcepeie}}
h rebebhr|# pfe feclv mhi}pkipc| mfkide} zckie}# re"liperrhdkpe} ki`
re}fkze} lp}ec ) Ohpf kre li iee` h re"bli`lid k} tecc k} rebli`lid ki`
kre deierkplwe li `l ereip tk|}) Pfe| deierkpe k rek`lid h pfe }fl plid
li}pkolclp| h pfe mrekplwe rezre}eipkplhi h }ckwe bebhr|# tflc}p oelid
liwhcwe` tlpf clialid `l ereip cliekde} li wkrlhu} mhidchberkplhi} h
zk}p# zre}eip ki` upure)
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MfkzPe_ =
TfLPeIe}} _ebLve@# H_ _ebeboe_e@
LbzU_LP|# }fkbe kI@ PecewL}LHI
]fl p} li l`eipl lmkplhi pfkp fkwe oeei pkalid zckme ui`er pfe }ldi
h tflpeie}} }lime pfe ei` h blihrlp| ruce mki oe k}mrloe`# li zkrp#
ph pfe kmp pfkp zrewlhu}c| }kimplhie` }pkdlid} h tflpeie}} kre
limrek}lidc| redl}pere` k} uipeikoce li pfe ewer|`k| zh}p"kzkrpfel`
liper"rkmlkc eimhuiper) &]prku}} ?::7> ;4
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;:7
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
pfe }fl plid evzerleime} h tflpeie}} li zh}p"kzkrpfel` ]hupf K rlmk# lp l}
lbzhrpkip ph zk| kppeiplhi ph pfe mfkide} ki` pfe mhipliulple}# k} tecc k}
ph zrhoe eberdlid ecu}lwe bekilid} ki` evzre}}lhi}) Pfl} l} pfe pk}a h
pfl} mfkzper# tflmf rek`} }zeml lm iet tk|} h iedhplkplid K rlakier(tflpe
l`eiplple} tlpf re ereime ph mcklbe` }ckwe kime}pr|)
Pfe }fl p} ki` reblve} pfkp L kikc|}e oecht hmmur kdkli}p pfe okma`rhz
h ckrder `l}mu}}lhi} kohup pfe bekilid} h tflpeie}} li k `ebhmrkplm
}hmlep|) ]pe|i &?::;> vwll, prkme} fer hti chmkplhi li k mfkidlid mhuipr|
li pfl} tk|>
Zer}hikc lbber}lhi li kihpfer Te}peri }hmlep| fk` }fkrzeie` b|
kzzremlkplhi h pfe kmp pfkp rkme l} merpklic| ihp nu}p }ali `eez)
Li`ee`# lp l} deierkplhi} `eez ki` mhiplieip} tl`e) L mhipliue ph
}pruddce tlpf pfe bucplzce eime} h tflpe l`eiplp| pfkp b| ferlpkde
mhi}prumpe` ph `e lie be) Oup olp} h ce}f rebkli mkudfp li pfe
okro}) K tflpe }ali l} ihp }ali pfkp mki oe }fe` tlpfhup ch}lid }hbe
ochh`) \ep pfe urpfer L bhwe rhb b| tflpe mhi`lplhilid# pfe bhre
L li` mhbbuilp| tlpf ki ewer"drhtlid drhuz h ]hupf K rlmki} h
kcc drk`kplhi} ki` zldbeipkplhi# tfh mkre kohup mrekplid k klrer#
bhre e{ulpkoce }hmlep| li tflmf te kcc mki drht li fubki `ldilp|)
]pe|i} li}ldfp} kohwe fkwe `lremp recewkime hr b| kikc|}l} h bupkplid
tflpe l`eiplple} ki` pfe lbzuc}e ph mcklb k `l ereip zk}p pfki tk}
meceorkpe` hr tflpe ]hupf K rlmki} ui`er kzkrpfel`)
]fe l`eipl le} pfe }ei}e h zer}hikc ebokppcebeip pfkp kmmhbzkile} ki
liperrhdkplhi h tfkp lp beki} ph oe k tflpe zer}hi li ]hupf K rlmk ki`
pfe thrc`) Pfe mhi`lplhi h oelid rkl}e` ki` bkrae` k} tflpe l} ihp hie
pfkp mki oe e}mkze` pfrhudf k `eilkc h tflpeie}} ki` zrlwlcede1 tflpeie}}
hccht} fer kmrh}} plbe ki` mhiplieip}) Fhtewer# hr ]pe|i# oelid tflpeh er} zh}}lolclple} hr re`e lilplhi h pfe zer hrbkime h tflpe l`eiplp|)
_kpfer pfki `ei| tflpeie}} ki` fl}phrlm bekilid} tflmf mhipliue
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;:4
TfLPeIe}} _ebLve@# H_ _ebeboe_e@ LbzU_LP|# }fkbe kI@ PecewL}LHI
ph }fkze lp} bkperlkclp|# ]pe|i mfhh}e} k mrlplmkc }pkime ph tflpeie}}
kmaihtce`dlid lp} zk}p} ki` lboulid lp tlpf `l ereip bekilid} pfkp `h
ihp reli}mrloe lp} fl}phrlm ocli`ie}} ki` zrlwlcede) ]fe mfhh}e} `l ereip
kcclkime} kp pfe }kbe plbe k} oelid kppeiplwe ph fer fl}phrlmkc bkralid)
]umf k }pkime rf|be} tlpf ]prku}}} liwlpkplhi ph mhi}prump k tflpe l`eiplp|
re}zhi}lwe ph pfe kmp pfkp zrewlhu}c| }kimplhie` }pkdlid} h tflpeie}} kre
limrek}lidc| redl}pere` k} uipeikoce li pfe ewer|`k| zh}p"kzkrpfel` liper"
rkmlkc eimhuiper &?::7> ;4 765,)
Li pfkp pevp# pfe trlper }ldikc} k }fkre` tflpe l`lhb h tfkp N)B) Mhep~ee
&; 767, mhipliue}>
Arhd} mhuipr| h fer }aucc l} k cki`}mkze rhb tflmf }fe eec}
fer}ec okrre`# k} k tflpe ]hupf K rlmki# hi kmmhuip h fer
tflpeie}}# hi kmmhuip h pfe ikbe h fer kpfer) Lp l} k cki`}mkze
kblclkr rhb fer mflc`fhh`# pfe cki`}mkze h pfe kpfer} ki` pfe
orhpfer}1 oup }fe mki iewer kdkli eiper lp) Ki` kp pfe }kbe plbe lpl} k cki`}mkze liph tflmf }fe tl}fe} ph oe liwlpe` o| fer eccht
]hupf K rlmki}) Oup pfe ldure li pfe cki`}mkze l} `l}plimpc| `l ereip
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;:6
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
rhb Mhep~ee} chie ldure uikoce ph lbkdlie kihpfer zre}eime) Li
Arhd} thra# pfere l} k }ec "mhi}mlhu} `e}lre ph k``re}} ki ku`leime
pfkp limcu`e} ockma ]hupf K rlmki}) Kp plbe} lp }eeb} mcekr pfkp
pfe pevp liwhae} eccht"K rlakier} k} rek`er}# zreml}ec| pfh}e tfhb
Arhd tl}fe} ph mhiwlime h hur(pfelr dulcp ki` mhbzclmlp| li ]hupf
K rlmk} linu}plme}# k} remhr`e` o| pfe zrhmee`lid} h pfe Prupf
ki` _emhimlclkplhi Mhbbl}}lhi QP_MR) Kp hpfer plbe}# pfe pevp l}
evzclmlpc| k``re}}e` ph pfh}e tfhb Arhd liwe}p} tlpf pfe zhter ph
kccht fer liph pfe mhuipr| h fer lbkdlikplhi ki` fekrp)
Li Arhd} pevp# pfei# pfe mfkidlid tflpe }uonemp l} ki li}emure ki`
}hbetfkp zk}}lwe hie li lp} eidkdebeip tlpf lp} fl}phrlm Hpfer1 kcpfhudf
zrhwhmkplwe ph lbkdlie` K rlakier rek`er}# lp ktklp} liwlpkplhi rhb
Ockma zehzce) Pfe mhiiemplhi ki` `e}lre ph oechid `l ereipc| l} eikmpe`
pfrhudf pfe mhi clmpe` ckidukde h pfe ebzp| cki`}mkze# ewei l te dh
kchid tlpf Mkrcl Mhep~ee} krdubeip pfkp Arhd l iwe}p} fer cki`}mkze tlpf
li}emurlp| pfkp bkra} lp k} `l ereip rhb mhiweiplhikc K rlakier ikrrkplwe}
h cki`&}mkze,) Arhd} ikrrkplid }uonemp li}emurec| k``re}}e} tflpe
ku`leime} k} }fe mkcc} pfeb ph {ue}plhi ki` rewl}lp hc`er tk|} h oelid
tflpe(K rlakier) Fhtewer# fer Hpfer l} ki liweipe` kcc"zhter uc# kmplwe
mhccemplwe tlpf pfe re}zhi}lolclp| ph liwlpe fer ph k }ei}e h oechidlid ph
pfe lbkdlie` mhuipr|)
_e}zhi}e} ph Arhd} pevp fkwe wkrle`) Arhd} mrlplm} pkae l}}ue tlpf
fer mfh}ei }ec "rezre}eipkplhi kdkli}p pfe okma`rhz h pfe P_M) Mcku`lk
Orku`e} bumf mlpe` Bklc ' Dukr`lki &;?;6 Nuie ;
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;: ?;# ebzfk}l} k``e`,) ]u}ki ]zekre|
&?:::> 75# ebzfk}l} k``e`, mkcce` lp k pevp tfh}e kupholhdrkzflmkc
ecebeip} oemhbe limrek}lidc| hredrhui`e`)
Ghr pfe zurzh}e} h pfl} mfkzper# Arhd} pevp} ki` }ec "zh}lplhilid
kre oe}l`e pfe zhlip) L li` pfeb u}e uc bepkzfhrlmkcc| oemku}e pfe|
zerblp pfe evzh}lplhi ki` liprh`umplhi h pfe rkudfp perrkli h rewl}e`
K rlakier(tflpe }ec "trlplid tlpf re ereime ph Ockma }uonemp}(fl}phr|)
Arhd} thra ki` zh}lplhi l} lbzhrpkip hr pfe ckrder mhipebzhrkr|
bebhr| zrhnemp ki` lp} ldurkplhi h pfe zh}}lolclp| h `l ereipc| mk}p
tflpe }uonemplwlple}) Fer thra ki` }hbe h pfe `eokpe} lp fk} eclmlpe`
kre u}e uc eipr| zhlip} liph pfe mhipe}pe` perrkli h kihpfer erk li pfe
bebhr| zrhnemp> pfkp h }ckwer|)
L iht puri ph b| rekc lipere}p li pfl} mfkzper> rek`lid evzchrkplhi}
h tflpe l`eiplple} pfkp li`ev Afhl ki`(hr ei}ckwe` kime}pr|) ]umfkikc|}l} klb} ph drk}z ki ui`er}pki`lid h pfe }zeml lm thra kmflewe`
o| }ckwe bebhr| li reckplhi ph bupkplid tflpe ]hupf K rlmki l`eiplple}) L
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;;;
TfLPeIe}} _ebLve@# H_ _ebeboe_e@ LbzU_LP|# }fkbe kI@ PecewL}LHI
mhbzrefei` }umf rkmlkcl}e` biebhilm l`eiplplkr| kmplwlp| k} eidkdebeip}
tlpf pfe bekilid} h mfkidlid ikplhi ki` ikplhikc oechidlid)
Li fer e}}k| Arhph _ebeboere`> K Bhpfer h Uilp|# k Bhpfer h
]hrrht}# Mkrcl Mhep~ee &;
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;;?
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
Mhep~ee l} ihp kchie kbhid ]hupf K rlmki eblil}p }mfhckr} li
zrhocebkpl}lid pfe prekpbeip h Arhph} fl}phr|(bebhr|) Bhre remeipc|#
Bed ]kbuec}hi fk} oulcp hi Mhep~ee} e}}k| ph ihpe pfkp li pfe ]hupf
K rlmki prki}lplhi# Arhph"Ewk fk} oeei pfe }uonemp h ki k}phil}flid
kbhuip h fl}phrlmkc rewl}lhil}p trlplid# deiekchdlmkc mcklb} ki` lmplhikc
remhi}prumplhi} &?::4> ;5,) ]hbe h pfe ei{ulr| o| ]kbuec}hi ki`
Mhep~ee zkrpc| re}zhi`} ph fl}phrlki \weppe Korkfkb}} }udde}plhi pfkp
Arhph} fl}phrlhdrkzf| iee`} ph oe retrlppei ph k}a {ue}plhi} kohup pfe
}lceime} tflmf mfkrkmperl}e fer rhce li ]hupf K rlmki fl}phr|) Mhep~ee mlpe}
Korkfkb}} thra ph mfkcceide fht Arhph fk} oeei rkbe` k} k b|pflmldure h hcachre li K rlakier mlrmce}) Arhph} iet }pkpu} k} pfe K rlakier
}pkbbhe`er & hui`lid bhpfer, l} hzzhrpuil}plm ki`# k} Mhep~ee &;
QpRfe zhclplmkc dkli h pfl} bhwe l} pfe kmaihtce`debeip h blve`
ochh` ki` pfe Afhl mhiprlouplhi ph ]hupf K rlmk) Pfl} l} e}zemlkcc|
u}e uc ph K rlakier}# bki| h tfhb fk` chid `eile` pfelr ihi"
tflpe kime}pr| zuoclmc|) O| remcklblid k} pfelr hrebhpfer pfe
Afhl thbki Arhph# pfe}e ]hupf K rlmki} mki dkli tfkp }eeb} clae
cedlplbkpe kmme}} ph pfe iet rklioht gkblc| Pfe `kider} kre mcekr>
Arhph} cl e }erwe} k} pfe lbkde h k zrhbl}e` }ei}e h uccie}} ki`
mhbzcepeie}}# k repuri ph ki hrldli# ph uc cbeip ki` remhimlclkplhi)
Arhph} remckbkplhi k} pfe K rlakier bhpfer tfh iee`} ph oe
rebeboere` re{ulre} pfe zkrk`hvlmkc hrdepplid h pfe eweip} h fer
cl e ki` fer }zeml lm reckplhi}flz ph mhchilkc @upmf ki` ckper K rlakier
l`eiplp| hrbkplhi) Lp re{ulre} `ecloerkpe hrdepplid h fer okil}fbeip
rhb @upmf }hmlep| k per fer fu}oki`} `ekpf# k} tecc k} fer fl}phrlm
li}mrlzplhi} k} ki ui lp bhpfer tfh}e mflc`rei iee`e` ph oe pkaeiokma liph @upmf }hmlep| ki` ktk| rhb fer) Ghr Arhph} iet u}e#
pfe kc}lp| h pfe mcklb ph tflpe rkmlkc zurlp| iee`} ph oe ckl` okre)
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;;=
TfLPeIe}} _ebLve@# H_ _ebeboe_e@ LbzU_LP|# }fkbe kI@ PecewL}LHI
]kbuec}hi} }mfhckr}flz l} zkrplmuckrc| lbzhrpkip li fldfcldfplid pfl}
k}zemp# rebli`lid u} h pfe tk|} li tflmf# kcpfhudf Arhph tk} k
pkceipe` prki}ckphr ki` mucpurkc orhaer# }fe re}ur kme} li prki}lplhilid
]hupf K rlmk pfrhudf deieplm prki}bl}}lhi> Arhph"Ewk pfe prki}ckphr
oemhbe} pfe rklioht Bhpfer &?::4> ;7,) Li`ee`>
QpRfe Arhph"Ewk te eimhuiper li mucpurkc pevp} zrh`ume` `urlid
pfe ]hupf K rlmki prki}lplhi o| tflpe ]hupf K rlmki} mcklblid
oechidlid li pfe rklioht ikplhi pfrhudf l`eipl lmkplhi tlpf fer l}
k `hbe}plmkpe` ldure) &]kbuec}hi ?::4> ;6,
Tflce Korkfkb}# Mhep~ee ki` ]kbuec}hi u}e `l ereip zrlbkr| pevp}#
pfe| rekmf wer| }lblckr mhimcu}lhi} kohup pfe mhipebzhrkr| u}e} ph
tflmf Arhph} ewhmkplhi l} zup) Gurpfer# kcc pfree eidkde li ki kipl"
rkml}p eblil}p zrhnemp tflmf mrlpl{ue} Arhph} rezre}eipkplhi} ki`
`hbe}plmkplhi> fer kzzrhzrlkplhi li pfe zh}p"kzkrpfel` bhbeip l}
dei`ere` li wer| prhuoclid tk|})
Li k``lplhi ph pfelr rek`lid}# L ihpe pfkp }umf kzzrhzrlkplhi} h
Arhph h er K rlakier} eipr| liph k cedlplbkpe K rlmki l`eiplp| tflmf
fk} oeei k}}erpe` pfrhudfhup K rlakier ikplhikcl}b k} k dlwei) Pfe wer|
ikblid h pfl} mhbbuilp| k} ih chider @upmf oup K rlakier# ki` lp}
k`hzpe` ckidukde k} K rlakki}# fk} oeei zrebl}e` hi pfl} K rlmkiie}}
k} eiplpcebeip) Pfkp pfl} tflpe K rlmki l`eiplp| ki` oechidlid iht iee`
evperikc cedlplbkplhi zhlip} ph eberdeip li}pkolclp| tlpfli K rlakier
l`eiplp| hrbkplhi ki` }fl plid zh}lplhi} reckplwe ph hpfer ]hupf K rlmki
l`eiplple})
Mcklblid Arhph k} hui`lid bhpfer l} kmflewe` pfrhudf ki
k`bl}}lhi h pfkp tflmf zrewlhu}c| iee`e` `eilkc hr K rlakier }urwlwkc>
rkmlkc blvlid# liwerplid mhccemplwe }ec "rezre}eipkplhi o| K rlakier} limhchilkcl}p# }ckwhmrkplm ki` kzkrpfel` ikrrkplwe}) Arhph k} }pkbbhe`er
mhiprk`lmp} `hblikip K rlakier re}zhi}e} ph pfe zuocl}fe` kmk`eblm
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;;0
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
thra h pfe Fe}}e} li pfe ;
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;;5
TfLPeIe}} _ebLve@# H_ _ebeboe_e@ LbzU_LP|# }fkbe kI@ PecewL}LHI
Ch`de) Pfkp ki IIZ Beboer h Zkrclkbeip mhuc` bkae pfl} k}}erplhi li
mhipebzhrkr| ]hupf K rlmk ki` rkbe lp k} k tecc"aihti kmp }erwe} k}
urpfer lccu}prkplhi h Mhep~ee} }pkime) Pfe ko}eime h ki evzckikplhi hr
pfe }fl p rhb `eilkc ph tecc"aihti kmp emfhe} Arhph} refkolclpkplhi
li pfe bkalid h K rlakier l`eiplp| `l}mu}}e` kohwe) Ohpf kre `lwhrme`
rhb pfe IIZ} `ezei`eime hi tflpe rkmlkc zurlp| k} k meiprkc peiep
h tflpe }uzrebkm|# tflmf tk} ei}frlie` li kzkrpfel` cedl}ckplhi) Pfe
k}}erplhi h aihti ki` eborkme` blve` ochh` ki` kime}pr| oemhbe}
pfe iet prupf li pfe zfheilv"clae k}flhi h mhipevp"`ezei`eip prupf li
]u}ki Tlcclkb}} &;
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;;7
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
Mhep~ee} ho}erwkplhi} kohup pfe zrkmplme h mcklblid li`ldeihu}
rhhp} k} k beki} ph kmme}} }zeml lm ali`} h K rlmki l`eiplp| ki`
reckplhi}flz} ph cki` kre u}e uc) Pfe}e iet tk|} h l`eipl |lid k} Ockma
hr tflpe kre mhipkblikpe` o| hredhlid fl}phrlmkc zrhme}}e} ewei k}
pfe| mkrr| lbzclmkplhi} hr pfe bkperlkclp| h pfe mhipebzhrkr| bhbeip)
Gurpfer# k} ]kbuec}hi fk} ihpe`# ikrrkplwe} h ochh` ihp hic| rezrh`ume
kzkrpfel` rkmlkc ho}e}}lhi} ki` kzzekc ph k `kiderhu} blv h hca tl}`hb
ki` eudeilm} oup kc}h }lceime ki` ewei `l}beboer thbei &?::4>
?;,) Ghcchtlid ]kbuec}hi# pfei# wki T|a} ietc| remhdil}e` }ckwe} ki`
Arhph kre ohpf u}e uc ki` ewhae` ph rkplhikcl}e ki` cedlplbkpe k rewl}e`ikrrkplwe h K rlakier(tflpe l`eiplp| k} mhi}plpupe` rhb `lwer}lp|) Kp pfe
}kbe plbe Arhph ki` pfl} ietc| k`blppe` zk}p kre rei`ere` }uonemp ph
zre`lmplhi ki` h pei bkilzuckplhi# k} Tlcclkb} krdue} kohwe)
Ki k``lplhikc pei`eim| pfkp re}hikpe} tlpf Mhep~ee} ki` ]kbuec}hi}
kikc|}e} l} lccublikpe` o| k `rkbkpl}e` pecewl}lhi }erle} klre` hi zuoclm
pecewl}lhi li ;
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;;4
TfLPeIe}} _ebLve@# H_ _ebeboe_e@ LbzU_LP|# }fkbe kI@ PecewL}LHI
fl}phrlm eieble} mhuc` oe }eei ph remhimlce k per pfe zrhmee`lid}# redkr`ce}}
h tfepfer pfe zehzce fk` eml`e` hi k dulcp| hr liihmeip wer}lhi) Kcc h
pfe mfkrkmper} tere remhdil}koce mhiprhwer}lkc fl}phrlm ldure} oup# dlwei
pfe `e}lre ph eiperpkli kp pfe }kbe plbe k} zkrplmlzkplid li pfe ckrder
zrhdrkbbe h mhblid ph perb} tlpf pfe zk}p# pfe }erle} hrbe` zkrp h
pfe ]hupf K rlmki Orhk`mk}plid Mhrzhrkplhi} ebzfk}l} hi e`upklibeip
&e`umkplwe zrhdrkbbe} tflmf kre li hrbkplwe ki` k}}l}p li pfe pk}a h
remhimlclkplhi oepteei pfe rkme},) Ekmf teea} ezl}h`e tk} k`werpl}e` o|
]pfki`lte B}hbl li pfe rhce h pecewl}lhi nhurikcl}p) ]fe h ere` }ilzzep}
h tfkp tk} ph mhbe ki` zre}eipe` clwe mhwerkde liperzreplid pfe `k|}eweip}) Pfl} emfhe` pfe hrbkp h rezhrpkde hi pfe P_M fekrlid}# ki` tk}
ki liperpevpukc re ereime pfkp mhuc` ihp oe ch}p hi pfe pecewl}lhi wleter})
Kcpfhudf pfe ckrder }erle} h ere` bki| li}ldfp} liph pfe thralid ki`
zuoclm eikmpbeip h bebhr| li k `ebhmrkplm ]hupf K rlmk# pth zkrplmuckr
ezl}h`e} fk` }zeml m recewkime hr bebhr|lid mhchilkc ki` }ckwe zk}p}) Pfe
r}p# mkcce` Pfe _ecumpkip ]eppcer> Pfe Prlkc h Nki wki _leoeema# ki` pfe
}emhi`# Pfe Prlkc h Fei`rla Werther`# tlcc oe kikc|}e` li tfkp hccht})
Pfe plpce h pfe lr}p ezl}h`e hr kikc|}l} mfkcceide` ohpf pfe fedebhilm
ki` pfe mhuiper"fedebhilm `l}mhur}e} hi Nki wki _leoeema) Kzkrpfel`
fl}phr| pevpohha} mre`lpe` wki _leoeema tlpf pfe ferhlm `l}mhwer| h ]hupf
K rlmk li ;75?# ki` zre}eipe` flb k} pfe }pki`kr`"oekrer h Eurhzeki
mlwlcl}kplhi ki` recldlhi) Kmmhr`lid ph pfl} fl}phr|# tfei wki _leoeema
krrlwe`# fe hui` pfe mhuipr| uihmmuzle` }kwe hr k et ]prki`chzer
Fhppeiphp}) Fe fk} oeei `eihuime` tlpfli Ockma zhclplm} k} pfe lr}p
mhchil}er kp pfe Mkze# ki` li pfl} `l}mhur}e fl} hui`lid h ]hupf K rlmk
l} renempe` k} pfe okmaohie h tflpe }uzrebkm| ki` lp} cedlplbkplhi)
Kdkli}p pfl} okma`rhz# pfe liprh`umplhi h pfe k`nemplwe recumpkip li
pfe plpce h pfe ezl}h`e nkr} tlpf ohpf pfe}e ikrrkplwe} h wki _leoeema
k} ferh hr wlcckli) Fl} `e eime kpphrie| zre}eipe` k refkolclpkpe` wki_leoeema> berec| k mhrruzp hzzhrpuil}p tfh `l}kzzhlipe` pfe WHM
mkcce` o| lp} Kidclml}e` ikbe# pfe @upmf Ek}p Li`lk Mhbzki| pfkp fk`
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;;6
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
}eip flb hi k bhie|"bkalid bl}}lhi o| ouidclid fl} hr`er}) Pfl} mfkide`
wki _leoeema# zhrprk|e` o| pfe kmphr Perplu} Belipnle}# k} k klcure tfh
l} urpfer zu~~ce` o| pfe zrhmee`lid} fe l} re{ulre` ph zkrpkae li) _kpfer
pfki oelid zhter uc ki` orupkc# fe l} k }hclpkr|# dree`| ki` limhbzepeip
hhc) Mhi}e{ueipc|# ielpfer pfe Mhbzki| tflmf kupfhrl}e} fl} mhchilkc
{ue}p# ihr pfe }prumpure` wlhceime lp uicek}fe` hwer pfree meipurle}
k} }ckwer|# mhchilkcl}b ki` kzkrpfel` l} liperrhdkpe`) Pfe e emp} h
fl} mhchil}lid bl}}lhi# `e}mrloe` li fl} `lkrle} k} pfe wki _leoeema
zrlimlzce1 fl} }umme}} uc kppebzp} kp `l}zckmlid li`ldeihu} zehzce rhb
cki`1 ki` fl} ei}ckwlid zrhnemp} kre l}kwhte` ki` }eei ph oe pfe mfkhplmwlhceime h k }lidce bki tfh fk} ih li}plpuplhikc zhter) Li pfl} bkiier#
pfe re}p h mhchilkc @upmf# ki` ckper K rlakier# }hmlep| mkiihp oe fec`
re}zhi}loce hr kmmhuipkoce hr mhchilkcl}b hr pfe ei}ulid zrlwlcede})
Pfe ko}eime h ki| clia oepteei pfl} ekrc| mhchil}er ki` hpfer Eurhzeki
mhchil}er} tfh }eppce` li pfe liperlhr l} kc}h pecclid) Pfe kcchmkplhi h
ockbe hr mhchilkc ki` kzkrpfel` wlhceime ph ki li`lwl`ukc# fere ewl`eip#
tk} kc}h li aeezlid tlpf pfe P_M fekrlid}# tfere }zeml lm deierkc} tere
orhudfp ph ohha hr zkrplmuckr fubki rldfp} wlhckplhi}# pfereo| kcchtlid
pfe oeie lmlkrle} h pfe }|}peb k} tecc k} pfe zhclplmlki} tfh eikoce`
ki` cedlplbl}e` pfe wlhckplhi} ph e}mkze ui}mkpfe`) Pfl} mk}plid h pfe
zk}p k} zehzce` o| mruec li`lwl`ukc} tfh orupkcl}e` }zeml lm zehzce# kc}h
rei`ere` li pfe }liduckr# l} pfe `hblikip bkiier li tflmf k fl}phrlmkc
mhi}mlhu}ie}} l} zer hrbe` li zh}p"kzkrpfel` ]hupf K rlmk) Pfl} kmmhr`lid
h ockbe ph li`lwl`ukc} cekwe} pfe }prumpurkc zrlwlcede tflmf kmmrue} ph
tflpeie}} uiliperrhdkpe` li k} bumf k} lp kc}h kcc} }fhrp h remhdil}lid
pfe li}plpuplhikc zhter tflmf bkae} }ckwer|# mhchilkcl}b ki` kzkrpfel`
bhre pfki liperzer}hikc reckplhi})
Li pfe }kbe ezl}h`e# wki _leoeema} reckplhi}flz} tlpf Arhph &mkcce`
Ewk wki Beerfh , ki` Kup}fubkh# fer uimce ki` pfe liperzreper hrpfe @upmf oe hre fer# kre orhudfp ph cldfp) Kup}fubkh l} mkcce` Fkrr|
Fhppeiphp# wki _leoeema} hic| rlei`) Tfei ohpf Afhl ldure} pkae
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;; ph zrhwl`e ewl`eime tfei bebhr|
klc}) Kup}fubkh} kmmhuip h pfelr reckplhi}flz l} li }pkra mhiprk}p ph pfe
rlei`}flz pfkp wki _leoeema pe}pl le} ph) Fl} ikrrkplwe l} h bkilzuckplhi
ki` re}l}pkime1 lp zckme} wki _leoeema li pfe zh}lplhi h ki liwk`er tfh
iee`} ph oe hup}bkrpe`)
Bhre ok clid l} Arhph} pe}plbhi| &zck|e` o| E}berkc`k Olefc,) Pkalid
pfe }pki`# }fe kzzekr} uiek}|) ]fe l`dep} mhi}pkipc| k} }fe pe}pl le} ph pfe
bkiier li tflmf }fe tk} ihp prekpe` clae k }ckwe> wki _leoeema prekpe`
QferR clae k `kudfper) Fer ewl`eime l} pfkp fe pkudfp fer ph rek` rhb
pfe Oloce# ki` }fe zck|e` pfe rhce h liperzreper oepteei wkrlhu} Afhl
ckidukde}# @upmf ki` Zhrpudue}e) ]fe }zeka} Eidcl}f li pfe mhurprhhb
ki` kzzekr} hi pfe orlia h pekr} `urlid bh}p h fer pe}plbhi|) ]fe `he}
ihp `l}zupe pfkp }fe tk} wki _leoeema} }ckwe oup krdue} pfkp L tk} fl}
kwhurlpe) Pfe mkberk bhwe} ph rewekc wki _leoeema }blclid kp pfl} ki`
lbbe`lkpec| repuri} ph fer kme# }fhtlid pfkp }fe fk} }pkrpe` mr|lid)
Lp l} ihp mcekr tfepfer fer pekr} kre cliae` ph fer pe}plbhi| kohup fer
reckplhi}flz tlpf wki _leoeema ki` fer uimce# hr tfepfer lp l} pfe bebhr|h fer oerekwebeip# fer }ezkrkplhi rhb fer mflc`rei ki` fer okil}fbeip
tflmf l} zkli uc) Pfl} uimerpklip| l} uire}hcwe`# ki` pfe hcchtlid }meie
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;?:
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
}fht} k tflpe"fklre` wki _leoeema tkcalid hup h pfe mhurprhhb# tlpf
}phhze` }fhuc`er}# kchie)
Pfl} kboldulp| li pfe rezre}eipkplhi h Arhph ki` fer reckplhi}flz ph
wki _leoeema blrrhr} fer `ezlmplhi li pfe fl}phrlmkc remhr`) Lp l} zreml}ec|
pfl} uimerpklip| tflmf Mhep~ee# ]kbuec}hi ki` Korkfkb} liperrhdkpe#
krdulid lp tk} u}e` ph `l ereip zhclplmkc ei`} o| @upmf mhchil}p} ki`
ckper o| }edbeip} h K rlakier }hmlep|) Pfe}e rezre}eipkplhi} liwlpe ki
eidkdebeip tlpf ]pukrp Fkcc} &;
@h pflid} honemp}# zehzce# eweip} li pfe thrc` mkrr| pfelr hti#hie prue bekilid# lve` clae iuboer zckpe} hi pfelr okma}# tflmf
lp l} pfe pk}a h ckidukde ph re cemp kmmurkpec|8 Hr kre bekilid}
mhi}pkipc| }fl plid k} te bhwe rhb hie mucpure ph kihpfer# hie
ckidukde ph kihpfer# hie fl}phrlmkc mhipevp# hie mhbbuilp|# drhuz
hr }uo"mucpure# ph kihpfer8
K rek`lid h Arhph} rezre}eipkplhi} rewekc} pfe bki| }|bohclm u}e}
ph tflmf }fe mki oe zup) K rebli`er h pfe zre}eime h K rlmki ochh`
tlpfli @upmf# ckper K rlakier# }hmlep|# }fe l} okil}fe` ki` pfe bebhr|
h fer l} u}e` ph mk}p fer k} k `edeierkpe# uipru}pthrpf| }ckwe) Ckper#
tfei }fe mki oe `l ereipc| evzchlpe`# }fe l} pfe fkuiplid zre}eime h pfe
}pkbbhe`er ) Pfe plblid h pfl} rezh}lplhilid mhliml`e} tlpf pfe iee` hr
k reiedhplkplid h tflpe l`eiplple} li k zh}p"kzkrpfel` ]hupf K rlmk) Lp kc}h
hccht} hi pfe feec} h `l}mu}}lhi} hi cki` re`l}prlouplhi)
]ewerkc rek`lid} h Arhph kre bk`e zh}}loce li pfe ezl}h`e l}mu}}e`
kohwe) Fer thr`} }udde}p pfkp }fe tk} mhipeip li pfe wki _leoeema
fhu}efhc`# pfkp wki _leoeema tk} ali` ph fer ewei pfhudf }fe tk}
fl} }ckwe# ki` pfkp }fe remelwe` zre ereiplkc prekpbeip rhb flb) ]fe
eboh`le} k blc` }ckwer|# ki` pe}pl le} ph ihp oelid ki uifkzz| }ckwe)Pfu}# fer evzerleime }eeb} ph c| li pfe kme h pfe mfkrkmperl}kplhi
h ere` o| pfe bki wki _leoeema mfkrkmperl}e} k} fl} rlei`# Kup}fubkh#
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;?;
TfLPeIe}} _ebLve@# H_ _ebeboe_e@ LbzU_LP|# }fkbe kI@ PecewL}LHI
Arhph} uimce) Pfe kivlep| evzerleime` o| Arhph l} uire}hcwe`# ihr l} lp
zre}eipe` k} li iee` h uizkmalid) Lp }udde}p} pfkp pfere kre uiaihtkoce
`|ikblm} ph fer zer}hikclp| ki` fl}phr|) Pfe ko}eime h ki evzchrkplhi
h tfkp pfe}e bldfp oe reli hrme} pfe }ei}e pfkp pfere l} k zkrp h pfe
}phr| pfkp rebkli} uiphc`) Lp liwlpe} lbkdlikplwe eidkdebeip} tflmf kre
urpfer eimhurkde` o| fer wl}loce uiek}e k} }fe pe}pl le} ph fer cl e li pfe
ckpe }eweipeeipf meipur|) Tflce }umf ikrrkplwe li}pkolclp| l} liprh`ume`# lp
l} kc}h mkre ucc| bkikde` li pfe lipere}p h ki e}pkocl}fe` ki` pl`| pevp h
ikplhikc remhimlclkplhi ki` rkliohtl}b> pfrhudf pfe li`lwl`ukcl}kplhi
h fl}phrlmkc kdeim|) Kp pfe ei` h pfe ezl}h`e# wki _leoeema tkca} ktk|kchie oup lp l} ihp mcekr tfkp fkzzei} ph pfe pth Afhl }uonemp}) Li`ee`#
pfe| kre ihp pfe hmu} h pfe liwe}pldkplhi hr pfe mhurp mk}e> }ckwer|
ki` mhchilkcl}b kre }bkcc pemfilmkclple} li pfe ckrder ewkcukplhi h pfe
mfkrkmper h ki lbzhrpkip ldure)
Pfe ezl}h`e tflmf hmu}e} hi Fei`rla Werther`# mhbbhic| re erre`
ph k} pfe krmflpemp h kzkrpfel`# zrhwl`e} ki lipere}plid mhbzcebeipkr|
ikrrkplwe ph pfe wki _leoeema ezl}h`e) Bh}p h pfe tlpie}}e} mkcce` ph
pfe }pki` kre kmk`eblm} ki` pfe| mhiprloupe ph pfe zhrprk|kc h Fei`rla
Werther` k} k fldfc| cekrie` bki tlpf k @Zflc) Zlerre wki Zcep~ei
zhrprk|} Br Chut# Werther`} pekmfer# tfh zcek`} hr ki ui`er}pki`lid
h Werther`} l`ehchdle} k} k beki} h li`ldeil}lid flb}ec ki` hpfer
K rlakier}) Kdkli# Werther`} oldhpr|# clae wki _leoeema}# l} mk}p k} chdlmkc
l pfe mhrremp liperzreplwe cei} l} orhudfp ph oekr hi lp) Pfe hic| kzzrhzrlkpe
cei}# pfe}e kmk`eblm pe}plbhile} }udde}p# l} k }|bzkpfeplm hie) _kpfer
pfki nu`debeip# tfkp Werther` re{ulre} l} ui`er}pki`lid# tflmf mki hic|
oe eidei`ere` o| k }ei}lplwe evkblikplhi h fl} l`ehchd|) Li`ee`# bki|
h pfe tlpie}}e} mk}p flb k} k bki tfh}e cedkm| h mruecp| l} ihp nu}pl le`)
Br Chut krdue} pfkp Werther`} zhclmle} bkae }ei}e oemku}e>
QuRiclae pfe Eidcl}f hr pfe Greimf te mkip repuri fhbe) Hi pfl} wer|
}hlc h K rlmk te bu}p elpfer }pk| hr zerl}f tlpf hur fl}phr|# mucpure
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;??
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
ki` ckidukde) Fe ui`er}phh` pfkp l pfe K rlakier tk} hrme` ph clwe
ui`er pfe Okipu} ruce# lp thuc` mek}e k} k ikplhi)
Pfe ku`leime l} k}ae` ph }|bzkpfl}e tlpf Werther`# k fldfc| zrhocebkplm
liwlpkplhi dlwei pfkp pfe ouca h pfe ku`leime fk} oeei wlhckpe` zreml}ec|
oemku}e h Werther`} zhclmle}) Li`ee`# bh}p k`ucp} tkpmflid pfe
zrhdrkbbe thuc` fkwe fk` ph }u er pfrhudf pfe li`ldilple} h pfe Okipu
E`umkplhi zhclmle} fe }zekrfek`e` ki` fl} cek`er}flz h pfe @ezkrpbeip h
Fhbe K klr} ki` ckper dhweribeip k} }pkpe zre}l`eip) Pfe bkli zkrp h pfe
ikrrkplwe l} li K rlakki} tlpf Eidcl}f }uoplpce}# }h pfkp K rlakier kmk`eblm}kre koce ph nu}pl | kzkrpfel` chdlm li lp} ckidukde) Ph mhuiper pfl} kmmhuip
h Werther` k} prkdlm wlmplb h mucpurkc li}emurlp| tfh hwermhbzei}kpe}#
pfe zrh}emuphr# Nhfi| Bh`l}e# zck|e` o| ]emfkok Bhrhnece# liprh`ume` pfe
kbhu} mk}e h Cli`k Oh}mfh )
Cli`k Oh}mfh tk} ohri ph tflpe zkreip} li pfe Prki}wkkc li ;
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;?=
TfLPeIe}} _ebLve@# H_ _ebeboe_e@ LbzU_LP|# }fkbe kI@ PecewL}LHI
oelid mk}p k} }ei}lplwe ki` bl}ui`er}phh`) Lrhilmkcc|# tflce P}k ei`k} l} k
fhu}efhc` ikbe zreml}ec| oemku}e h fl} rhce k} Werther`} k}}k}}li# fe
uiclae Werther` `le` li ho}murlp| li ;
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;?0
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
hrmloc| rebhwe` li k }|}peb h ckt} tflmf dukrkipee` tflpe htier}flz
h cki`) Pfe}e evzre}}lhi} h K rlmki `e}meip# pfere hre# fkwe bkperlkc
hupmhbe} li k} bumf k} pfe| fkwe }hmlh"zhclplmkc }kcleim|)
Gurpferbhre# ph fkwe k Afhl(}ckwe thbki k} kime}phr l} ph mcklb
k Ockma l`eiplp|# ki K rlmki li`ldeielp| ki` eiplpcebeip li pfe ochh`"
ok}e` `l}mhur}e} tflmf }uzzhrpe` mhchilkcl}b ki` kzkrpfel`) Tflce pfe
`e lilplhi h rkmlkc }uonemplwlp|# ihi"tflpeie}} ki` Ockmaie}}# }zeml lmkcc|
li kipl"kzkrpfel` }pruddce zhclplm}# tk} zrebl}e` hi pfe }hmlkc# zhclplmkc
ki` emhihblm lbzclmkplhi} h clwlid ui`er kzkrpfel`# `hblikip tflpe
`e lilplhi} h rkme li ]hupf K rlmk fkwe kctk|} oeei ok}e` hi ochh`#ki` hi rkme k} oh`lc| ewl`eime) Pfh}e Ockma ]hupf K rlmki} tfh tere
mck}}l le` mhchure` tere li}mrloe` tlpf `l}mhur}e} h rkmlkc blvlid
ki` bl}medeikplhi) Mhipebzhrkr| mcklb} o| K rlakier} ph fkwe k Afhl
kime}phr }ee K rlakier} k} hmmuz|lid pfe }kbe `l}mur}lwe chmkplhi pfkp
mhchilkc ki` kzkrpfel` `l}mhur}e recedkpe` ph mhchure` zehzce) Pfe}e
mcklb} mhiprk`lmp ekrcler rkml}p bekilid} kppkmfe` ph oelid mhchure`# dlwei
pfkp pfe bl}medeikplhi ce` ph pfe mhi}prumplhi h mhchure` }uonemp} k}
ce phwer# tlpfhup mucpure ki` ch}p) _kpfer pfki `emhi}prumplid pfl}
ekrcler lbzuc}e# remeip K rlakier mcklb} ph mhchure` zh}lplhilid kre ihp
kppei`kip ph lbzclmkplhi} h pfl} rezh}lplhilid li reckplhi ph fl}phrlmkc
}uonemp} mhi}prumpe` ki` mck}}l le` mhchure`)
Tflce kzzrhzrlkplhi} h Afhl ki`(hr }ckwe thbei k} K rlakier
kime}phr} zerblp pfe refkolclpkplhi h ohpf bebhr| ki` l`eiplp| li
mhipebzhrkr| ]hupf K rlmk# pfe| kc}h kcc }fhrp h `hlid pfe thra h
zh}pmhchilkc bebhr|) Mhi}e{ueipc|# kcpfhudf mcklblid k thbki h mhchur
k} hrebhpfer }uzer lmlkcc| ui`erblie} tflpe }uzrebkml}p ikrrkplwe} h
tflpe rkmlkc zurlp|# pfl} }uower}lhi zkrk`hvlmkcc| thra} ph bk}a fl}phrlm
ki` murreip bekilid} h tflpeie}})
K pflr` zrhnemp tflmf k``re}}e} lp}ec ph pfe tl`e zre}eime h }ckwekime}pr| li K rlakier kblcle} l} pfe `hmubeipkr| Pfe Mhbbki`er} ]ckwe}>
K @lggereip Ali` hg Cki`e` Deipr| # klre` hi e"pw li ;
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;?5
TfLPeIe}} _ebLve@# H_ _ebeboe_e@ LbzU_LP|# }fkbe kI@ PecewL}LHI
ki` `lrempe` o| _kbhck Ikl`hh) Pfe thbei tfh}e clwe} ki` cliekde}
kre prkme` li pfl} lcb cek` ph pfe fldfe}p# bh}p zrlwlcede` h K rlakier
kblcle}) Pfe}e }ckwe thbei tere }hc` ph mhbbki`er} ki` deierkc} kp
pfe Mkze li pfe }eweipeeipf ki` eldfpeeipf meipurle}) Li fer rewlet h pfe
`hmubeipkr| hr pfe @klc| @l}zkpmf h ; Nuc| ?:::# Okrokrk Fhccki`}
rebkra}>
QlRp }fhuc` oe {ulpe ki e|e hzeier# oemku}e tfkp bh}p h u} `hip
aiht l} pfkp pfe}e }ckwe kblcle} ei`e` uz li k wkrlep| h eiperzrl}e}
clae kdrlmucpure ki` tlie krblid ki` everpe` mhi}l`erkoce li cueimeli pfe Mkze)
Fere# Fhccki`}} mhbbeip} }fht pfe }zclpplid kolclp| h rkme mhi}mlhu}ie}}
li tflpe ]hupf K rlmk> pfe kolclp| ph bkae ohpf pfe mcklb h kctk|} fkwlid
aihti# li wki T|a} weli kohwe# ki` pfe mhccemplwe ldihrkime h rkme
blvlid li`eve` o| Fhccki` fere) Lp l} zkrp h pfe iet zfeihbeihi
pfkp Ol}fhz Pupu thuc` pkca kohup li reckplhi ph kzkrpfel` kbie}lk# zh}p"
;
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;?7
TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
mhiprk`lmplhi}) Pfe}e ree` thbei kp pfe meipre h Ikl`hh} pevp Kideck
wki Oeidkce# Mkpfkrlik wki Zkclkmkppk# Bkrlk Ewerp} kre ihp }fhti ph
fkwe oeei }ckwe htier} pfeb}ecwe} ckper) ]uzzre}}e` l} kc}h pfe zre}eime
h pfelr mrlblikc mhiwlmplhi}# pfelr dree`# rupfce}}ie}}# `l}fhie}p|#
mhiilwkime# }evukc krbhur| &Uzfkb ?:::,) Uzfkb urpfer {ue}plhi}
Ikl`hh} mfhlme ihp ph rezre}eip hpfer }ckwe} tfh tere ihp zrlw| ph }umf
hrpuie) Kcc li kcc# hr Uzfkb pfe zrh`umplhi tk} ki eclpl}p ki` ieh"
mck}}l}p# re"mk}pe oup zrhbh" rlei`c| `hmubeipkr| o| ki Li`lki ]hupf
K rlmki thbki h ihi"Mkze ferlpkde &Uzfkb ?:::,)
Pfe l`eipl e` zrhoceb} tlpf Ikl`hh} `hmubeipkr| zhlip ph pfemfkcceide} h eidkdlid li k zrhnemp tflmf `|ikblmkcc| `emhi}prump} rkmlkc
zurlp| ikrrkplwe} li li}urdeip tk|}) Ikl`hh mfhh}e} ph mfkcceide pfl}
rezre}eipkplhi ki` pfe zhter }pruddce lp eipklc}) Tflce lp fk} oemhbe
mu}phbkr| ph k}}erp pfkp rkmlkc zurlp|# pfe hui`kplhi h kcc tflpe
}uzrebkml}p redlbe}# l} k kcckm|# Ikl`hh} zrhnemp dhe} oe|hi` bere
k}}erplhi ki` lccu}prkplhi) Fer `hmubeipkr|# pfe }fhrpmhblid} l`eipl e`
kohwe ihptlpf}pki`lid# }fht} pfe rkmlkc zurlp| zh}lplhi li mhchilkc ki` ckper
kzkrpfel` ikrrkplwe} ph oe k }ec "mhi}mlhu}c| mrk pe` zh}lplhi) L pfe cek`lid
K rlakier kblcle} aiet pfkp pfere tk} }ckwe kime}pr| li pfelr kblcle}# pfei
mcklb} ph rkmlkc zurlp| ki` }emurlid zrlwlcede} ok}e` hi pfe mhuzclid h
tflpe rkmlkc zurlp| tlpf tflpe }uzrebkm|# tere k `ecloerkpe cle)
Ikl`hh} zrhnemp h er} k u}e uc mhuiper"ikrrkplwe ph pfh}e kmmhuip} h
K rlakier rkmlkc blvlid evkblie` kohwe) Fer `hmubeipkr| recle} hi pfe
bepkzfhr h evmkwkplhi rkpfer pfki hi pfe murreipc| k}flhikoce mcklb}
ph pfe kcrek`| aihti# kcoelp prhuoce}hbe prupf} mrlpl{ue` o| Mhep~ee
ki` ]kbuec}hi) Pfe }ckwe thbei }fe prkme} ph pfe fekrp h cek`lid
K rlakier kblcle} `h ihp thra ph urpfer ei}frlie tflpe rkmlkc zrlwlcede)
Pfe| kre ihp re}mue` rhb pfe reme}}e} h fl}phr| li hr`er ph cedlplbkpe
K rlakier mcklb} ph K rlmki zhclplmkc ki` bkperlkc eiplpcebeip) Li`ee`#Ikl`hh} `hmubeipkr| rkl}e} {ue}plhi} h cedlplbkm| tflmf mhbzclmkpe
pfe kzzrhzrlkplhi }pu`le` o| Mhep~ee ki` ]kbuec}hi)
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;?4
TfLPeIe}} _ebLve@# H_ _ebeboe_e@ LbzU_LP|# }fkbe kI@ PecewL}LHI
Pfl} l} pfe zhlip pfkp Uzfkb} rewlet bl}}e}> Ikl`hh} `hmubeipkr|
bk| oe ckte` oemku}e lp `he} ihp urpfer zrhoe pfe mhbzclmlple} h
zrewlhu}c| ei}ckwe` zehzce li pfe li}plpuplhi h }ckwer|) Tflce remhdilplhi
h }umf mhbzclmlple} ki` cko|rlipf} l} lbzhrpkip ph pfe ckrder bebhr|
zrhme}}# lp} ko}eime rhb Ikl`hh} lcb `he} ihp iuccl | pfe li}ldfp}
h ere` o| K @lggereip Ali` hg Cki`e` Deipr| kohup pfe bkccekolclp| h
li hrbkplhi u}e` ph fkrie}} ki` ei}frlie fedebhi|)
]uzer lmlkcc|# pfe uimhwerlid ki` remhdilplhi h Afhl ki`(hr }ckwe
thbei li K rlakier kblcle} l} }lblckr) \ep pfe hrb} ki` e emp} h }umf
uimhwerlid `l er bkrae`c|) Pfe pei`eimle} `l}mu}}e` li reckplhi phMhep~ee} ki` ]kbuec}hi} }mfhckr}flz# ki` wki T|a} zrhihuimebeip#
ekrcler li pfl} mfkzper }lp uimhb hrpkoc| kchid}l`e Ikl`hh} lcb# ewei k}
pfe| kcc ebzfk}l}e pfe }kbe zrewlhu}c| rezre}}e` aihtce`de) Pfe hrber
redeierkpe zrewlhu}c| limhiweileip prupf}# hrberc| mhi lie` ph pfe cewec
h rezre}}e` ki` ui}kimplhie` aihtce`de# liph pfe rekcb h remhdil}e`
prupf li hr`er ph zrhpemp fl}phrlm bkperlkc zhter) Pfe ckpper e}pkolcl}e} pfe
bekilid} h }umf aihtce`de o| k}}erplid lp} zre}eime kmrh}} fl}phr| li
pfe K rlakier lbkdlikplhi) Ikl`hh} `hmubeipkr| l} mhuiper"fedebhilm
ki` {ue}plhi} pfe iet" hui` u}e ucie}} h }umf aihtce`de ki`# o|
evpei}lhi# pfe zhclplmkc hzzhrpuil}b pfkp cek`} ph pfe murreip eborkme
h pfkp tflmf fk} oeei aihti tlpfli K rlakier mlrmce} kcc kchid) Pfe
ewl`eime uimhwere` o| Ikl`hh ki` bk`e zuoclm aihtce`de }erwe} ph
{ue}plhi pfe bhplwe} h pfe mhiweileip rebeboerlid h }ckwe kime}pr| o|
K rlakier} li k zh}p"kzkrpfel` `l}zei}kplhi# tfere pfelr bkperlkc k} tecc
k} l`eiplplkr| zrlwlcede l} h}pei}loc| pfrekpeie`) Ikl`hh} zrhnemp zkrpkae}
li pfe zrh`umplhi h zh}pmhchilkc bebhr|# {ue}plhilid ki` `e}pkolcl}lid
kupfhrlpkplwe }ckwhmrkplm ki` kzkrpfel` ezl}pebe})
K rlakier l`eiplple} kre ihp pfe hic| ]hupf K rlmki tflpe l`eiplple}
tflmf hzzhrpuil}plmkcc| `eihuime rkmlkc zurlp| li zh}p"kzkrpfel` ]hupfK rlmk) Kcpfhudf K rlakier l`eiplple} `h }h bh}p evzclmlpc| li pfe }lpe}
l`eipl le` kohwe# pfere l} ewl`eime h }umf pei`eimle} li hpfer tflpe ]hupf
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TfkP L} }ckwe_| PH be8
K rlmki }lpe}) Li tfkp hccht}# L orle c| puri b| kppeiplhi ph hrdepplid
tflpeie}} ki` mcklblid li`ldeielp| tlpfli pfe kmk`eb|)
Li ki krplmce hi tk|} h lifkolplid Ockmaie}} ki` tflpeie}} li pfe ]hupf
K rlmki kmk`eb|# ^lblprl Erk}bu} fk} `hmubeipe` pfe zerwk}lweie}} h
tflpe `eilkc li ]hupf K rlmk ki` rewekce` lp} li cueime ph cle oe|hi` pfh}e
mhi}l`ere` K rlakier) Mhbbeiplid hi pfe ezl}peblm ki` hpfer ali`} h
wlhceime `lrempe` phtkr`} bki| li}urdeip Ockma lipeccempukc} 7 kp ]hupf
K rlmki perplkr| li}plpuplhi}# Erk}bu} mlpe} ki liml`eip `urlid tflmf# li
re}zhi}e ph k zkzer o| k thbkil}p fl}phrlki# }fe ho}erwe` tflpe cloerkc
}mfhckr} zk}}lhikpec| kwhl`lid pfe perrloce kpe h oelid bkrae` k} tflpe &?::;o> ;64,) Pfl} oemkbe uikbolduhu} tfei>
QlRi ki kppebzp ph zkrplmlzkpe li pfe l}mu}}lhi# k tflpe eblil}p zre kme`
fer mhiprlouplhi tlpf L kb ihp ockma# oup ) ]fe tk} liperruzpe`
o| k tflpe ebkce krmfkehchdl}p tfh k}ae` fer# limhbzrefei}loc|#
Fht `h |hu aiht pfkp |hu kre ihp k ockma thbki8 Ph fer mre`lp#
pfe hrber }zekaer `l` ihp rezc|) &?::;o> ;6
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