what is religion-shin nyana

7/30/2019 What is Religion-Shin Nyana

1/72

bmomw&m;qdkwm bmvJ 1

(acwfvli,fwdkY\ Ak'bmomESifY pyfvsOf; rajyrvnf jzpfaeonfrsm;udk ajzqdkay;ygonf)

acwfvli,fwpfOD;\tar;udk

"r0d[m&D tSifP ajzqdkaom

bmomw&m;qdkwm bmvJESifY

vGefusL;rIudk b,fvdkem;vnf&rvJ

2002 ckESpf 'DZbFmv 20&uf


2/72

2 bmomw&m;qdkwm bmvJ



3/72



bmomw&m;qdkwm bmvJ

tSifbk&m;?OD;Zif;a&;wJY pmwcsdKU zwfcGifY&ygw,f/ av;av;eufeuf

zwfwmawmYr[kwfyg/ wynfhawmfudk,fEIdufuvnf; Ak'pmayusrf;*efeJY r&if;ESD;avawmYem;rvnfwmu cyfrsm;rsm;yg/ wynfhawmf

vnf; &Hzef&Hcg ]bmomw&m;qdkwm bmvJ? b,vkyfzdkYvJ-pojzifYawmifawmiftDtD pOf;pm;avYSdygw,f/ tazwdkY OD;av;wdkYeJYvnf;rMumcP jiif;MuckHMuaygY/

vufSd Ak'bmomqdkwmBuD;uvnf; wynfhawmf rauseyfyg/ vltrsm; vufcH,kHMunfxm;ykHeJYvnf; b,fvdkrS oabmrwdkuf

qdkifyg/ tazuawmY ajymavYSdygw,f/ rif;Pfav; wpfxGmwpfrdkufeJY vdkufvdkYrrDygbl;wJY/ 'gayrJY wynfhawmfu rDatmifvkdufaejcif; r[kwfyg/ wpfxGmwpfrdkufPfuav;eJY wwfpGrf;oavmufykHazmfMunfhaewmyg/

wynfhawmf ykHazmf&oavmufuawmY bmomw&m;qdkwmqdkS,fvpfpepf? t&if;Sifpepf pwmawGvdkygyJ? pepfwpfckrQomjzpfaew,fvdkY xif ygw,f/ qdkS,fvpfwdkY t&if;SifwdkY qdkwmawGuawmY vltpkta0;BuD;twGuf owfrSwfwmaygYav/ bmomw&m;qdkwmuawmY vlwpfOD;csif;pD wpfa,mufcsif;pDtwGuf ydkNyD;jzpf[ef wlygw,f/ b ,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf vltpkta0;BuD;xJrSm wpfOD;pD


4/72



wpfa,mufpD ygaeovdk wpfOD;pDwpfa,mufpD aygif;vdkufawmYvnf; tpkta0;BuD; jzpfoGm;wmygyJ/

wynfhawmftazu tSifbk&m;udk tvGefMunfndkygw,f/bmjzpfvdkYvJ-vdkY ar;awmY tSifbk&m;ajymwJY ]bk&m;eJY wumBuD;Mum;u bkef;BuD;eJYrdbawGudk z,fvdkuf? bk&m;eJY wdkufdkufawGUvdkuf}-

vdkY qdkwJY pum;wpfcGef;aMumifYvdkY ajzygw,f/ oluawmY tSifbk&m;a&;xm;wJY pmawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; av;av;eufeuf zwfavYSdygw,f/ wynfhawmfudkvnf; ay;zwfavYSdygw,f/ pm&JUtprSmajymcJYovdkygyJ? odyf av;av;eufeuf rzwfjzpfayrJYvnf; tSifbk&m; bmvkyfaevJ? bmawG&nfG,faewmvJ-pojzifY &Hzef&HcgPfrDoavmuf pOf;pm;rdygw,f/

wynfhawmfpOf;pm;rdoavmuf dk;dk;om;om; ajymyg&ap/tSifbk&m;vnf; acwfpm;aewJY Ak'bmomudk rcsifYr&Jjzpfae[efwlygw,f/ wynhfawmfvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yg/ 'gayrJY tSifbk&m;u bk&m;qdkvsifawmY 'grsdK;rajymwefaumif;bl;? tSifbk&m;t,ltqeJYvnf; udkufnDwJY? acwfeJYvnf;avsmfnDwJY t,ltq

rsdK;udk vdkufvHSmazGawG;awmNyD; ]bk&m;u 'grsKd;udkomajymwm jzpfvdrfYr,f}-pojzifYaygYav/ tSifbk&m;a&;wJYpmawG zwfNyD; wynfhawmf awG;aerdwmyg/

tazYudkawmif ajymjzpfao;w,f/ ]tazwdkYq&mawmfu


5/72



Ak'bmomudk usm;uefaeovdkygvm;}-vdkY/ wynfhawmftjrif ajym&vsif tSifbk&m;u Ak'bk&m;udkawmY tcif;csufrSd jynfhpkHNyD;om;vm;/ jyefvnfjyKjyif ajymif;vJp&m rvdkawmYNyDvm;/ dk;dk;om;om; awG;aerdygw,f/


6/72



tSifbk&m;]bmomw&m;}qdkwm bmtwGuf jzpfay:vmwmvJ? bm

twGuf jzpfwnfaewmvJ/wpfcgwpf&HawmY pOf;pm;rdaejyefa&m/ ,kwdaA'IaxmifYu

ae qkH;jzwfygovm;/ jiif;csufrSd aMumif;usdK;qufET,frIawGeJY qkH;jzwfygovm;/ 'grSr[kwf vltrsm;pktwGuf tusdK;aus;Zl;Sdjcif;-

qdkwmeJY qkH;jzwf&rSmvm;/]bmomw&m;]-qdkwm MunfndkzdkYvm;? rSDcdkzdkYvm;/

wynfhawmf udp&yf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk pOf;pm;Munfhzl;ygw,f/ trSm;trSefudk a,bk,soabmeJYyJ qkH;jzwfEdkifcJYygw,f/a,bk,soabm r[kwfbJ wdwdusus owfrSwfEdkifatmif BudK;pm;

wdkif; >cif;csufqdkwmawG awGUNyD;? vufajrmuf&wmygyJ/ MumawmYrSm;\rSef\? aumif;\raumif;\? awmf\rawmf\-qkH;jzwf&rSmr0HYr&J jzpfvma&m/ rSm;vnf;rrSm;? rSefvnf; rrSefwJY taetxm;urqkH;jzwfeJY? rowfrSwfeJYqdkwm odvm&w,f/ (rSm;aumif; rSm;aeygvdrfYr,f)/ qkH;jzwfvdkufwmeJY rSm;a&m? owfrSwfvdkufwmeJY rSm;a&m/

Oyrmajym&vsif q&mawmfa&;wJY ]awmpum; awmifpum;}-pmtkyf emrnfay;ykHvdkaygY/ wumawGu emrnf onfvdkay;wm raumif;bl; xifw,f/ q&mawmfu ]aumif;w,f}-vdkY olwdkYxifvmatmif pnf;kH;NyD;ajymw,f/ aemufqkH; wumawG b0ifusoGm;w,f? auseyfoGm;w,f/ wu,fvdkYrsm; q&mawmfu onfvdk


7/72



emrnfay;wm raumif;bl;-vdkYxifw,fqdkNyD; olwdkY rjiif;EdkifavmufwJY? b0ifusEdkifavmufwJY pum;vkH;awGokH;NyD; pnf;kH;ajymqdkcJYvsifvnf; olwdkY auseyfMuOD;rSmygyJ/ 'gaMumifY wynfhawmfqdkvsifawmY]awmpum;awmifpum;}pmtkyf emrnfay;ykHudk awmf\rawmf\?aumif;\raumif;\- rqkH;jzwf rowfrSwf&Jygbl;/ owfrSwfvkdufwmeJY rSm;a&m/ udp awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u tJonfvdk jzpfjzpfaeyg

w,f/

wynfhawmftjrifawmY ]bmomw&m;qdkwm BunfndkzdkYxuf rSDcdkzdkY jzpfoifYygw,f/ vltrsm;twGuf tusdK;aus;Zl; trSefwu,frsm;zdkY vdkygw,f}/

wpfurmvkH; rjzpfEdkifvsifawmif jrefrmwpfjynfavmuf

awmY tusdK;aus;Zl; rsm;apcsifygw,f/

wynfhawmfwdkYEdkifiHrSm vltrsm;pku(Ak'bmom0ifawGu)tvsiffb0 aemufb0 Sdjcif;rSdjcif;udk tawmf tav;teufxm;Muygw,f/ tm;vkH;eD;yg;uvnf; ]Sdw,f}-vdkY ,lqaeMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifY tSifbk&m;taeeJY tJonfudp tvsif Sif;oifYyg

w,f/

wynfhawmfOD;av;udk ]q&mawmfu tvsifb0? aemufb0 SdrSd b,fvdkajymvJ}- wynfhawmf ar;zl;ygw,f/ q&mawmYfpmtkyfawGxJrSm a&;xm;ovdkygyJ/ OD;av;ajzwmuawmY ]bk&m;u


8/72



aemifb0Sdw,fvdkYvnf; r,lbl;? rSdbl;vdkYvnf; r,llbl;}-aygYav/

bk&m; tJonfvdkajymcJYwmu ajymcJYwmaygYav/ 'gayrJYq&mawmftaeeJY bk&m;ajymcJYwmawGeJYyJ csDwufawmYrSmvm;? vkHavmufNyDvm-aygY/ wynfhawmftjrifawmY tckacwf Ak'bmom0ifawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u tJonfavmufeJY r&bl;/ bk&m;ajymcJYw,f-

qdkwmawGu enf;aevdkY r[kwfbl;/ temwjcm; aq;wjcm; jzpfaervm;yJ/ wynfhawmfOd;av;wdkY tazwdkYuawmY tJonfavmufeJYvkHavmufaumif; vkHavmufygvdrfYr,f/ 'gaMumifY ]bk&m;rajymcJYayrJYvnf; tSifbk&m;odxm;wJY aemifb0? tvsifb0 Sdw,frSdbl;}-udk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY aqG;aEG;apcsifw,f/

onfae&mrSm wynfhawmftjrif ajym&vsifawmY ]aemifb0vnf; rSdbl;? tvsifb0vnf; rSdygbl;}/ taMumif;tusdK;oDtdk&Dudk vufcHayrJY ]onfb0qdkwJY tusdK;&JU aocsmaygufSd&rJYtaMumif;u tvsifb0qdkwm vufrcHwmyg}/ wynfhawmfuawmY wynfhawmf&JU onfb0taMumif;cHu wynfhawmf&JU taztaruvGJNyD; wjcm;[m awG;vdkYr&ygbl;/ pum;pyfvdkY wynfhawmf

avmavmq,fvufcHxm;wJY taMumif;tusdK;oDtdk&D enf;enf;Sif;jycGifYay;yg/

Oyrm-vlwpfa,mufudk wpfa,mufu owfw,f/towfc H& w JYv l a o o Gm;w , f/ v lb mv dkYao v J? t o w fc H& v dkYa o w , f/


9/72



owfwmu taMumif;? aowmu tusKd;? taMumif;tusdK; nDnGwfwmyJ/ onftxd b,fowfrSwfcsufurS 0ifNyD; rpdk;rdk;Edkifbl;/

tJ-jyemu vlowform;udk zrf;r,f? w&m;pGJr,f?axmifcsr,f/ wcsdKUuawmY tzrf;rcH&bl;? w&m;pGJrcH&bl;? axmifrusbl;/ onfae&mrSm wcsdKUu ajymOD;r,f/ ]tzrf;rcH axmifrusayrJY olYpdwfxJrSm usD;vefYpmpm;? ]igYudk b,ftcsdefrsm; zrf;rvJ?

wjcm;vlawG odoGm;rvm;}-ponfaygYav pdk;&drfylyefNyD; toufqufSifae&wmvnf; owfjcif;taMumif;aMumifY tusdK;jzpfay:vmwmyJ-vdkY wynfhawmf rjiif;ygbl;/ 'gayrJY olwyg;toufowfayrJY axmifvnf;rus? pdwfvnf;rqif;&J&bJ aeaewJYvlawGvnf;wykHBuD;yg/ ppfom;awGMunfhygvm;? wcsdKUqdk qkwHqdyfawG bmawGawmif &vdkufao;/qkwHqdyf&wmvnf; owfjcif;taMumif;aMumifY

tusdK;&wmyJ/ tJonfawmY wynfhawmfwdkY Ak'bmomawGpdwfxJrSmowfrSwfxm;wJY tusdK;eJYu rudkufawmYbl;/ olwdkYu owfwmuraumif;uH? 'gaMumifY axmifuscsifus? rusvsifvnf; pdwfqif;&J&r,f/ axmifrus pdwfrqif;&Jbl;qdkvsif--aeOD;? aemifb0usvsifvmygvdrfYr,f? taMumif;tusdK;eJYuif;NyD; b,f[mrS rjzpfygbl;?tcdkiftrm ajymawmYwmyJ/

wynfhawmftjrifawmY awmfawmf rw&m;wmyJ/ olwdkYvufcHxm;wJY? qkH;jzwfoabmwlxm;wJY tusdK;w&m;eJY rnDrcsif;vufSdjzpfay:aewJY tusdK;w&m;awGudk vspfvsLINyD; twif;ajymawmYwmyJ/ olwdkYvufcHxm;wJY jzpfapcsifwJYtwdkif; onfb0rSmrjzpfvsif aemifb0txd qGJac:oGm;wmyJ/


10/72



'gaMumifY wynfhawmfajymwmyg/ vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[mtSifbk&m;wdkY ajymajymaewJY b,fokwef? nmokwefawG rodygbl;/ ukodkvf tukodkvf? taMumif;tusdK;? tvsifb0aemufb0-'gavmufav;awGeJYyJ vkH;NyD; IyfaeMuwmyg/ wynfhawmfawmYav'gav;awGSif;EdkifvsifyJ awmfawmf[efavmufNyD xifwmyJ/ wynfhawmf uav;awG;-awG;aewmvnf; jzpfaumif; jzpfrSmyg/

tSifbk&m;,aeY rsufarSmufacwf Ak'bmomBuD;u rSm;aumif; rSm;aeyg

vdrfYr,f/ tSifbk&m;&JU tm;xkwfrIawGuvnf; rSefaumif; rSefaerSmyg/ 'gayrJY wynfhawmfwdkY Ak'bmom0ifawG&JU vwfwavmjyemu t,l0g'rSm;jcif;rSefjcif; r[kwfovdkyJ? ,aeY wynfh

awmfwdkY vufcHxm;wmawG rSm;aeOD;awmY vltrsm;pku tJonftrSm;ay:rSm tav;teuf rSdygbl;/ 0g'trSm;twdkif;a&m vlawGvdkufemusifYokH;aeMuygovm;/

Oyrm-0g'trSm;xJrSm i&JjynfBuD;qdkwm BuD;ygw,f/'gayrJY tJonf i&JjynfqdkwmBuD;udk wu,f raMumufMu ygbl;/onfae&mrSm wpfck ajymvdkY&ygao;w,f/ ]olwdkYvufcHxm;wm

rSm;aevdkYyg/ rSefrSm;rSefaevsif bmomw&m;tay:rSm tav;teufxm;vmrSmyg}-vdkY/ wynfhawmfawmY rxifbl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmY,aeYacwfvlawG(Ak'bmom0if) bmomw&m;udk tokH;csykHutrSm;trSefay: odyfrwnfvdkYygyJ/


11/72



wynfhawmfu Ak'bmom0ifvdkY qdkaeMuwJY vltrsm;pkudkOD;wnf ajymaewmyg/ wynfhawmf OD;av;wdkY? tazwdkYuawmY vlenf;pkyg/ olwdkYtwGufuawmY trSefu ta&;BuD;rSmyg/ 'gayrJYwynfhawmfajymcJYovdk ]bmomw&m;qdkwm olYtay: avYvmqef;ppfwJY vlawGtwGufyJvm;? vltrsm;pkudk tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;jcif;qdkwm&,f? MunfndkzdkYxuf vltrsm;pkrSDcdkzkdY ydkNyD;jzpfoifYw,f}-vdkY

wynfhawmf ,lqvdkYyg/

,aeYacwf Ak'bmom0ifawG bmomw&m;tokH;csykHudk wynfhawmf PfrDoavmuf wifjyyg&ap/ taMumif;t&m wpfckaMumifY 0rf;enf;ylaqG;aewJY vlwpfa,mufSdr,f/ cHpm;ae&wmudkb,fvdk oufom&moufomaMumif; vkyf&rSef;vnf;rod a,mif

csmcsmjzpfaewkef; rdwfaqGwpfa,mufu ]oli,fcsif; w&m;eJYomajzyg? Ak'bk&m;u bmawGajymcJYwmyJ? onfudpawGu bmaygYnmaygY--pojzifY tJonfvdk tokH;csaeMuwmyg/ ]bmomw&m;qdkwmBuD; rSdvsif olYcrsm bmeJYajz&rSef;rodbl;}/ ckawmY awmfao;wmaygY/ bmomw&m;-qdkwmBuD; SdaevdkY ajzp&mtrnfwyfvdkY &oGm;w,f/ 'gYxufrydkbl;? wcsdKUwcsdKU ajymwmyg/

oabFmarSmufNyD? "m;jywdkufcH&NyD? y|mef;gwf? bmawGGwf/wwfoavmuf rSwfoavmuf GwfMuNyD/ wu,fYtE&m,fuvGwfwmrvGwfwm tyxm;? Gwfp&mav;SdaevdkY awmfao;wmaygY/ vGwfavmufwJY tajctae taetxm;vnf;Sd? y|mef;Gwf


12/72



wmeJYvnf; wdkufqdkifNyD? tE&m,fu vGwfvmNyDqdkvsif ]usKyfudk,fawGUaygY? b,fwkef;uaygY? tE&m,feJY BuKHawGUcJYwmaygY? y|mef;GwfvkdufwmeJY usKyfawmYvGwfvmwmyJ? t&rf;udk pGrf;wmyJaygY}-pojzifYjzefYa0NyD/awGU&mBuKH&mvlwdkif;udk ajymNyD/ pmwwefaywwef udk,fawGUrSwfwrf;awG a&;NyD/ onfvdkyJ tokH;csaeMuwmyJ/ tE&m,fBuKHawGUcsdefrSm ol-y|mef;Gwfaewm wynfhawmfrjiif;ygbl;/ 'gayrJY

olvGwfvmwm y|mef;GwfvdkYvm;? wdkufqdkifwmvm;/ 'gawmY tifrwefpOf;pm;zdkY aumif;ygw,f/

y|mef;Gwf&if; vGwfvmwJYvlawGtaMumif;yJ wynfhawmfwdkY odcGifY&aew,f/ y|mef;Gwf&if; aooGm;wJYvlawGa&m rSdbl;vm;/ olwdkYSdaMumif; oufaojyzdkYuvnf; rjzpfEdkifjyefbl;/ onf

vdkeJYyJ wynfhawmfwdkY Ak'bmom0ifawG csDwufaeMuwmyJ/

][dkem;rSm bkef;BuD;awGeJYukvm;awG &efjzpfaeMuw,fwJY/a[Y-wdkYAk'bmomudk rxdeJY/ bmyJ nmyJ/ Ak'bmom0iftrnfcHawG0ifvmygNyD/ dkufuGmESufuGm? &efawGjzpfukefNyD/ t"dukPf;awGjzpfukefNyD/ aeMuygOD;? rif;u bmvJ/ ][m-uRefawmfu Ak'bmom?

Ak'bk&m;u &efrjzpfzdkY ajymxm;w,fav/} 'gawG uRefawmfrodbl;?Ak'bmom0ifawGudkawmY rxdeJ Y ? xdvsif rD;yGif YoGm;r,f}-pojzifYaygYav/ ]bmomw&m;qdkwm wpfcgwpfcg &efjzpfzdkY oufouf tokH;csaeMuwm}ygyJ/


13/72



ajym&vsif onfaeY wynfhawmfwdkY Ak'bmom0ifawG bmomw&m;udk ykHoPmeftrsdK;rsdK;eJY udk;uG,f(tokH;cs)aeMuw,f/tay:,Houfoufyg/ trSm;trSeftxd ra&mufygbl;/ vltrsm;pku trSm;trSef *krpdkufygbl;/ 'gaMumifY ]bmomw&m;qdkwmvltrsm;pkudk trSefwu,f tusdK;rsm;apcsifvsif bmvkyf&rvJ}-aygY/

(wynfhawmf tSifbk&m;udk ar;csifwJYar;cGef;u tJ'gygyJ


14/72




15/72



bmomw&m;tppftrSefqdkwm'kwd,pm&JU wpfckwnf;jzpfwJY ar;cGef;u ]bmomw&m;qdk

wm vltrsm;pkudk trSefwu,f tusdK;rsm;apcsifvsif bmvkyf&rvJ}-vdkY jzpfygw,f/

onfar;cGef;wnfaqmufzdkYtwGuf aqG;aEG;wifjycsufu

awmY q,fcsufavmufSdw,f/ tJ'guawmY(1) bmomw&m; qdkwmu vlwpfOD;csif;pD wpfa,mufcsif;pDtwGuf ykdNyD; jzpf[efSdw,f/

(2) tSifbk&m;u ]bk&m;qdkvsif 'grsdK;rajymwefaumif;bl;}? udk,fYt,ltqeJYvnf; udkufnDwJY? acwfeJYvnf;avsmfnDwJY t,ltqrsdK;udk vdkufvHSmazGawG;awmNyD;

]bk&m;u 'grsdK;udkomajymwm jzpfvdrfYr,f}/(3) wynfhawmfuawmY Ak'bk&m;udkvnf; oHo, Sdae

w,f/ vGefcJYwJYESpf 2500ausmfu vlwpfa,mufwnfaxmifcJYwJY 0g'awGxJrSm ,ckacwfeJY ,kwdrwefwJYudpawG ygaumif;ygaervm;-vdkYyJ/

(4) tSifbk&m;vufcHxm;wJY w&m;awGeJY ta[mif;vuf

cHxm;wJYvlawGMum;xJrSm MoZmBuD;rm;wJY bmomw&m;wpfck wnfaxmifzdkY vG,fygYrvm;/

(5) ESpf2500ausmfu 0g'wpfck[m jynfhpkHNyDvm;? jyefvnfjyKjyifzdkY rvdkawmYbl;vm;/


16/72



(6) bmomw&m;qdkwm MunfndkzdkYvm;? rSDcdkzdkYvm;/ rSDcdkzdkYaus;Zl;rsm;zdkYjzpfoifYygw,f/

(7) q&mawmftaeeJY aemifb0SdrSd r,lbl;vdkY bk&m;ajymcJYwmeJYyJ csDwufawmYrSmvm;/ 'gqdkvsif temwjcm; aq;wjcm; jzpfrvm;yJ/ aemifb0SdrSd onfxufcsJU aqG;aEG;jyoifYygw,f/

(8) wynfhawmfwdkY Ak'bmomawG bmomw&m;tay:tokH;csykHu trSm;trSefay: odyfrwnfygbl;/(9) bmomw&m;[m olYtay: avYvmqef;ppfolawG t

wGufyJvm;/(10)tE&m,fBuKHwJYtcg w&m;qifjcifNyD;? w&m;pmGwfNyD;

vGwfvmw,fqdkvsif tJ'g w&m;aMumifYvm;/

(11)Ak'bmomtwGuf &efjzpfEdkifwJY Ak'bmom0iftjzpf[m udk;uG,frIrSm av;eufygYrvm;/'gawGyJ jzpfygw,f/

'kwd,pm&JU vdk&if;ar;cGef;udk pNyD; tajza&;ygr,f/]bmomw&m;[m vltrsm;pkudk trSefwu,f aus;Zl;rsm;

apcsifvsif bmvkyf&rvJ}-qdkvsif ]bmomw&m; tppftrSefudkudk,fwdkifodatmif avYvm}-NyD;? ]avYvmodjrifxm;wJY bmomw&m;udk vltrsm;pkxHta&muf ydkYay;wJYvkyfief;yJ vkyf&rSm}-ygyJ/

tJonfvdkvkyfEdkifvsif vltrsm;pkrSm trSefwu,faus;Zl;rsm;MurSmygyJ/


17/72



]bmomw&m;]-qdkwJY pum;vkH;udk,fwdkifu teuft"dyg,ftm;jzifY ]aqmifp&mtvif;}-vdkY jzpfygw,f/ ]bmom}-qdkwJYpum;u]tvif;}-vdkY jzpfNyD; ]w&m;}-qdkwJYpum;u ]taqmif}-vdkY jzpfygw,f/ESpfvkH;aygif;awmY ]aqmifp&mtvif;}-vdkY jzpfygw,f/ 'gu ]bmomw&m;}-qdkwJY emrnfu ajymwJY t"dyg,fyg/ emrnfomSdNyD; tJonfemrnf&JU t"dyg,frSdwJY bmomw&m;awGvnf; SdEdkifwmaygY/

udk,fqnf;uyfwJY b momw&m;rSm bmomw&m;&JU t"dyg,fjzpfwJY ]aqmifp&mtvif;} wu,fSdeJYrSd odzdkYawmY vdkwmaygY/'g-odzdkY bmomw&m;qnf;uyfol[m aqmifp&mtvif; wu,fSdrSdodatmif tJonfbmomw&m;udk udk,fwdkifavYvmzdkY vdkwmaygY/ avYvmvsifawmY SdrSd odEkdifwmaygY/

'gayrJY tJonf odwmvnf; vGJodwmawmY jzpfEdkifao;w,f/ tJ'gvnf; owdxm;&rSmaygY/ vGJodwmuav;awGuvnf;rsm;w,f/ opfyifrSm tESpfqdkwm Sdw,f/ tESpfrodol[m tESpfSmwJYtcg tJonfopfyif&J pdrf;vef;a0qmaewJY tcuftGufawGudkawGUNyD; 'gtESpfyJvdkY xifr,fqdkvsif xifvdkY&Edkifw,f/ onfopf

yif&JU tcuftvufawG[m wvufvufawmufyx


18/72



wwfw,f/ 'gawGuvnf; vlYavmurSm tvGefvif;vufawmufytokH;uswmawG r[kwfvm;/ onfawmY 'gawG[m bmomw&m;&JUaqmifp&mtvif;jzpfwJY tESpfom&yJvdkY xifolawG xifMuwmaygY/'g[m aqmifp&mtvif; r[kwfbl;/

aemufwpfrsdK;tm;jzifYvnf; opfyif&JUtESpfom&Smol[m

tJonfopfyifrSmwufaewJY tcGHtayG;awGqdkwm Sdw,f/ 'gawG[m onfopfyif&JU tESpfqdkwm jzpfrSmyJ-vdkY vkyfwmaygY/ bmomw&m; qnf;uyfolrSmvnf; tusifYoDvqdkwmawGudk awGUrSmaygY/'gawG[m vlUavmurSm vkHNcKHrItESpfom&awGyJ? 'g[m bmomw&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif;-yJvdkY xifrSwfNyD;? udk,fYrSmusa&mufwJYoDvjzpfwJY 0de,oDv? OaygoxoDv? omraP& 'ooDvawG

udk bmomw&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif;tjzpf xifrSwfrSm;wmaygY/

aemufvnf; bmomw&m;xJrSm bmomw&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif;tjzpf xifrSwfrSm;p&mawG Sdygao;w,f/ opfyifrSmopfyif&JUtESpftjzpf tacgufawG tom;awGudk rSwf,lrSm;Muovdkbmomw&m;xJrSmvnf; bmomw&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif;tjzpf

lyglypsmefw&m;awGeJY? lyglypsmefawGaMumifYNyD;pD;oGm;wJY umrtmkHawGu ausmfvGefodjrifEdkifwmawGudk txifxm;NyD; rSm;,Gif;MuwmaygY/

wu,fawmY opfyif&JUtESpfqdkwm opfyif&JUtom;twGif;xJrSm wnfSdwmyJ/ bmomw&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif;[mvnf;


19/72



vmbf*kPftausmftapmvnf; r[kwf? oDvvnf;r[kwf? psmefvnf;r[kwf? wefcdk;'dvnf;r[kwfbJ ]t&d,opmtjrif} jzpfygw,f/

]t&d,opm}-[m bmomw&m;&JU aqmifp&mtvif; jzpfygw,f/ udk,fqnf;uyfwJY bmomw&m;rSm tJonf t&d,opm

jzpfwJY aqmifp&m tvif; SdeJYrSd odzdkYawmY? avYvmzdkY vdkwmaygY/

t&d,opm-[m b,fYaMumifY vlawG&JUaqmifp&mtvif;jzpf&ovJ/ 'g-enf;enf; Sif;cJYOD;rSyJ/

vl[m bmomw&m;udk b,fYaMumifYqnf;uyfovJ/ rddk;z

vm qnf;uyfwmawmY onfrSm xnfhrajymawmYbl;/ udk,fYpdwfeJYqnf;uyfolyJ ajym&r,f/ olwdkY bmYaMumifYqnf;uyfwmvJ/

vl[m rvkdvm;tyfwJY jzpf&yfawGtzkHzkH&JU jzpfaewmudkrausmfvTm;EdkifMubl;/ tJ'gawG&JU tjzpfvnf; rcHvdkMubl;/ tJ'gawGu vGwfajrmufcsifMuw,f/ tJ'gawGudkvnf; bmYaMumifYjzpf

aew,fvdkY rodMubl;/ taMumif;-vdkY xifwmawGudk rSef;NyD; Sif;MunfhaeMuw,f/ Sif;rS ydkIyfwmvnf;wmvnf; cH&w,f/ Sif;csifw,f? Sif;w,f/ tSif;rSm;NyD; ydkIyfw,f/ 'g-vlawG eyef;vkH;ae&wJYtjzpfyJ/


20/72



onfvlawG&JUavmuxJrSm bmomw&m;&JU acgif;aqmifawG ay:vmw,f/ tJonfoluvnf; vlYtIyfudk olYenf;eJY Sif;Edkifw,fxifNyD;? acgif;aqmifwmaygY/ olYenf;[m vmbf*kPftausmftapm &kHavmufvm;? oDvvkHkHavmufvm;? psmef &kHavmufvm;?wefcdk;'d &kHavmufvm;/ onfvdkawmY jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ 'gawG&kHavmufeJY ]vlYvGwfajrmufrI}awmY rjynfhapEdkifbl;/ 'gayrJY

'gawG&vsifvnf; tweft&HawmY jynfhapovdkvnf; jzpfw,f/onfawmY olvnf; acgif;aqmifvkyfwmaygY/ omrefvlawG[m acgif;aqmifavmuf rawmfwmqdkawmY? acgif;aqmifajymwmudk,kHNyD; acgif;aqmifajymwJY bmomw&m;udk OD;xdyfGufNyD; yefqifawmYwmaygY/ 'g-bmomw&m; qnf;uyf&jcif;taMumif; jzpfawmYwmaygY/

wu,f bmomw&m;qnf;uyfolu bmomw&m;udkacgif;aqmifNyD;a[majymjyooludk ,kHNyD; qnf;uyfoleJY? bmomw&m;&JU oifMum;csufawG[m udk,frodao;wmawGjzpfNyD; qnf;uyfwm? udk,fYrSm vmbftpSdwm uav;&Sd tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;wmeJYqnf;uyfwmvnf; jzpfzdkYraumif;ygbl;/ udk,fYvdktifqEjzpfwJY

rvdkvm;tyfjzpf&yfawGu vGwfvyfwJYtxd a&mufeJY ra&mufudkpl;prf;oifYMuygw,f/ vGwfajrmufrItwGuf xGufaygufvkyfray;vsif rqnf;uyfeJY/ vGwfajrmufzkdYtwGuf xGufaygufvkyfay;vsifqnf;uyf/ onfvdkjzpfMuzdkY aumif;ygw,f/


21/72



Ak'bk&m;uajymwJY bmomw&m;[m ]vklUxGufaygufudkvGwfajrmufwJYtxd ay;ygw,f}/ olYbmomw&m;[m olYqnf;uyfoludk vlrodEdkif&mqDudk ta&mufac:oGm;wmrsdK; enf;enf;rS rvkyfygbl;/ olYqnf;uyfolrSm jzpfyGm;wJY rvdkvm;p&mvnf; rjzpfyGm;ap&bl;vdkYvnf; vkH;vkH;rvkyfygbl;/ olYbmomw&m;[m ]t&d,opm}-vdkY ajymygw,f/

tJonf Ak'bk&m;&JU bmomw&m;jzpfwJY t&d,opm[mtjypfwifp&mrSdwJY bmomw&m;? udk,fwdkifodjrifEdkifwJY bmomw&m;? tcsdef&JU twdkufpm;rcH&wJY bmomw&m;? vlrsm;udkvnf;jyvdkY&wJYbmomw&m;? usifYvdkY&wJY bmomw&m;? vufawGUtusdK;od&wJY bmomw&m; jzpfygw,f/

onft&d,opSmrSm tcsufav;csuf Sdygw,f/ yXrtcsufu ]vlawG rvdkvm;wJY jzpf&yf} jzpfygw,f/ 'kwd,wpfcsufu ]tJonfjzpf&yf&JUtaMumif;}-yg/ wwd,wpfcsufu ]vlawGrvdkvm;wJYjzpf&yfu vGwf&m} jzpfygw,f/ pwkwtcsufuawmY ]vGwfajrmufzdkYvrf;p Spfcsuf}-ygyJ/ vGwfajrmuf&JUtaMumif; vrf;pSpfcsufyJ/

onft&d,opmav;csuf[m Ak'bk&m;&JU bmomw&m;yJ/Ak'bk&m;&JU bmomw&m; qnf;uyfol Ak'bmom0if-vdkY

qdkNyD; onft&d,opmav;csuftxd todra&mufvsif tJonfoludk Ak'bmom[m olYbmomr[kwfbJ rddk;zvmbmomyJ jzpfw,fajym&rSmyg/


22/72



onftxJrSm vmbf*kPftausmftapm&atmif? oDvvkHatmif? psmef&atmif? wefcdk;Sdatmif usifYBuHaew,fqdkvsif tJonfolvnf; Ak'bmom r[kwfygbl;/ 'gayrJY tJonfolawG bk&m;qif;wk apwDawGrSm Sdcdk;rI ylaZmfrIawG trsdK;rsdK;vkyfaerSmyJ/bkef;BuD;awGrSmvnf; onfvdkyJ vkyfaeavmufygw,f/

Ak'bmom[kwfwmeJY r[kwfwmudk onfvdkawG vkyfwmrvkyfwmawGeJY wdkif;xGmvdkY r&ygbl;/ toufSifaeao;wJYbk&m;udkwjyKpkpk w,k,,vkyfaewJY 0uvdtrnfSdwJY &[ef;udk ]w&m;rodvsif igYudkrodbl;}-vdkY bk&m;uaigufief;vdkY tJonf&[ef; pdwfnpfNyD; aoaMumif;BuHcJYzl;wm Sdw,f/ 'gudk Munfhvsif onfvdkawGvkyfwmrvkyfwmeJY Ak'bmom0if [kwfwmr[kwfwm udk rwdkif;xGm

&rSm xifSm;w,f/

bmomw&m; 0efxrf;awG[m olwdkYvnf; bmomw&m;qnf;uyfwm[m ]bmomw&m;twGuf r[kwfbJ? udk,fYvGwfajrmufrItwGuf} jzpfwmudk odykHrSdbl;/

olwdkYu bmomw&m; 0efxrf;wJYtaeeJY bmomw&m;

qnf;uyfrnfholawGudk a[majymwJYtcgvnf; ]bmomw&m;xJrSm,pfrl;aeatmif}yJ a[majymMuw,f/ olwdkYvnf; bmomw&m;uvGwfajrmuf&m o,fydk;oGm;wmrcH&bJ bmomw&m;xJrSm 0JvSnfh,pfrl;aeovdk bmom0ifawGudkvnf; ,pfrl;atmifyJ a[majymwmaygY/


23/72



avmurSm b,ftwwfynmrqdk[m twwfynmxJ,pfrl;zdkYtwwfynmudk qnf;yl;&wm r[kwfygbl;/ twwfynmqdkwmudk,fYb0 jrifYrm;&mjrifYrm;aMumif;twGuf twwfynmudk ajceif;ckHjyKNyD; wufvSrf;oGm;zdkY qnf;yl;&wmcsnf; jzpfygw,f/

Ak'bmomw&m;jzpfwJY t&d,opmw&m;vnf; onft

wdkif;ygyJ/ t&d,opmtwGuf t&d,opmudk qnf;yl;&wm r[kwfygbl;/ ]vGwfajrmufzdkYtwGuf t&d,opmw&m;udk qnf;yl;&wm}jzpfygw,f/ udk,fYvGwfajrmufrIu t&dyfta&mifawmif rjrif&bJt&d,opmw&m;udk tdkrif;kHru aovIaewJYtxd qnf;yl;ae&w,fqdkvsif 'g bmomw&m;xJ ,pfrl;0JvSnfhaewmyJ/

bmomw&m;0efxrf;[m udk,fwdkifuvnf; bmomw&m;rSm r,pfrl;bJ qnf;uyfoludkvnf; ,pfrl;atmifrvkyfbdkY vdkygw,f/ onfvdkrvkyfrdbdkY udk,fYvGwfajrmufrIyef;wdkifudk rarYraysmufbJ yef;wdkifudk a&mufeJYra&muf pl;prf;oifYygw,f/ udk,fwdkifuyef;wdkifra&mufbJeJY olrsm;udk vrf;nTefrvkyfbdkY vdktyfygw,f/

Ak'bmomw&m;[m vlYvGwfajrmufrIudkyJ nTefjywJYbmom

jzpfygw,f/ vGwfajrmufrIr&vsif Ak'bmomqDu bmrSr&bl;-vdkYyJajym&ygr,f/ vmbf &ovdkvdk/ *kPf &ovdkvdk/ tausmftapm&ovdkvdk/ oDv &ovdkvdk/ psmef &ovdkvdk/ wefcdk;'d &ovdkvdk/'gawG &csif&r,f? 'gawG&vnf; 'gawG[m Ak'bmomqDu&wmr[kwfbl;/ olYtaMumif;tm;avsmfpGm &wmyJ jzpfw,f/


24/72



Ak'bmomw&m;u 'gawGudkray;bl;/ 'gaMumifY 'gawG&wm[m Ak'bmom0ifjzpfwm r[kwfbl;/ Ak'bmom w&m;"r0efxrf;[m Ak'bmom0ifawGudk 'gawGeJY ESpfodrfYray;oifYbl;/ ESpfodrfYay;aewm[m Ak'bmom0ifawGudk Ak'bmom w&m;"rrSm ,pfrl;aeatmif rIdif;wdkufaewmyJ/ bmomw&m;0efxrf;wdkif;vdkvdkyJonfvdkawGvkyfwwfMuw,f/ tJ'g "r0efxrf;wm r[kwfbl;/ "r

udka&m? avmuudka&m zsufqD;wmyJ/

Ak'bmom0ifawG[m tJonfvdk tzsufqD;rcH&bdkY vdkygw,f/'gaMumifY udk,fYudk,fudk qef;ppf&ygr,f/ ]igYrSm bmomw&m; qnf;uyfzdkY vdktyfwJYtaMumif;awG bmawGjzpfaeovJ}-vdkYaygY/ ausmif;q&m? aq;q&m qnf;uyfwmvdkaygY/ ynmoifcsifvsif? aq;ukcH

csifvsif qnf;uyfzdkYyJ/ udk,fYudk,fudk ynmrJYaevdkY cRwf,Gif;wm?rusef;rmaewm onfvdkjzpfvsif 'gvGefajrmufzdkY csOf;uyf&rSmaygY/

bmomw&m;u ay;rnfh vGwfajrmufrIu cRwf,Gif;aew,f-vdkY udk,fYudk,fudkjrifvsif bmomw&m;xH qnf;uyf&rSmyJ/bmomw&m;qnf;uyfol[m ]tazmfaumif;vdkY ausmufajrmif;yg

w,f}-qdkwmrsdK; rjzpfbdkY tvGefyJ vdktyfvSygw,f/

Ak'bmom0if[m udk,fYrSmjzpfaewJY jyKjyifp&mudk udk,fwdkifodolvnf; jzpf&ygr,f/ udk,fYrSmjzpfaewJY jyKjyifp&mrsdK; jyKjyifay;EdkifwJYq&mudk aG;cs,fqnf;uyfwmrsdK; vkyf&ygr,f/ q&m&JU jyKjyifzdkY


25/72



oifMum;csufudk emcHolvnf; jzpf&ygr,f/ emMum;&orQudk em;vnfatmif qifjcifolvnf; jzpf&ygr,f/ qifjcifvdkYay:vmwJY"rykHtwdkif; udk,fYudk,ftjzpfrsm;atmif avYusifYolvnf; jzpf&ygr,f/ Ak'bmom0ifawG[m 'gawGvkyfzdkY vdkygw,f/

Ak'bmom[m vltrsm;pkudk trSefwu,f tusdK;rsm;ap

csifvsif onfvdkawGvkyf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ ajymcJYNyD;wJY tcsufig;csufeJY jynfhpkHoljzpfvsif Ak'bmom0if jzpfNyD/ tJonfAk'bmom0if[m]wpfa,mufqdkwpfa,muf? avmuxJrSm ay:aygufaevsif ]vltrsm;pkudk wu,f tusdK;rsm;aprSmyJ}/

Ak'bmom0if[m avmuvlom;udk usL;ausmfapmfum;

rjzpf&atmif apmifYpnf;w,f/ NyD;awmY avmuvlom;udk ulnD,dkif;yif; apmifrw,f? apmifYaSmufw,f/ 'gaMumifY Ak'bmom0if[molvnf;aumif;w,f? avmuvlom;udkvnf; aumif;apw,f/ onfvdkaumif;wm[m olonfvdk aumif;wJYtaMumif;eJY olrsm;udkvnf;aumif;apwJYtaMumif;? oluajymwm rMum;&ayrJY vlawG[m wpfOD;udkwpfOD; jrifaeMu&wmqdkawmY rodvdkY rjzpfygbl;/ NyD;awmYvnf;

vlawG[m udk,fuaumif;wm rvkyfEdkifOD;awmYawmifrS aumif;wmvkyfwmudkawmY tm;usMuwmygyJ/ tm;usw,fqdkwm csOfjcif;jzpfwmyg/ csOfjcif;jzpfoludk aumif;wmvkyfapzdkYtwGuf wGef;tm;jzpfvdkYcsOfjcif;jzpfolxH ]aumif;wmvkyfrI} ul;pufcH&awmYrSm jzpfygw,f/


26/72



aumif;wJYtpm;tpm t0wftqifeJY ypnf;yp, tokH;taqmifawG udk vlawGawGU&vsif tm;usMuwmygyJ/ tm;usvdkY okH;&atmifBudK;pm;NyD;? okH;&NyD;oGm;vsif tJonfokH;&wm ]0oD}qdkNyD;raumif;wmjyefokH;csifw,f qdkwmrsdK; xkH;pHawmif rSdygbl;/ aumif;xufaumif;udkom vSrf;MuNrJ jzpfygw,f/

'gaMumifY tJonfvdk Ak'bmom0if[m ]wpfa,mufqdkwpf

a,muf} ay:aygufwm trSef tusdK;rsm;rSmyg/

Ak'bmom0if[m olpdwfrnpfovdk olrsm;udkvnf; pdwfnpfp&m rvkyfrdatmif apmifpnf;w,f/ olaysmfTifNidrf;csrf;ovdkolrsm;udkvnf; aysmfTifNidrf;csrf;atmif apmifrw,f/ 'gaMumifY ol&JUjyemudkifwG,frIawG[m awGU&oludk &ifxJrSmacsmifcsdwJY cHpm;rI

udkyJ jzpfapygw,f/

NyD;awmYvnf; Ak'bmom0if&JU onf-vlom;tay: apmifYpnf;rIeJY apmifrrIvkyfwmvnf; Ak'bk&m;rsufESmaxmufNyD; vkyfwmr[kwfbJ? olrsm;tay: apmifYpnf;rIeJY apmifrrIvkyfwm[m udk,fYudk,fudk apmifYpnf;apmifrvkyfwmjzpfaMumif; odaevdkYyJ/ olrsm;t

ay:vkyfwmudk udk,fYudk,ftay:vkyfwm-vdkY olu b,fvkdjrifvdkYvJar;p&myg/

udk,fu vlYoufwrf;udk jzwfoef;ausmfvTm;aewJYtcg udk,fYwpfa,mufwnf; xD;xD;uav; ausmfvTm;aewm r[kwfbl;/ vl


27/72



trsm;eJY vufwGJausmfvTm;ae&wm jzpfw,f/ onfawmY udk,fcsnf;a'gifa'gifjrnf &yfwnfaevdkY rNyD;bl;/ udk,fYtazmfawG vJusukefMuvsif udk,fY&JU txD;wnf;&yfwnfEdkiffrI[m bmtokH;usrSmvJ/'gaMumifY udk,fvJrusatmifvnf; tm;xkwfzdkY vdkw,f/ olrsm;awGvJrusatmifvnf; ,dkif;yif;tm;xkwfzdkY vdkw,f/ onfawmY olrsm;awGvJusatmif aESmifY,Sufwm[m udk,fYudk,fudk vJusatmif

aqmifGufwmyJvdkYvnf; jrifw,f/ onfawmY Ak'bmom0if&JUapmifYpnf;apmifrI[m b,fol&JU qkvmbfcsay;wm&SdzdkY arQmfvifYcsuf&JU rD;xdk;ay;csufrQ rygwJY tvkyf jzpfygw,f/

b,fya,m*rSrygwJY tvkyf[m ]vGwfvyfolawG&JUtvkyf}jzpfygw,f/ onftvkyf[m jrif&Mum;&oludk &ifacsmifapwJY cHpm;rI

udk cHpm;ap&ygw,f/ urmrSm ya,m*eJY apmifYpnf;apmifrMuolawGudkawmif vlawG tm;usMu&ygw,f/ tmz&du-u a'gufwmGdKufZm? tdEd,u rmomx&DZm? *dktmu *sufqltpf? jrefrmjynfajrmufzsm;u armYpf/ onfolawG[m awmifBudKawmifMum; qif;&Jolrsm;udk apmifYpnf;apmifrolrsm;ygyJ/ olwdkY[m bk&m;ocifqdkwm&JU rsufESm&atmif vkyfolawGjzpfvsuf *kPfjyKcsD;rGrf; cHMu&ygw,f/

b,fya,m*rSrygbJ udk,fydkifpdwf"mwfoufoufeJY vkyfolqdkvsifvlawG wu,ftm;usMurSm jzpfygw,f/

Ak'bmomw&m;&JU oifMum;csuf[m vlUqufqHa&;&JUy"metcsufu aoGcGgvGifYyg;oGm;wmrsdK; rjzpfatmif jrifjyay;wJY


28/72



oifMum;csuf jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY apmifYpnf;apmifrvkyfwm[mewfyl;pkef;yl;bk&m;yl;aemifb0yl;eJY vkyfwm r[kwfwJYtwGuf]Ak'bk&m;&JU 'etjrif}[m vltrsm;pkudk trSefwu,f tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;aprnfh tvkyfjzpfaMumif; wifjy&ygw,f/

usefwJY aqG;aEG;csufuav;awGtwGuf qufvuf wifjy

ygOD;r,f-]bmomw&m;qdkwm vlwpfOd;csif;pD wpfa,mufcsif;pDtwGuf ydkNyD;jzpf[efwlygw,f}-qdkwm rrSefygbl;/ onfvdkxifwm[mlyglyw&m;udk Ak'bk&m;&JUw&m;vkyfNyD; tm;xkwfrd&mu xGufvmwJYtxif jzpfygw,f/ (lyglyw&mqdkwm lyeJYtlyudkaygif;NyD; ygVdvdkac:wmyg? kyft"dueJY emrft"duwlljyKwmudk qdkwmyg)/

udk,fYpdwfNidrfatmif vkyfwm[m lyw&m;? udk,fYpdwfeJY todcH&wJY tmkHawG tSdr[kwfatmif vkyfwmu tlyw&m; jzpfygw,f/ 'gawGyGm;vsifawmY ]udk,fyJ Nidrf;csrf;ovdkjzpfrSm}-aMumifY Ak'w&m;[m wpfOD;csif;pDtwGufjzpf[ef Sdygw,f/ tuJjzwf&wmyg/

aumif;rIvkyf aemifb0tusdK;&-qdkwmvnf; wpfa,mufaumif;jzpfaew,fqdk r[kwfvm;/ 'guvnf; Ak'w&m; r[kwfygbl;/ 'gaMumifYvnf; wpfOD;csif;tusdK;twGufvdkY xif&wmrsdK; jzpfygw,f/ NyD;cJYwJYwifjycsuft& r[kwfaMumif;ay:vGifNyD; jzpfvdrfYr,farQmfvifYygw,f/


29/72



]"r0d[m&Du acwfeJYndNyD; bk&m;u-'grsKd;ajymwm jzpfvdrfYr,fvdkY udk,fYt,ltqeJY udkufnDwmawGyJ ajymaewm}-r[kwfygbl;/ bk&m;&JU ajyma[mcsufawGudk wpfuGufjcif;rSm ]MunfndkrItjynfheJY} avYvmwmxuf? ]bmajymovJ}-odzdkYudk avYvmwJYtcgbk&m;a[mqdkwmxJrSm ]aSUaemufb0awG jzpfeJY rjzpf r,l&bl;}-vnf; ajymw,f? ZmwuwdkYvdka[mcsufrSmusawmY jzpfcJYaMumif;twd

tvif;jycsufawGvnf; Sdw,f? 'g-b,fvdkvJ/]bk&m;u omrefvl r[kwfbl;/ bk&ifqkdwJYvlyif pum;ESpfcGrajymaMumif;} ajymprSwfdSw,f/bk&m;u bk&ifxufrEIdif;omatmift,ltjrifrSm omvGefjrifYjrwfw,f/ bk&m;[m onfvdk rajym&bl;?bmYaMumifY onfvdk Sdae&wmvJ? wpfckudk Sif;&r,f? tJ'g b,f[mvJ/ onfawmY ZmwueJY okw-

]okwu bk&m;a[m?Zmwu-u bk&m;a[mudk xyfzGifYxm;wJY t|uxma[m}/onfrSm b,f[m y,f&rSm Sif;vmw,f/ onfhxuf wdk;

wufMunfhvdkufawmYvnf; bk&m;&JU'e[m ]t&d, opm}-yJ/t&d,opm-[m ]ur'e}-yJ/ ]uHeJY uH&JUtusdK;}-[m

]'kut&d,opm}? tJ'gawG&JUtaMumif;jzpfwJY ]udavomawG}-[m

]'kuork', t&d,opm}/ tJ'gawGtm;vkH; ]Nidrf;csrf; uRwfvGwfoGm;wm}-[m ]'kueda&m" t&d,opm}/ 'kut&d,opmudk ydkif;jcm;odatmif ]ormwJY tjriftawG;? tajymtvkyftae? BudK;pm;Edk;Mum;pdwfxm;}-onfSpfcsuf[m ]'kueda&m" *grdeDy#dy'g t&d,opm}-jzpfwJY ]r*t&d,opm}-yJ/


30/72



onfawmY t&d,opm-[m]uH-jzpf&mjzpfaMumif;eJY uH-csKyf&mcsKyfaMumif;} tcsufav;csufyJ r[kwfygvm;/

bk&m;&JU okwa[mcsufawGxJrSmvnf; aSUaemufb0 jzpfeJYrjzpfa[mcsufawG Sdaeovdkvnf; Sdjyefw,f/ 'gawGudk b,fvdkSif;rvJ/ okwa[mcsufwpfck[m ]ed'gef;}-Sdr,f? ]ed*kH;}-vnf;Sdr,f/

]udk,fxnf}-vnf; Sdr,f/ udk,fxnf[m onfokw&JU rajymif;vJwJYt&m jzpf&r,f/ tcsDeJYttkyfawGrSmawmY aqmifolbmPuwdkY&JUvSyatmif udk,fjrifwmudk xnfhEdkifMuwmaygY/

okwawGudk avYvmwJYtcg bmPuawG&JU twdrfteuftavsmuf wcsdKUrSm ed'gef;tcsDu txlBuD;jzpfaeNyD;? udk,fxnfu

ao;i,f? ed*kH;uvnf; ao;i,fw,f/ wcsdKUusawmY ed*kH;ttkyfuus,fajymNyD;? usefwmu i,faeygw,f/ acgif;ajcudk,f onfokH;ck[m tcsdK;rQaewm jzpf&rSmjzpfayrJY ajcao;acgif;BuD;udk,fi,f?acgif;ao;ajcBuD;NyD; udk,fi,f--tppawG onfvdkjzpfaewmawGawGUEdkifygw,f/

'gawGMunfhNyD; bk&m;&JU'etrSef[m bmjzpfw,f-vdkYaumufwJYtcgrSm ]bk&m;a[m}-qdkwJY pmawGudkcsnfhMunfhNyD; bk&m;a[mMum;csufqdkwm wpfckudky,fr,fqdkvsif udk,fYvdktifqEeJY rudkufnDwmeJY y,fw,frvkyfbJ? onfhxuftm;omwJY bk&m;a[maxmufjyp&mwpfckeJYyJ y,fcJYwm jzpfygw,f/ 'guvnf; "r0d[m&D&JU


31/72



trnfudk ab;vlwpfOD;u rodEdkifwmqdkawmY acwfeJY rnDwJY bk&m;a[mawGudk ]'g-bk&m;ra[mEdkifbl;}-vdkY y,fw,fxifwmyJ jzpfygw,f/ wcsdKUawmYvnf; acwfujyvdkYod&wmeJY rnDvdkY y,fwmSdygw,f/ wcsdKUtaMumif;t&mawG[m yd#uwfxJ 0ifygaew,f/ tJonfvdk0ifaevsif ]bk&m;a[m}-vdkYvnf; vkyfvG,fMuygw,f/

Oyrm-vewfom;u &m[ktol&def&JU tzrf;cH&vdkY bk&m;udkvSrf;wdkifwJY ]earm aw Ak' 0D&wK? 0dyrkawmod oA"d? orm"y#dyaEmod? w ar o&PH b0}-qdkwJY ynmSifawG GwfaeMuwJYtaqmifrEmefqdkygawmY/ tJ'g oH,kwedum,fygVdawmfrSm ygaew,f/ tJonfrSm vMuwfwm[m &m[ktol&defewfzrf;wmvdkY vkyfxm;w,f/ vuvnf; ewfvkdY ajymxm;w,f/ vewfudk tol&def

ewfu zrf;w,faygY/ 'gyJ ajym&atmif-

ewfwpfa,mufudk ewfwpfa,mufuzrf;wm qdkvsif wGufMunfhvdkY &ygY rvm;/ tckawmY NyD;cJYNyD;wJYvMuwfwm b,fESpfck&JUMuwfcsdef odcsifovJ? aemifMuwfrnfh MuwfcsdefawG b,favmufudkodcsifovJ? wGufvdkY&aew,f/

NyD;awmYvnf; bk&m; onftvkyfrsdK; vkyfolvm;/ bk&m;&JUtodtjrif'eeJY tJonftvkyfu b,fvdkywfoufovJ/ bk&m;[m olrsm;udku,frol [kwfvdkYvm;/


32/72



wu,fu bk&m;[m b,folYudkrS ru,frbJ ]nTefjyol}-om jzpfvdkY bk&mYw&m;awGudk ]a'oem(nTefjycsuf)}-vdkY ac:&ygw,f/ onfawmY bk&m;[m ]a'ouyk*dKvf}yJ jzpfygw,f/ bmawGudk ]a'ou vkyfwmvJ}qdkawmY udk,fYudk udk,fYtrIawGrSm rjrifjzpfNyD;?tJonftrIawG &pfywfIyfaxG;NyD; rxGufwwf&mu vGwfajrmufzdkYvrf;nTefjyorI a'ou-om jzpfygw,f/

'gaMumifY onf*gxmygokwef[m bk&m;a[mygVdokwefr[kwfbl;-vdkY twdtus wefzdk;jzwfEdkifawmYwmygyJ/ onfwefzdk;jzwfcsuf[m udk,fYPfeJYudk,f ]twaemrwd}vkyfvdkufwm r[kwfygbl;/ bk&m;a[meJYyJ bk&m;a[mqdkwmawGudk wefzdk;jzwfwmyJ jzpfygw,f/

onfavmufeJY aqG;aEG;csuf&yfygr,f/

]wynfhawmftaeeJY bk&m;udk oHo,Sdw,f/ aS;uvlwpfa,muf&JU 0g'? acwf&JU,kwdawGeJY wefygYrvm;vdkY}-vdkY ajymp&mygyJ/yavwdkwdkY? t&pwdkw,fwdkYqdkwJY ynmSifvdkY trsm;todcH&olawG&JU0g'awGawmif acwfrSm ,kwdrJYawG awGU&w,f r[kwfygvm;/

onfvdkxifvsif Ak'&JU'eawGxJ 0ifa&mufNyD; qef;ppfMunfhoifYygw,f/ onfvdkxifNyD; 'geJYvnf;uif;atmifvnf; raebl;? avYvmwmvnf;rvkyfbl;-qdkwmuawmY ydkqdk;p&myJ/


33/72



wpfckawmY ajym&ygr,f/ aS;ujzpfwmeJY ]rrSefEdkifbl;}- qkH;jzwfvdkY r&wmawG trsm;tjym; SdrSmudkvnf; qifjcif&rSmyg/ 'gaMumifY oHo,udk OD;pm;ay;wm[m pGefYvTwfxdkufNyD; vufawGUvmMunfhwm vkyf&rSmygyJ-vdkY ajym&ygr,f/

]"r0d[m&Dodxm;wJY w&m;eJY ta[mif;vufcHxm;wJY vl

awGMum;rSm wnfaqmufvdkY&ygYrvm;}/ onfvdkawmY awG;p&mygyJ/qefYusifaewJY 0g'ESpf&yf jzpfaeawmY onfvdkawG;zdkY jzpfvmwmygyJ/'gayrJY=

"r0d[m&DwdkYodxm;wJY w&m;u ta[mif;ta[mif; odxm;MuolawGeJY todudk rNydKifqdkifygbl;/ "r0d[m&DwdkYodxm;wmuvufawGUe,fudk rausmfwmawGyJ odwmyg/ ta[mif;odolawGu

vufawGUe,f&JU wpfbufrSmyg/ onfawmY todcsif; y#dyu rjzpfygbl;/

bmoma&;orm;awG[m ]vufawGUvGef0g'D}awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ "r0d[m&DwdkYu ]vufawGU0g'D}-yJ jzpfygw,f/

acwf[m ]b0}rSdwJY oabmw&m;udk ]tNrKH}-qdkNyD; [pfa


34/72



]aS;0g'wpfck[m jynfhpkHNyDvm;? jyjyifzdkYrvdkbl;vm;}/ onfvdkvnf; awG;p&mSdwmaygY/ [dkaS;uwnf;uodcJYwJY ocsFmtodawG?N*dK[fawGvnfywfaewJY todawG[m aS;uswmeJY rjynfhpkHbl;xifvdkYr&wm od&ygr,f/

aS;ujzpfjzpf? aESmif;rSjzpfjzpf? vlrSmjzpfay:aewJY pepf&JU

trSefudk azmfxkwfEdkifwmjzpfNyD qdkvsifawmY aS;uswmeJY tdky,fxJxnfhzdkY oHo,0ifwmaumif;rSmr[kwfygbl;/ [dkaS;ya0oPDuvlawG[m t&m0wKwpfckudk wpfck-vdkY odcJYw,f/ ESpfckudkvnf; ESpfck-vdkYyJ odcJYMuwmyJ/ tJonf udef;ESpfyg;udk a&mvdkufvsif okH;ckjzpfwmvnf; odMuwmaygY/ 'gudk tckvnf; tajccH vufcHcsufawGuvnf; aS;utwdkif;yJqdkawmY tJonfESpfck&JU a&mvdkY&wJYtajzu

vnf; tvsifutwdkif; okH;ckyJjzpfw,f r[kwfvm;/

tajctaeawGu acwfeJYaS; rwlatmif ajymif;oGm;vsifawmY jzpfwnfcsufus wlygw,f-vkyfcsifvdkY&rSm r[kwfayrJY tajctaecsif;wlvsif jzpfwnfcsufuvnf; aS;eJYacwf b,fjcm;vdkY &ygYrvJaygY/

aS;uvnf; udavom[m 0dygufaMumifYjzpfNyD;? uH[mudavomaMumifY jzpfw,f/ 0dyguf[mvnf; uHaMumifYjzpfw,f/tckvdk acwfajymif;oGm;awmY udavom[m bk&m;ewfawG zefqif;vdkY jzpfaeNyDvm;/ uH-uvnf; vkyfoluvkyfvdkY jzpfaeNyDvm;/


35/72



0dygufuvnf; uH-rvkyfbJ olYzmomol jzpfay:aeNyDvm;/ 'gqdkvsifawmY bk&m;a[mcJYwJY ]oHo&m}-qdkwmeJY ]'ku}qdkwm[m jyifp&mjzpfrSmyJ/

'gjyif&vsif 'kujzpfaMumif;eJY 'kuNidrf;&medAmefvnf; jyifzdkYvdkaumif; vdkrSmawGaygY/ 'kuNidrf;aMumif;vnf; wrsdK;wzkH ajymif;vJp&mSdwmaygY/

onf tajctaeawGu acwfeJY aS;rSm twlyJjzpfaeawmYbk&m;oQif t&d,opma[mcsufawG[m jyifp&mrSd jzpfNyDaygY/ 'gudkonfavmufyJ ajym&rSmyg/

]bmomw&m;qdkwm MunfndkzdkYvm;? rSDcdkzdkYvm;? rSDcdkzdkY jzpfap

csifw,f}-vdkY aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f/ onfESpfckudk cGJMunfhraeapcsifygbl;/ rMunfndkbJ rSDcdkwm aumif;ygYrvm;/ Munfndkw,fqdkwmav;eufwJY,kHMunfwm&JU emrnfyg/ r,kHMunfbJ b,fvdkrSDcdkrvJ/rrSDcdkbJvnf; b,fvdkvkyfNyD; ,kHMunfrvJ-vdkYyg jyefar;vdkY&ygw,f/,kHMunfwm rSDcdkzdkY? rSDcdkwm ,kHMunfvdkYygyJ/

wpfckawmYSdw,f? Munfndk&JUteufudk ],pfrl;rI}-eJY nDrQjcif;vkyfvsifawmY rSDcdkzdkY-jzpfapcsifw,fvdkY ajym&rSmyJ/ bmomw&m;[mwu,fawmY ]vrf;nTefcsuf} jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m vrf;oGm;oltwGufvrf;nTeftjzpf rSDcdk&rSmygyJ/ 'gvnf; vrf;nTefrSefvdkY ,kHMunfw,f-qdkwJY MunfndkrISdrS jzpfrSmyg/


36/72



bmomw&m;udk MunfndkzdkY r[kwfbl;-vdkY vkyfrjzpfwJYpum;vkH; ajymif;ay;&ygr,f/ ,pfrl;zdkYr[kwfbJ MunfndkrSDcdkzdkY jzpfapcsifw,f-vdkYaygY/ 'gvnf; onfavmufeJYYyJ auseyfapcsifygw,f/

]aemifb0SdrSd jyemudk bk&m;ajymcJYw,fqdkwmeJY? NyD;vsif temwjcm;aq;wjcm; jzpfp&mSdvdkY onfhxuf Sif;jyoifYyg

w,f]-qdkwJY t"dyg,feJY a&;xm;wm awGU&ygw,f/

wu,fawmY "r0d[m&Du bk&m;eJYpmvsif tEkjrKavmufyJSdolyJ/ vlawGu "r0d[m&Dudk;uG,fwm r[kwfbJ bk&m;udk;uG,fMuwm/ bk&m;ajymcJYw,f-qdkwmawmif em;raxmifcsifvsif wdkYajymvnf; armkHSdrSmyJ/ 'gaMumifY bk&m;u b,folYudk b,frSmajymcJY

aMumif; b,fygVd? b,fokwf? b,fedum,frSmvdkY wdkYajymae&wmaygY/

rif;wdkYvnf; bk&m;eJYpyfvdkY ,kHMunf&if;uenf;awmY bk&m;ajymcJYw,f qdkvnf; rav;reufjzpfwmtwGuf 0rf;enf;&wmyJ/'g-xm;ygawmY/

bk&m;udk udk,fYacgif;aqmifae&mrSmxm;NyD; b0c&D; csDwufaeoljzpfvsif onfpum;udk ]temwjcm; aq;wjcm;}-vdkY rjrifoifYbl;/ bk&m;u 'gudk rajymbl;wJYvm;? 'gudk wdkYu,laeMuovm;?wdkYu bmYaMumifY,laeMuwmvJ/ wdkY,lwm[m wdkY&JUt,ltjrifa&;


37/72


38/72



wu,f aemifb0jzpfrjzpf rajym&jcif;taMumif;udk (10)csufavmuf ajymw,f/ tJonfajymwmvnf; tav;rxm;awmYem;rvnfbl;aygY/ NyD;awmY aemifb0jzpfrjzpfudk rajymayrJY ajymwJYopmusawmY Mum;awmif rMum;awmYbl;/

]t&d,opmav;yg;}-udkyJ vlawGudkay;wmyg/

vlawGu onf-t&d,opmav;yg; rodawmY rdpmjzpfMuNyD;? aSUaemufb0jzpfrjzpfeJY ESpfrsdK;teuf wpfrsdK;rsdK;udk r,lbJraeEdkifjzpfMuNyD; bk&m;u ]rjzpfbl;}-vdkY olr,laMumif;-ajymayrJY ]rjzpfbl;}-,lol[m bk&m;udk;uG,fw,fqdkNyD; bk&m;r,lwJY rjzpfbl;-qdkwJYt,ludk ,laewmygyJ/ bk&m;u ]jzpfw,f}-qdkwJYt,ludk olr,lbl;-ajymayrJYvnf; jzpfw,f-vdkY t,lSdol[m bk&m;udk;uG,fNyD; bk&m;

r,lwJY jzpfw,f-qdkwJYt,ludk ,laewmygyJ/ tHhMop&maumif;wJYAk'bmom0ifqdkolawGygyJ/

olwdkYq&mjzpfwJY bk&m;u r,lbl;-qdkwJY t,lawGudk olwdkYu bmjzpfvdkY ,laeMuwmwJYvJ/ bk&m;uajymcJYwJY ,lzdkYajymcJYwJYt&d,opmw&m;udk rodMuwmawGjzpfNyD; ESpfckvkH; bk&m;r,lwm

awmY rjzpfEdkifbl;? jzpfwm-r,lvsif bk&m;[m rjzpfwm,lrSmyJ?rjzpfwmr,lvsifvnf; jzpfwmudk bk&m;,lrSmyJvkyfNyD; t&d,opmudk r,lwwfvdkY aemifb0jzpfeJY rjzpf wpfrsdK;rsdK;udk ]a,mifuef;uef;eJY ,laeMuwm} jzpfygw,f/


39/72



wu,f bk&m;,liifa[majymwJY t&d,opmudkodvsifbk&m; r,liifra[majymbl;qdkwJY aemufaemifb0 jzpfeJYrjzpft,lawG ,lrdwmudk vufvTwfolawG jzpfMurSmyg/ bmYaMumifYvJqdkawmY]bk&m;a[majymwJY t&d,opmw&m;u vlrSr[kwfwmyJ}/onfawmYbk&m;u ]vleJY vlYtaMumif;a[mwm r[kwfbl;} jzpfawmYwmaygY/

onfvdkqdkawmY ]bk&m;&JU bmomw&m;u bmeJYbm&JUtaMumif; a[mwJY bmomw&m;vJ}- ar;zdkY jzpfwmaygY/]vGefusL;rIeJY vGefusL;rI&JUtusdK;awGqdkwm vlrSm Sdygw,f/

tJ'gawG&JU jzpf&m&,f? tJ'gawG&JU jzpfaMumif;&,f? tJ'gawG csKyf&m&,f? tJ'gawG csKyfaMumif;&,f/ onfav;csuf[m bk&m;a[mwJYt&d,opmav;yg;qdkwJY bmomw&m;}-yJ/

onft&d,opmav;yg;udk Ak'bmomawG rodMubl;/ emrnf GwfjyEdkifwJYtxd avmufyJ trsm;qkH;odMuawmYw,f/ t&aumufEdkifwJYtxd rSdMuawmYbl;/ tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm;awGyJ aumufMuw,f/

]vGefusL;rI}-eJY ]tJ'g&JUtusdK;}-[m ]vlr[kwfygbl;}/ ]vlu

tJ'gawGjzpfwm cH&ol}-ygyJ/vGefusL;eJY vGefusL;&JU tusdK;awG jzpfaMumif;uvnf; ]vl

r[kwfygbl;}/]vluvnf; tJ'gawG&JU tjzpfcH&ol}-yg/vGefusL;rIeJY tJ'gawG&JUtusdK;awG Nidrf;&m[mvnf; ]vl r

[kwfygbl;}/ Nidrf;aMumif;vnf; ]vlr[kwfygbl;/ tjzpfcHawG}-yg/


40/72



'g-em;vnfatmifqdkvsif ykHjy&ygr,f/ a&m*g? a&m*gjzpfaMumif;eJY a&m*gNidrf;&m? a&m*gNidrf;aMumif;-vdkYygyJ/ onfav;csuf[m vlrSmwnfygw,f/ 'gayrJY onfav;csuf[m ]vlr[kwfygbl;}/vlr[kwfvdkY 'gawG bmjzpfjzpf ypfxm;vdkY rjzpfygbl;/ a&m*gSdvsifvl'kucH&NyD/ a&m*gNidrf;vsif vl'kuat;rSmrdkY *kxm;&ygw,f/t&d,opmav;yg;[mvnf; onftwdkif;ygyJ/ vlr[kwfayrJY t

av;xm;&wmyg/

'gaMumifY ]t&d,opmodol[m vludk tzwfrq,fygbl;}/vludk pum;rajymbl;-vdkY qdkvdkygw,f/ ykcufeJYacgif;Mum;tjzpf pum;rajymygbl;/ tJ'gu vludkajymwJY pum;yg/ onfvl b,fuvmw,frvmbl; ajymwm[m vludk tzwfq,fwmyg/ onfvl

aovsif b,foGm;rSmroGm;bl;[mvnf; onfvdk ygyJ/ onfvdk awG;wmawG[m ]0dpdudpmudavom}jzpfw,ftxd ajym&wmawGyg/

vlay:rSm wpfckudkaxmufqNyD; jzpfyGm;wJYtjzpfw&m;udkyJAk'bmom0ifu pum;vkyfNyD; ajym&ygw,f/ 'grSvnf; onftjzpfw&m;awGudkodrSm r[kwfvm;/ odrSvnf; tJonf rvdkvm;p&mawG

udk rvdkcsifjzpfNyD; tJ'gawG jzpfaMumif;y,fNyD; tJ'gawGNidrf;r,fr[kwfvm;/

Ak'bmom0ifawG[m vlYtaMumif;rajymbJ vltay:rSmtaMumif;wpfckaxmufNyD; tjzpfwpfckjzpfwmudkajymol-qdkawmY


41/72



onfvl b,fvmeJY rvm? onfvl b,fudkoGm;eJYroGm;? onfvl[mSdrSd?--tppawG rajymawmY wmaygY/ 'gawGajymwm[m Nidrf;csrf;zdkYtwGuf wnfhrwfwJYvrf; r[kwfbJ vGJrSm;wJYvrf; jzpfwJYtwGuf]rdpm}-vdkY ajym&wmyg/

'gaMumifY "r0d[m&DwdkYu opmjyaewm[m bk&m;&JU aemif

b0jzpf rjzpf r,lykH zGifYjyaewmyJ jzpfygw,f/

]bk&m;ajymwmuav; wjyjyeJY csDwufaew,f} jrifwm[mjzifY vdkaewmjzpfvdrfYr,f ajymvsif onfaqG;aEG;csufeJYpyfNyD; jyefvnfwifjycsuf jzpfygw,f/ 'g onfavmufeJY ed*kH;csKyfygr,f/

]wynfhawmfwdkY Ak'bmomawG Ak'bmomtokH;csykHu trSm;trSefay: rlrwnfbl; xifygw,f}-qdkwmudk ajym&ygr,f/onfvdk r[kwfygbl;/ trSm;ay:rSmrlwnfNyD; Ak'bmomtay: tokH;csaeMuwm jzpfygw,f/ trSm;udk rodvdkY trSm;trSefrlrxm;bJokH;pm;aeMuw,f xif&wmyg/

olwdkYwawG[m Ak'bmomtrSefw&m;udk &MunfhMuygvm;?&vsif ,kHrSm;jcif;cyfodrf; Nidrf;aeMuygr,f/ Nidrf;Muvsif Ak'bmomxJ,pfrl;aewmawG b,fvkyfrvJaygY/

]Ak'&JUbmomw&m;[m olYtay:rSm avYvmqef;ppfolawG


42/72



twGuf yJvm;}-qdkvsif ][kwfw,f}-ajym&rSmyJ/ ]Ak'0g'[m 0dbZ0g'jzpfwm odNyD;jzpfrSmyg}/ onfvdkr[kwfbJ Mum;wmudk Mum;wJYtwdkif;xm;vsif bmrS teuft"dyg,fvnf; odrSmr[kwfwJYtwGufvlYb0rSm a0zefqef;ppf&rSm jzpfvdkYygyJ/

]tE&m,fBuKH&mrSm w&m;udkqifjcifGwfzwfNyD; vGwfw,f

qdkvsif tJ'g w&m;aMumifYvm;}-qdkwmtwGuf ajym&rSmu tJ'gw&m;eJYrqdkifygbl;/ w&m;udk y|mef;ukxkH;vkyfol&JU pdwftm;eJYyJ jzpfaumif; jzpfEdkifygw,f/

tJ'guawmY w&m;rSr[kwfbJ wpfckckGwfzwf qifjcifvnf;twlygyJ/ tusKd;NyD;wm jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygw,f/ jzpfvsif tJonfwpfckckeJY rqdkifygbl;/ jyKol&JUpdwftm;aMumifYyJ jzpfygw,f/

]Ak'bmomtwGuf &efjzpfEdkifwJY Ak'bmom0iftjzpf[mudk;uG,frI[m av;eufEdkifygYrvm;}- 'gtwGuf ajym&rSmu onfol[m bmoma&;trl;orm;jzpfatmif bmoma&;ykcufrSmwifNyD;vIHUaqmfcH&olvdkYyJ ajym&ygw,f/

onfrQESifY ajzMum;csufrsm; rauseyfvsif cGifYvTwfEdkifygap/

P" r 0d [m &D

20 -12 -2002


43/72



vGefusL;rIudk b,fvdkem;vnf&rvJtSifbk&m;?

wynhfawmftazu ajymygw,f-]vl&,fvdkYjzpfvmvsifajymqdk&r,f? qufqH&r,f? kef;uef&r,f? cHpm;&r,f? }-- pojzifYvkyfp&m? vkyfoifYwm? vkyfae&wm ykHpH(8)rsdK;xuf rydkbl;aygY/ r*if

Spfyg;vdkY ac:aMumif;vnf; Sif;jyygw,f/tJonf rvGJraoG BuKHawGUjyKvkyfae&wJY udpwdkif; udpwdkif;rSm ]vGefusL;rI rSdapeJY}? jrwfpGmbk&m;uvnf; a[mw,f? tSifbk&m;uvnf; onfvdkyJ ajymw,faygYav/ wynfhawmfOD;av;uvnf; tJonftwdkif; wpfcg Sif;jyzl;ygw,f/ olwdkYuawmY awmfawmfav; auseyfvufcHaeMuykHygyJ/

wynfhawmftaeeJYuawmY ar;p&mav; enf;enf; Sdygw,f/ ar;yg&ap/ r*ifSpfyg;udk tao;pdwfrodayrJY udk,fjyKvkyfaewJY awG;awmBuHqaewwfwJY vlwpfa,muf&JU rjzpfrae jyKrlaerIawGvdkYawmY tMurf;zsif; em;vnfrdygw,f/

onfae&mrSm ]vGefusL;rI rSdapeJY}-qdkuwnf;u ]vGefusL;w,f}-qdkwm-

- b,fvdk[mudk ac:ygovJ/- b,favmufu vGefusL;wmvJ?- 'gavmufqdkvsifawmY rvGefusL;bl;vm;?vGefusL;rI&JU twdkif;txGm owfrSwfcsufudk odcsifvmyg

w,f/ NyD;awmY-


44/72



tJonftwdkif;txGm owfrSwfcsufawGuvnf; b,ftcsufawGtay: wnfrSDaeygovJ-pojzifY ]vGefusL;rI&JUpH}-awGudkPfrDoavmuf awG;aerdygw,f/

rdrd&JU pdwfcHpm;csufay:rSm wnfrSDaeygovm;?ywf0ef;usif&JU wkHYjyefowfrSwfrIay:rSm wnfaeygovm;?

vltrsm;tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; qdkwJY tcsuftay:rSm pOf;pm;&rSmvm;?udk,fusdK;qdkwmeJY EIdif;,SOfwGufcsuf&rSmvm;?'grSr[kwf b,fvkdtajctae? b,fvdkywf0ef;usif? b,f

vdkcHpm;csuf Sdaeygap ]vGefusL;rI}-qdkwm 'gudkac:wmuG-qdkwJY ykHaoowfrSwfcsuf oD;jcm;wnfSdaeygovm;?

]vm;}aygif;rsm;pGm tazYudk ar;rdygw,f/ jiif;MuckHMu pum;EdkifvkMuaygY/ vdk&if;awmY ra&mufygbl;/

wynfhawmf Oyrmwpfck pOf;pm;rdygw,f/ vGefusL;rI&JU pHEIef;awGudk vnf; udk,fYzmom owfrSwfMunfhygw,f/

vlwpfa,muf ntarSmifrSm wpfa,mufwnf; um;armif;

vmw,f qdkygpdkY/ vloGm;vlvmvnf; rSd? um;toGm;tvmvnf;jywfaewJY ae&mwpfck xm;ygawmY/ vrf;tvnfwnfhwnfhrSm vlwpfa,muf arSmufvsufvJaeygNyD/ aSmifoGm;vdkYvnf; r&? vrf;uvnf; usOf;? rdk;uvnf; Gm/ wpfckck rjzpfrae vkyf&ygawmYr,f/

- wufeif;NyD; armif;ajy;&rvm;?


45/72



- 'grSr[kwf um;ay:uqif;NyD; pl;prf;ulnDay;&rvm;/'gayrJY udk,f olYem;a&mufrS [efaqmifaewmuxNyD;&efjyKvk,ufaerS 'ku/

- wufeif;NyD; armif;ajy;&atmifuvnf; vlaumif;jzpfaevsif raumif;jyefbl;? bmvkyf&rvJaygY/

- jzpfcsif&mjzpfuGm? wpfckckaG;cs,fNyD; vkyfvdkufawmYr,f?

jzpfay:vmwJY tusdK;&v'fudk ausauseyfeyfBuD; cH,lr,f/ tJonfvdk qkH;jzwfvdkuf&rSmvm;?--ponfjzifYaygYav/

um;q&m aG;cs,fwJYvrf;u vGefusL;rI jzpfaejyefvnf;r[efao;bl;/

'gaMumifY wynfhawmftaeeJY vGefusL;rI&JU pHEIef;awGudk od

csifygw,f/ wcsdKUudpawGu vGefusL;w,f? rvGefusL;bl;qdkwm BudKodEdkifvm;aygY/ jzpfay:vmwJY tusdK;qufudk MunfhNyD;rS aygufazmfvkyf&rSmvm;aygY/ 'grSr[kwf um;armif;wJYvl BuKHawGU&wJY aG;cs,fjyKvkyf&rJY tajctaersdK;u r*ifSpfyg;xJrSm rygbl;vm;aygY/ 'grSr[kwf wynfhawmf&JU Oyrmu vlYavmuxJrSm rjzpfEdkifwJY rSdEdkifwJYOyrmvm;aygY/

(wynfhawmf tSifbk&m;udk ar;csifwJYar;cGef;u tJ'gygyJ)/


46/72




47/72



ar;jref;aqG;aEG;olodkYjyefMum;csufvGefcJYwJY vv,fausmfausmf&ufydkif;u OD;&efatmif,lvmwJY

pmESpfapmif zwf&w,f/ pma&;olvdyfeJY "r0d[m&Dvdyf rygayrJY]OD;ausmfjrifYwl}u a&;wJYpmqdkwmeJY "r0d[m&DqDa&;wJYpmqdkwmod&ygw,f/

yXrpmrSm pm(2)rsufESmyJ ygygw,f/ ar;cGef;vnf; wpfckygygw,f/

'kwd,pmuawmY (5)rsufESm ygygw,f/ ar;cGef;u wpfckwnf; jzpfayrJY? aqG;aEG;wifjycsufawG (10)csufavmuf yg0ifaeygw,f/

yXrpm&JUar;cGef;u ]vGefusL;w,f-qdkwm b,fvdk[mvJ?vGefusL;&JU twdkif;twm owfrSwfcsufu bmvJ}-ygyJ/

]vGefusL;rI rSdapeJY}-vdkY ajymwm[m OD;av;wdkY? tazwdkYjzpfygr,f/ tJonfpum;[m olwdkYpum; r[kwfygbl;/ olwdkY[m

"r0d[m&DqDu &wJY pum; jzpfygr,f/ "r0d[m&Dvnf; udk,fYpum;r[kwfygbl;/ ]bk&m;qDu&wJY pum;} jzpfygw,f/

onfpum;[m bk&m;pum;jzpfw,fqdkvsif onfpum;&JUqdkvdkcsuf aumufwJYtcg bk&m;&JU'et& aumufrS trSef&rSm


48/72



jzpfvdkY onfpum;ajymoludk aumufcJYwmyg/ pum; t&aumuf&mrSm ]ajymoleJY ajymol&JU'e}rodvsif tcuftcJ Sdygw,f/

onfpum;[m bk&m;&JUpum;- qdkawmY onfpum; t&aumufzdkY ]bk&m;'e}udk tvsif t&aumuf&ygr,f/

bk&m;&JU'ejzpfwJY ]bk&m;&JUavmutjrif[m bmvJ}/

bk&m;&JUavmutjrifrSm ]vlUavmu[m tdkpmaew,f? emrusef; jzpfaew,f? toufr0if rSifroef jzpfaew,f/ 'gawG[mb,fvdkawG jzpfvdkYvJ}/

onfar;cGef;&JUtajzudk bk&m; aumif;aumif;jrifw,f/vlYavmu[m wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; ]udk,fEIwfESvkH;}qdkwJY quf

qHa&;ud&d,mokH;ck wpfckckeJY qufqHaeMu&w,f/ onfvdkqufqH

wJYtcg qufqHoifY qufqHxdkufwJYtwdkif; rqufqHMubl;/ wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; ywfMu?ESyfMu?ESdyfMu? uGyfMu--tppawGeJY qufqHMuw,f/IH;oluikHYcH? tcsdef,ltiftm;pk? Edkifajcay:vsif jyefcs/ wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf zsufqD;ypfaeMuwmawGyJ/

bmaMumifY qufqHoifYwJYtwdkif; vlYavmu[m rqufqH

MuwmvJ/ qufqHoifYwJYtwdkif; qufqH&wmu ]cHpm;rI xufxufjrufjrufudk rjzpfapbl;}/ qufqHoifYwmudk csdK;azmufqufqHrS]xufjrufwJYcHpm;rIudk &Edkifw,f}/

xufjrufrI-udkjzpfapwJY cHpm;rI[m ]vlYavmu&JU tBudKufw&m;} jzpf w,f/ 'gcHpm;wwfzdkYtwGuf ausmif;wuf oif,l avY


49/72



vmp&mvnf; rvdkbl;/ vlYavmuwpfckvkH; tvdktavsmuf wwfNyD;om; jzpfMuw,f/ vlYavmu[m ]cHpm;rI&JUaus;uRef}ozG,f ]cHpm;rIudkudk;uG,fwJY a0'emonfawG} jzpfMuw,f/ 'gaMumifY cHpm;rIaumif;udkay;EdkifwJY qufqHoifYwmr[kwfwJY qufqHrIawGeJY qufqHMuwmyJ/

qufqHoifYwm r[kwfwJY qufqHrIawGeJY qufqHawmY bm

jzpfovJ/onfvdkqufqHolu qufqHvdkufwmeJYwNydKifeuf ]vlYtjzpfu avQmusoGm;wm cH&ygw,f}/ onfvdkcH&wmudk cH&oludk,fwkdifyif rodvdkufygbl;/ olrsm;wawGuvnf; xJxJ0if0if rodvdkufMuygbl;/ 'gayrJY vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; rodwmawmY r[kwfygbl;/

avQmuscH&oleJYtwl tm;vkH;vlrsm;u ol-vlYtjzpfu

avQmusoGm;wmudk xJxJ0if0if rodMuayrJY avQmuscH&oluawmY]eudk,fvl r[kwfwJYtxd} avQmtus cHae&ygNyD/

'g-[kwfygYrvm;vdkY xifrvm;yJ/ olrsm;Opm cdk;,lvk,ufol?olrsm;udk vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;ol? olrsm;r,m;om; arSmufrSm;usifYBuHol- onfolawG[m ]vlrsm; apmifYpnf;vdkufem&rnfh pnf;urf;u

avQmusysufpD;olrsm;} jzpfMuygw,f/ rcdk;rD? rvdrfrD? rrSm;rDuvljyefrjzpfawmYygbl;/ ]olcdk;?vlvdrf?umrrSm;ol} vlyJ jzpfygawmYw,f/

vl[m vlYpnf;urf;eJYnDoludkom vl-rSwfrSwf aygif;Muwmjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY vl[m ywf0ef;usifvlawGudk tuJcwfwwf


50/72



Muygw,f/ tuJcwf w,f-qdkwm bmvkyfwmvJ/ ]vlYtjzpfuvGefwJY tavQmYtydk bmawGSdovJ}-od&atmif vkyfwmygyJ/ bmtwGuf tuJcwfwmvJ/ olaygif;&rnfholudk b,favmuf vlt&moGif;NyD; aygif;&rvJeJY raygif;&rvJ-odzdkYtwGuf ygyJ/

vl[m apmifYaSmufoifYwm apmifYaSmufNyD;? apmifroifYwm

apmifr&ygw,f/ 'grS vlYavmu&JU vlom;tzGJU0if jzpfygr,f/ 'gawGxJu cRwf,Gif;rIawG Sdaevsif vlom;tzGJU0if rjzpfygbl;/vlom;tzGJUudk zsufqD;olyif jzpfygw,f/

]avmu}-vdkY ac:&wJY ]vlom;tzGJY0if} jzpfzdkYrSm vltaru?vluav;tjzpf tarG;zGm;cH&kHeJY rjzpfygbl;/ ]avmuvlom; tzGJU

0if}tjzpf vluav;jzpfumrQeJY rjzpfbl;-vdkY qdkvdkygw,f/ tJonfvltaru arG;zGm;tay;cH&wJYtJonf vluav;&JU ]tajymtqdk?tjyKtrl? taetxdkif}awGeJYyJ oufqdkifygw,f/ vlom;tzGJU0ifjzpfzdkY rjzpfbdkYrSm vltjzpf tarG;zGm;cH&umrQ r[kwfbJ ]trIawGvlpOfrDrrD}eJY qkH;jzwfMu&wm jzpfygw,f/

ckd;rI? vdrfrI? rSm;rIjyKvsif cdk;ol? vdrfol? rSm;ol jzpfygw,f/tJonfolawG[m vlYpnf;awGeJY nDnGwfatmif rawG;ac: rajrmfjrifawmYygbl;/ cdk;csif? vdrfcsif? rSm;csifwmawGyJ awG;ac: arQmfygawmYw,f/ onfawmY onfol[m vlom;tzGJU0ifrsm;udk zsufqD;wJY cdk;rI? vdrfrI? rSm;rIxJrSm vnfywfjzpfyGm;awmYolawGygyJ/


51/72



'gaMumifY onfvlawG[m tpGJtzrf; cH&olawG? pdwZvlawG? i&JvlawG? o&JwapvlawG? todrJYolawG? vlaMumufawG?-}tpp emrnfawG&MuolawG jzpfMuw,f/ vluarG;ayrJY vlpOfrrDolawG&JU emrnfawGyJ/ onfvlawG[m ]zvHydk; rD;wdk;ovdk} 'kuvGwfcsifvdkY 'kuxJ wdk;aeMuolawG jzpfMuw,f/

avmuvlom;awG[m xGufaygufrjrifjzpfNyD; xif&m wdk;a0SUaeMuwmaMumifY tEdkif&oljzpfatmif BuHaqmifBudK;pm;NyD;&efoludk zdESdyfw,fqdkvsif tzdESdyfcH&wJYtjzpfeJY wdk;MuwmrsdK;? ]tdkemao}aewJYtjzpf a&muf&wm jzpfw,f/

Ak'bk&m;[m avmuudk onfvdkjrifcJYw,f/

onfae&mrSm ]avmu}-qdkvdkY pMu0Vmurmavmuudk qdkvdkwm r[kwfygbl;/ ]vlom;}-udkom qdkvdkwm jzpfygw,f/ ]vlom;}-qdkwmvnf; vlwpfOD;&JUemrnf r[kwfygbl;/ wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; qufqHaeMu&wJY vlYtpktruf&JUemrnf jzpfygw,f/ ]vlYtpktruf}-qdkwmvnf; tpktrufjzpfwJY txnfj'yfudk qdkvdkwmr[kwfygbl;/

tJonftpktrufrSm jzpfysufaewJY tjzpftysuf-vdkY ajym&avmufwJY ]tjzpftysuf}-udkom qdkvdk&if; jzpfygw,f/

]tjzpftysuf-vdkY ajym&avmufwJY tjzpftysuf}-qdkwmtjzpftysufu ESpfrsdK;Sdygw,f/ tjzpftysuf-vdkY ajym&avmufwm


52/72



eJY? rajym&avmufwm-vdkY jzpfygw,f/ wdkif;jynf&JUw&m;kH;awGrSma&mufvmwJY trIawGudk trIajrmufeJY rajrmuf pdppf&wmSdw,fr[kwfygvm;/

}trI}-qdkwm ]tvkyf}-&JUemrnfyJ/ tvkyf[m tvkyfajrmufwJYtvkyfeJY tvkyfrajrmufwJYtvkyf-vdkY ESpfrsdK; SdvdkYaygY/ awmifolvkyf? a&mif;0,fvkyf? xrif;pm;tvkyf? pum;ajymtvkyf- tJonf

tvkyfawG[m Oya'ynwfxm;csufudk rausmfvGef rxdyg;vdkY EdkifiH&JUw&m;kH;u ]tvkyfrajrmufwJYtvkyf? trIrajrmufwJYtrI}-vdkY qkH;jzwf&ygw,f/

vlom;rSm jzpfysufaewJY tjzpftysufrSmvnf; ]tjzpftysufrajrmufwJY tjzpftysufeJY tjzpftysufajrmufwJY vlom;&JUtjzpftysufvdkYyJ/

vlYtzGJU0ifwpfa,muf[m usefwJY vlYtzGJU0ifawGtay:rSmpdwf"mwf xdckdufcH&wJYtxd usap


53/72


54/72



Ak'bk&m;[m onf-avmutjrifudk b,fvkdpdwfjzmodwJYtodtjrif'e SdcJYovJ/

'gudkodrS vGefusL;w,fqdkwm b,fvdk[mvJ-&JUtajz ajymcsuf Sif;rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY 'guav;udkvnf; enf;enf;qufajym&atmif/

]vGefusL;rI}-qdkwm udk,fEIwfESvkH; wpfckckeJY olrsm;udk


55/72



vGefusL;rIudk vGefusL;oludk,fwdkifvkyfwm r[kwfvsif vGefusL;apolvkyfwm jzpfrSm-vdkY odaeMu&muvnf; Ak'bk&m;u'gvnf;r[kwfbl;-vdkYyJ ajymcJYw,f/

vGefusL;rIudk vGefusL;oludk,fwdkifeJY vGefusL;apolwdkYvkyfwmr[kwfvsif taMumif;rJYjzpfwmyJ jzpf&r,f-ajymMu&muvnf; 'gvnf;r[kwfbl;-vdkYyJ bk&m;uajymcJYw,f/

avmu[m vGefusL;rIawG jzpfaeMuayrJY bmYaMumifY vGefusL;&w,f? vGefusL;rIjzpfapwm bmjzpfw,f-rodMuawmY vGefusL;rIudk rvdkvm;ayrJY rjzpfatmif rwwfEdkifMubl;/

Ak'bk&m;[m vGefusL;rIu vGefajrmufzdkYtwGuf qD;qdkYaewJY?vlawG&JUtjrifuae azmufxGufodjrifcJYw,f/ vGefusL;rI[m vGef

usL;oludk,fwdkifu jzpfapwmvnf; r[kwfbl;? olrsm;awGujzpfapvdkufwmvnf; r[kwfbl;? taMumif;rJYjzpfwmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ ]tpGJOyg'gef}u vGefusL;rIudk jzpfapwm vdkYyJ/

]tpGJOyg'gef}[mvnf; vlrSmjzpfaeayrJY tjzpfcH&ol-vlr[kwfbl;/ tjzpfcHolvlu jzpfapvdkufwmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ t

aMumif;rJY jzpfay:vmwmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ Ak'bk&m;[m ]t0dZmwPSm udavom tpGJOyg'gef}awGudk vnf; vlwdkif;odwJYtjzpfuazmufxGufodcJYw,f/ 'gawGudk ]0dyguf}awGu jzpfapvdkufwm-vdkYyJ/

Oyg'gef[m Oyg'geftjzpfcH&ol vljzpfaevsif vlSdorQ Oyg'gefSdaerSm aygY/ Oyg'gefqdkwm vlSdorQ Sdwmr[kwfbJ vlrSmSdwJY


56/72



tcg SdNyD;? rSdwJYtcg rSdwm odEdkifMuwmyJ/ 'gayrJY t0dZmwPSmudavom tpGJOyg'gefawGeJY- vludk uGJatmif vlawGrcGJEdkifMubl;/bk&m;uawmY tJonfu azmufxGufwJY todtjrif'e Sdw,f/

]0dyguf}qdkwmuawmY ]odwwfwmawGeJY odp&mudk vufcHwwfwm awG? cHpm;rSwfom;wwfwmawG&JU pkaygif;trnf}-ygyJ/

tJ'gawG[mvnf; vlrSmjzpfyGm;aewJY t&mawGyJ jzpfw,f/'gayrJY 'gawG[m 'gawG&JUtjzpfyGm;udk cH&wJYvl r[kwfygbl;/ 'gawGom vljzpfw,fqdkvsif vlSdorQ 'gawGSdaerSmaygY/ 'gawGrSdbJvlSdaewmudk odEdkifMuw,f r[kwfygvm;/ 'gawG[m vlr[kwfumrQ ruygbl;? vlYaMumifYjzpfwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;/ 'gawGtjzpfcH&wJY vlaMumifY 'gawGjzpfwm r[kwfbl;-vdkY qdkvdkygw,f/

wjcm;vlawGaMumifY jzpfwmawGvnf; r[kwfygbl;/ taMumif;rJY jzpfwmawGvnf; r[kwfbl;-vdkY 'gawGudk today;&ygr,f/ onfvdkqdkawmY 'gawG bmYaMumifYjzpfw,fqdkwm vlawG rodMuawmYygbl;/ 'gudkvnf; bk&m;u azmufxGufodjrifjyygw,f/'gawG[m ]vGefusL;rI}aMumifY jzpfwmawGyJ-vdkYyg/

]0dyguf}&JUt&aumufudk tJonf0dygufxJygwJY ]cHpm;rI}-vdkYwpfckwnf;eJY rSwfNyD; ajymMuygpdkY/ onf-cHpm;rI[m ]vGefusL;rI}aMumifYjzpfw,f/ ]vGefusL;rI}[m ]t0dZmwPSm} udavom tpGJOyg'gefawGaMumifY jzpfwmudk udavomwpfckwnf;eJYrSwfNyD; ajymawmY ]udavom}aMumifY jzpfw,faygY/ tJonf udavom-[m cHpm;rI 0dyguf


57/72



aMumifY jzpfw,f/ onfvdkjrifawmY vGefusL;rIa&m? vGefusL;rI&JU uHtaMumif;a&m? tusdK;a&m- vlrygbJ wpfckaMumifYwpfckjzpfeJY r&yfrem; vnfywfjzpfyGm;wJY puf,E&m; jzpfawmYwmaygY/ tJ'g 0#foHo&mpufyJ/

onfoHo&mpuf[m vlrSmjzpfyGm;wJY puf,E&m;jzpfvdkY

onfpuf&JU'Pfudk vlawGrSmcH&w,f/ 'gaMumifY vlUtzGJUtpnf;BuD;,dk,Gif;csdeJYaewm jzpfw,f/ 'gudkjrifol[m onftxJujzpfyGm;wJYcHpm;csufawGrSm NiD;aiGUawmYwmjzpfNyD;? onfcHpm;csuftay:rSm tpGJtvef;awGjywfNyD; ]vGefusL;rI}cyfodrf; Nidrf;w,f/ 'gaMumifY avmuBuD; tdkemaotjzpfu vGefajrmufw,f/

Ak'bk&m;[m avmuudk onfvdkjrifcJYw,f/Ak'bk&m;&JUavmutjrif[m vlom;Nidrf;csrf;zdkYtwGuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m pnf;urf;uvem;awGudk vlYtzGJU0ifjzpfwJY vlawGu bmYaMumifY csdK;azmufvGefusL;aeMuwmvJqdkwm avYvmwJYIaxmifYujrifwJY avmutjrif jzpfygw,f/ vlawGrdk;om;Mu(te&d,jzpfMu)vdkY? avmu-vdkYqdk&wJY vlYtzGJUtpnf; ysufpD;&w,f/

vlawG dk;om;Mu(t&d,jzpfMu)vsif avmu-vdkYqdk&wJY vlYtzGJUtpnf;BuD; Nidrf;csrf;r,f/

onfawmY vlawG rdk;om;rI(te&d,m)u b,fvdk jzpfaeMuwmvJ- cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmMunfhzdkY vdkw,fqdkNyD; Munfh&mu jrifwJYavmutjrif-yJ/


58/72



tJonf Ak'&JU avmutjrifxJrSmyg0ifwJY vGefusL;rI t&udkaumufwwfa&mYr,f xifygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;--tpp ta&;awGrSm tzGJUtpnf;awG Sdwwfygw,f/ tJonf tzGJUtpnf;awGrSm tzGJUtpnf;udk jzpfapwwfwJY tzGJUpnf;urf; uvem;awGvnf; SdMuygw,f/ tzGJU&JU pnf;urf;uvem;[m tzGJU&JUtoufygyJ/ tJonfpnf;urf; vdkufemMuvsif tJonftzGJU cdkifrm

cefYusef;wmygyJ/ csdK;azmufMuolawG rsm;jym;vmvsif tJonftzGJUrcdkifrm rcefYusef;wmygyJ/ tm;vkH;csdK;azmufMuNyD qdk&avmufatmiftzGJU0ifrsm;u tzGJUpnf;urf;udk Sdw,f-vdkY todtrSwf rjyKMuawmYbl;qdkvsif tJonftzGJU ysufpD;wmygyJ/ tJonftzGJU toufxGufaoqkH;wmaygY/

vl[m vlom;tjzpf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rSm Sifoefaexdkifoljzpfygw,f/ vl[m onfaeY taetxm;txd jzpfatmif b0wlow0gawGxJu azmufxGufvmEdkifwm[m ]vlYtzGJUtpnf;}aMumifYyg/ wjcm; b,fow0grqdk vlom;tjzpfavmuf tzGJUtpnf;eJYaeol rSdygbl;/ umva'oyk*v b,favmufjcm;jcm; olwdkYvkyfwmudk,fokH;w,f? udk,fvkyfwmvnf; olwdkYokH;Muw,f/ 'g[m tvkyf

udk cGJa0vkyfMuwJY pkaygif;pepf&JU vuPmyJ r[kwfvm;/ wpfpxufwpfp pum;ajymwwfwJY qufoG,fa&;ud&d,m azmfvmEdkifMuw,f/pmawGeJY ajymqdkrSwfom;wmawGvnf; vkyfMuw,f/ aMu;eef;awG?tifwmeufawGtxd pkaygif;aexdkifrI&JU trSwftom;awG rsm;jym;vSygw,f/ 'gawGaMumifY ordkif;udkodolqdkvdkY vl-yJSdwm r[kwfvm;/


59/72



ordkif;odawmY tem*wfvnf; arQmfwwfawmYwmaygY/

vlYtzGJUtpnf; nDnGwfrIor*twGuf tusifYwy-[m csrf;omokcyJ-vdkY Ak'bk&m; xdyfwef;u jrifcJYw,f/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;or*udk ysufjy,fapEdkifwJY vGefusL;rI tusifYrdpm[m qif;&J'kuyJ-vdkYnTefjycJYw,f/

vGefusL;wJY udk,fEIwfESvkH;trIawG[m vlYtzGJUtpnf;udkzsufqD;ygw,f/ vGefusL;rI[m tusOf;tm;jzifY ESpfcsufSdygw,f/vltcsif;csif;tay:rSm udk,fEIwfESvkH;awGeJY apmifYpnf;p&m rapmifYpnf;wmeJY? apmifYaSmufp&mudk 'grSr[kwf apmifrp&mudk rapmifYaSmufrapmifrwmyJ jzpfygw,f/ tzGJUtpnf;0ifawG[m tcsif;

csif;rSm apmifYpnf;&wmeJY apmifr&wm-qdkwJY pnf;urf;ESpfcsufuawmY Sdygw,f/ 'g[m tzGJUtpnf; SifoefzdkUtwGuf wm;jrpfcsufeJY aqmifGufp&mnTefjycsuf jzpfygw,f/ b,ftzGJUtpnf;rqdkrSmyJonfESpfcsufvdkrsdK; pnf;awG? tzGJUwdkif;rSm SdMuwmudk awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/

vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk b,folu b,ftcsdefu b,fae&mrSmb,fpnf;urf;awGeJY zGJUcJYwmvJ/ 'gudk ordkif;q&mrsm;vdk tcsdefawGae&mawGeJY yk*dKvfawGtcsuftvufawG wdwdusus ajymEdkifrSmr[kwfygbl;/

'gayrJ Y 'gud k ajymvd k Yr&wmawmY r[kwfygbl;/


60/72


61/72


62/72



,pfrl;aewmrsdK; rvkyfwJY twGuf OD;aESmufaumif;olvnf;jzpfygw,f/ tJonfolawG[m olrsm;tay:r Sm apmif Ypnf;p&mawGvnf; apmif Ypnf; Muygw,f/apmifrp&mvnf; apmifr Muygw,f/ olrsm;awG&JU apmifYpnf;rIeJYapmifrrIudkvnf; &,lvdkMuygw,f/

'gaMumif Y 'gud k ausmufawmifausmufc Jvd ktaGUtvsm;rSdatmif vlvm;ajrmufNyD;? vlpOfrDolrsm;rSmSd&rJYpnf;urf;jzpfvdkY ]oDv}-vdkY tJonfolawG&JU nDnGwfwJYqEeJY todtrSwfjyKcJYMuwm jzpfygw,f/ tcsdefeJYae&muawmY tJonfvlawG pkrdcsdefeJY pkrdwJYae&myJvkdY ajym&ygr,f/

tcsdefeJYae&mudk ou&mZf ckESpfawG? wdkufBuD;awGSdwJYurmae&mawGeJY owfrSwfaeMuayrJY tJ'gyJ tcsdefeJYae&mvdkYajymvdkYrjzpfygbl;/ pkMuwJYolawG&JU pkMuwJYtvkyfeJY pkMuwmawGwnfSdae&m[mvnf; tcsdefeJYae&mawGygyJ/tcsdefumveJY ae&mXmeqdkwm ]jzpfysufwJYumveJY XmeawG&JUtrnf}awGyJ r[kwfygvm;/

vlom;wpfa,mufr Sm S d&r J Y pnf;urf;ud kawmY]apmifYpnf;rIeJYapmifrrI}vd k Y tMurf;tm;jzi f Y E Sp fr s d K ;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'gud kAk'bk&m;acwfa&mufwJYtcg rSm Ak'bk&m;u ]0g&dwoDv?


63/72



pm&dwoDv}-vdkY azmfxkwfygw,f/ ]oDv}-qdkwmu ]vlom;&JU raGUrvsm;&rJY &yfwnfcsuf}-vdkY t"dyg,f&ygw,f/ ]0g&dw}qdkwmu]wm;jrpfcsuf}? ]pm&dw}qdkwmu ]aqmifGufcsuf}-vdkY jzpfp&m Sdygw,f/ acwfpum;eJYajymvsif ]aSmif&efeJY aqmif&ef}-wdkY jzpfygw,f/b,fol&JU aSmif&efeJY aqmif&efvJ-twGuf tajzuawmY ]vlom;&JUaSmif&efeJYaqmif&ef}-vdkYygyJ/

onf aSmif&efeJYaqmif&ef &yfwnfcsufoDvawG cRwf,Gif;ysufuGufol[m OD;aESmufysufaeol jzpfvdkY vlpm&if; toGif;rcH&ol-vdkY ajymcJYygw,f/ vlom;u vlpm&if;roGif;vdkY vlpm&if;r0ifoljzpfwmrQ r[kwfygbl;? vlpm&if;toGif;rcH&vnf; bmjzpfvJ-qdkNyD;udk,fY[meJYudk,faeol[m MumavMumav vlom;eJYa0;av tjzpf

cH&NyD;? qif;&J'kuBuD;pGmeJY b0aexdkif ysufpD;oGm;wm cH&ygw,f/vljzpfIH;oljzpfwm cH&wmaygY/ tJonfvdk jzpfyGm;cH&olawG rsm;vmawmY vlom;[m tm;enf;csdKU,Gif;vmwmaygY/ ]ttdk? tem? taovlom;odkYr[kwf vlYtzGJUtpnf;} jzpfawmYwmaygY/

vlawG onfvdkrjzpfMu&atmif Ak'bk&m;u ]vGefusL;oludk

vlom;u vlpm&if;roGif;ayrJY vlygyJ}-vdkYjrifwJY tjrifrSm;,Gif;ykHudkxdk;xGif;NyD; azmfjycJYw,f/

vGefusL;rI tjzpfcH&ol[m vGefusL;olr[kwfbl;? vGefusL;rIjzpfwnfvmwmcH&olom jzpfw,f-vdkY wGufjycJYw,f/ tJonf vGefusL;rIudk udk,feJYjzpfjzpf? EIwfeJYjzpfjzpf? pdwf-qdk&wJY rsufapYrsufESm


64/72



udk,fvuf[efyefeJYjzpfjzpf vGefusL;rSmyJ/ vGefusL;wJY udk,fEIwfESvkH;ydkifSif[m vGefusL;oljzpfw,f-vdkY trsm;u jrifMuayrJY Ak'bk&m;uonfvdk rjrifbl;/ ]vGefusL;wJY udk,fEIwfESvkH;ydkifSif[m vGefusL;olr[kwfbl;}-vdkY Ak'bk&m; rdefYMum;cJYw,f/

vlawGtaeeJY 'g[m em;rvnfcsifp&maygY/ em;rvnfcsif

p&m pum;jzpfvdkY em;rvnfMuwmawGjzpfNyD;? Ak'bk&m;udk vlawGutwdkif;rodae&mxda&mufatmif ajrmufyifY odjrif MunfnkdaeMuwmawGvkyfNyD;? Ak'bk&m;ay;wJY ]Nidrf;csrf;rI}qdkwmudk euef;wpfvkH;rSrod jzpfMuwmaygY/

vGefusL;ol[m vGefusL;wJYudk,fEIwfESvkH;ydkifSifr[kwfwm

ay:vGifatmif enf;enf;MunfhMu&ygr,f/ tl;wpfa,mufuvlowfrIusL;vGefw,f qdkvsif tJonfusL;vGefwJYvlowfrIudk b,folvkyfwmvJ/ tl;u vkyfwmvm;? tl;cH&wJYvlu vkyfwmvm;aygY/ onfar;cGef;udk vG,fvG,fyJ ajzrSmyg/ ]tl;uvkyfwm}-vdkYaygY/

onftrI EdkifiHw&m;kH;a&mufvnf; w&m;olBuD;u tl;cH&oludk ta&;,ltjypfay;wm rvkyfygbl;/ tl;a&m*gaysmufatmif

ukay;wJY aq;kHydkYukay;zdkYyJ trdefYcsrSmyg/ w&m;kH;[m tl;eJY tl;tjzpfcH&wJYvludk uGJuGJjym;jym;odNyD; vGefusL;ol[m ]vlr[kwfbJtl;jzpfaevdkY} tl;cHae&wJYvlu vGefusL;rIjyKwm r[kwfbl;qdkNyD;tl;tjzpfcHae&oludk tjypfay;ta&;,lwmudk rvkyfwmyg/


65/72



onfae&mrSm tl;qdkwmbmvJ/ tl;qkdwm OD;aESmufuykHrSeftvkyfrvkyfwm&JU emrnfyg/ bmaMumifY ykHrSefrvkyfwmvJ-qdkwmawmY taMumif;awG trsdK;rsdK;SdrSmyg/ Owk? ydk;rTm;? tpm;?trSm;rSm; t,Gif;,Gif; awG;ac:rIeJY uHawG jzpfrSmyg/ OD;aESmufxJodkrSD;xm;wJY tcsuftvuf tpDtpOfawG ysuf,Gif;ukefwm l;wmygyJ/

tJonfvdk tysuf,Gif;cH&vsif cH&ol[m vlr[kwfawmYygbl;/ tysuft,Gif;rcH&cifu ]vl}jzpfawmY tJonfvl(vdkYodaewmudk) raysmufEdkifjzpfNyD; tysuf,Gif;cH&NyD;aemufvnf; ]vl}vdkYawmYrodolawGu xifMuwmaygY/ wu,fawmY onfol[m ysuf,Gif;NyD;aemufrSm vltjzpfu avQmusoGm;cH&ol jzpfygNyD/ vl-r[kwfawmYygbl;/ tl;yJ [kwfygawmYw,f/

tJonfvdkygyJ/ apmifYpnf;rI0g&dweJY apmifrrIpm&dw vlY&yfwnfcsufoDvawG ysufpD;ol[mvnf; onfvdkysuf&wmudk]aumif;w,f}-vdkY xifw,f/ wu,faumif;ovm;ar;vsif ajzrSmyJ/ cH&olrSm raumif;ayrJY oDvysuf&olrSmawmY aumif;wmaygY-vdkYaygY/ bmYaMumifY aumif;w,fajymwmvJ ar;vsif oufomvdkY-

vdkY ajzrSmyg/ tJonf oufomwmtwGuf ay;qyf&rSmodvsiftJonfoufomwmudk oufomw,f-vdkY oljrifEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;/

bmay;qyf&vdkYvJ-qdkvsif vlY&yfwnfcsuftrSefSdwJYvludkay;vdkuf&wm-vdkY ajz&ygr,f/ vlY&yfwnfcsufoDv ysufpD;rI[mvlY&yfwnfcsufrSdol tjzpf a&mufoGm;cH&ygw,f/ onfawmY


66/72



tjzpfajymif;oGm;wmjzpfvdkY b0ajymif;oGm;wmvnf; ajym&ygw,f/b0ajymif;cH&ol[m a&mufqJb0udkyJ om,mauseyf odjrifMuwmjzpfvdkY tJonf ajymif;vJcH&wJYb0u&wJY cHpm; csufudkyJMunfhNyD;oDvysuf&olrSm aumif;ygw,f-vdkYajzwm jzpfygw,f/

wu,fawmY oDvysuf&ol[m cHpm;csuftm;jzifY aumif;

csifaumif;rSmjzpfayrJY b0uawmY raumif;awmYygbl;/ onfvdkjzpfvsufeJY ]aumif;w,f}vdkYyJ olYb0 olxifwm[m rSefuefaumif;rGefwJYtxif r[kwfygbl;/ raumif;rGefrrSefuefwJYtjrif jzpfygw,f/onfvdkjrifwm[m olrsm;jyKpm;vdkYvnf; r[kwfygbl;/ OD;aESmufysufvkdY trSefudkrjrifbJ trSm;udk taumif;xif? trSefvdkY jrifwm jzpfygw,f/

OD;aESmuftysuf,Gif;cH&ol[m oll;jzpfw,f/ vltjzpfutusqkH;cH&oljzpfw,fqdkvsif onfvdk OD;aESmufysuf,Gif;cH&ol[mvnf; trsm;olawG owfrSwftxm;cH&wJYpHu tawmfrsm;rsm; rvGJvdkY tl;vdkYrajym&ayrJY vltjzpfu tusqkH;cH&wJY taumifyavmifawG trsm;tjym; SdMuygw,f/ Oyrm-i&Jvl? Nydwmvl? wd&pmefvl?

tol&um,fvl? ewfvl? jA[mvlwdkYygyJ/ vlqdkwmu odomatmifyg/ vlr[kwfygbl;/

trsufa'goeJY pdwfysufaeol[m ykHrSefvl r[kwfygbl;/ olYudk xdyg;ydwfqdkYw,fxifvdkY trsufa'gojzpfNyD; pdwfysufwmyg/


67/72



olu txdyg;tydwfqdkY rcH&atmif aeEdkifwJYenf;vrf;awGSdvsufolYudk Sif;vif;wdkufcdkufr,f jrifwm[m olYOD;aESmuf ysufvdkYyJaygY/tJonfol[m csrf;omrJYaeygw,f/ 'gaMumifY onfvl[m vltjzpfu avQmusNyD; ]i&Jvl} jzpfaeolyg/

Nydwmvl-qdkvnf; onfvdkygyJ/ udk,fu &atmif tvkyfrvkyfcsifbl;/ &awmY &csifw,f-qdkawmY vl[m &zdkYqdkvsif &EdkifwJY

vkyftm;eJY vJvS,f&w,f/ 'gudkrvJbJ cdk;,lr,f? wdkuf,lr,fqdkol[m tvdkavmbBuD;ol wapeJYo&J ygyJ/ OD;aESmuf[m &zdkYtwGufay;&wmudk rwGufcsufbJ vk,lcdk;,lzdkY wGufcsufwm[m OD;aESmufysufwmyg/ 'gaMumifY onfvl[m vlYtjzpfuavQmusNyD; wapNydwmvl? o&JNydwmvltjzpf a&mufSdtoGm;cH&ol jzpfygw,f/ wd&pmefvl? tol&um,fvleJY ewfvl? jA[mvlawGvnf; vltjzpfu

avQmusolawGeJY vltjzpfu vGefolawGyJ jzpfMuygw,f/ vlawGawmY r[kwfMuygbl;/

ya,m*t0ifcH&ol ajymaewJYpum;udk t0ifcH&olu ajymwJYpum; r[kwfbl;/ ya,m*u ajymaewJYpum;vdkY odMuwm[mrSefuefwJYtod jzpfygw,f/ tjyKtrleJY taetxm;awGrSmvnf;

onfvdkygyJ/ wu,fawmY ya,m*qdkwm vlawGodaeMuwJY ewfawG? pkef;awGawmY r[kwfygbl;/ OD;aESmufvdkY qdk&wJY uGefysLwm&JU['f0Ju ydkqufqm['f'pfvdk puftpdwftydkif;rSm oGif;xm;wJYydk*&rfjzpfwJY aqmYzf0Jysufwmvdk tpDtpOfawGysufwm&JU trnfawG [m ya,m*awGyg/


68/72



uJ-pmenf;enf; SnfvmNyD/ topftopfajymvmwJY taMumif;t&mawGvnf; rsm;vmNyD/ vGefusL;qdkwmbmvJ odcsifolrvdkufcsifjzpfawmY r,f/ bmawGajymNyD; b,fqDac:aewmvJ-vdkYpdwfrukef&atmif ed*kH;csKyfay;r,f/

]vGefusL;rI = tbdocFg& = ocFg&}udk ajymcJYwJYol&JU 'eudk

odvsif teufaumufEdkifavmufNyD xifygw,f/ onf'eudkenf;enf;prf;0g;vdkY &Edkifrvm;qdkNyD; onfpmudk enf;enf; Snfay;vdkufwmyg/

onfawmY-]vGefusL;rI}-qdkwm OD;aESmufysufol&JU udk,fEIwfESvkH; trl

t&mawG-ygyJ/ onftrlt,lawGudk bmaMumifY ]vGefusL;}-ajym&ovJqdkvsif ola&m? olYtjyKcHyg wpfavmuvkH;udk qif;&JuvljzpfapEdkifrSmaMumifYygyJ/

vl[m avmurSm yef;wkdifokH;ck Sdygw,f/ odola&m rodolrSmyg Sdygw,f/ tJ'gu tdyfpufem;aecsifw,f? pm;aomufvIyfSm;NyD;vnf; aecsif w,f? udk,faoaomfrS udk,fYudk,fyGm;uav; csef

xm;Edkifatmif tazmftzufvnf; vdkcsifw,f/

'gawGjynfh0zdkY vlom;tzGJU0iftjzpfu ravQmuszdkY vdkygw,f/ onfvdktyfcsuf&JU qefYusifbufvkyfief;awG vkyfwm[m]vGefusL;wm}ygyJ/


69/72



vljywfvwfwJY vrf;usOf;usOf;uav;ay: arSmufvsuftdyfaeol[m &efolvn;f jzpfEdkifygw,f/ u,fygvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f/b,foljzpfjzpf eif; usdwfarmif;oGm;vsifawmY armif;ol[m ]vGefusL;ol} jzpfrSmyJ/

tz,fcdkif;Edkifvsif cdkif;zdkYaygY/ rcdkif;Edkifvsifvnf; um;u

aSUcsnf; armif;vdkY&wJY,mOfrS r[kwfwmyJ/ auGUr&vnf; aemufqkwfoGm;vdkufzdkYaygY/ udk,fu ta&;BuD;aew,fqdkvsifvnf; olrsm;udk wdkufowfoGm;&avmufatmif ta&;tm;jzifY rBuD;xdkufygbl;/b,favmufta&;BuD;BuD; wpfjcm;enf;vrf;eJY ysufuGufEdkifwmawGSdwmvnf; ESvkH;oGif;&rSmaygY/

ouFmruif;vsif aemufjyefqkwf? vltiftm;xyfSmNyD;rSoGm;/ u,fr&rJYoljzpfw,f xifvsif udk,fYbufujyifqifNyD; u,fzdkYvkyf&rSmaygY/ txifeJY tjrifvGJrSm;NyD; cH&w,fqdkaomfrS udk,fuolYtwGuf tE&m,fSdoltjzpf r&yfwnfvsif udk,fYrSm tqkH;IH;txdyg; rrsm;Edkifygbl;/

'gawG [kwfw,frxifvsif cGifYvTwfyg/

uJ-onfpm onfavmufeJY tqkH;owfr,f/

P" r 0d [m &D

12 -12 -2002


70/72




71/72




72/72


what is religion-shin nyana

Documents