what is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? dr ayaz afsar 1

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What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

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Page 1: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ?

Dr Ayaz Afsar

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Page 2: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Objectives

To define plagiarism

To familiarize the participants with what constitutes plagiarism

To discuss how to avoid plagiarism

To introduce to methods of citations

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Page 3: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Defining Plagiarism

The Oxford English Dictionary defines plagiarism as:

The wrongful appropriation, or purloining, and publication as one's own, of the ideas, or the expression of the ideas (literary, artistic, musical, mechanical) of another.

The American definition from Webster's 3rd Int'l adds:

to commit literary theft: to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.

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Page 4: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

The WPA Council (Council of Writing Program Administrators)

defines plagiarism as:

In an instructional setting, plagiarism occurs when a writer

deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas or other original

(not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source.

This definition applies to texts published in print or on-line, to

manuscripts and to the work of other student writers.

In the Concise Oxford Dictionary, plagiarism is defined as

Taking and using the thoughts, writings and inventions of another

person as one’s own

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Page 5: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

What Constitutes Plagiarism?

Examples and Explanations

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Page 6: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

The Plagiarist as a Thief!!!

Chambers Dictionary defines a plagiarist as a kind of thief- “one who

steals the thoughts or writings of others and gives them out as his own.”

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Page 7: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

What is Stolen??

words?

ideas?

style?

form?

look and feel?

hard work?

originality?

identity?

credit?

right?

fame?7

Page 8: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

1.Verbatim plagiarism or direct copying from a source

Use of the original wording of the source without quotation marks and

reference

Verbatim plagiarism includes

• Whole sale copying, i.e., handing in an entire paper copied from

a website, a friend or some other source

• Cut and Paste, i.e., copying large chunks of text (phrases,

sentences or paragraphs) from one or more original sources and

inserting it into the assignment

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Page 9: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1973.

Original wording

Misuse of Source:•Word for word copy of the original source•Quotation marks are not used •Reference not provided•Author not given credit

Such ‘story myths’ are not told for

their entertainment value. They

provide answers to questions

which people ask about life, about

society and about the world in

which they live.

Plagiarized Version

Specifically story myths are not for

entertainment purposes rather

they serve as answers to

questions people ask about life,

about society and about the world.

Examples

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Page 10: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

How to quote correctly

Direct quotations need to be

• marked with quotation marks

• or set off from the main body of the text as per the style guide

which the paper follows

• Needs to be cited properly

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Page 11: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1973.

Original wording

•Use of quotation marks to indicate the passage is a direct word for word quotation from the original•Insertion of the author’s name in the same sentence as the quote•Page reference is given

Such ‘story myths’ are not told for their entertainment value. They provide answers to questions which people ask about life, about society and about the world in which they live.

Correct Version: Davidson explains that “story

myths” answer “questions people ask about life, about society and about the world in which they live”. (10)

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Page 12: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Source: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.

Original wording

Word for word of the original source Quotation marks not usedCredit not being given to the authorReference not provided

Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate -- yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetation was good to eat and which was poisonous.

Plagiarized Version

In examining technology, we have to remember that computers are not the first technology people have had to deal with. The first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language.

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Page 13: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Source: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.

Original wording

Author and year of publication is givenQuotation marks are used to indicate that the passage is a direct word for word quotation from an original source

Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate -- yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetation was good to eat and which was poisonous.

Correct Version: In examining technology, we have

to remember that computers are not the first technology people have had to deal with. Frick (1991) believes that "... the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language" (p. 10).References: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.

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Page 14: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Source: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-

Hall.

Original wording

Word for word of the original source Quotation marks not usedCredit not being given to the authorReference not provided

Original Source MaterialTheories differ from philosophies and models of teaching. A philosophy is a value system, whereas a theory seeks to explain real-world events and can be certified through scientific investigation. Models of teaching are approaches to the management of some aspect of classroom instruction and they may not be independent of subject area, grade level, age of the student, or the setting for learning. A characteristic of learning theories is that they address the underlying psychological dynamics of events. Thus, they provide a mechanism for understanding the implications of events related to learning in both formal and informal settings.

Plagiarized VersionTheories and philosophies are different from each other because theories seek to explain real-world events and can be certified through scientific investigation. Learning theories address the underlying psychological dynamics of events, so they provide a mechanism for understanding the implications of events related to learning in both formal and informal settings.

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Page 15: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Source: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Original wording

An indented block is used to indicate that this passage is a word-for-word quotationAn indented block is used to indicate that this passage is a word-for-word quotation Original author is referred toCitation is given in the reference list as well

Original Source MaterialTheories differ from philosophies and models of teaching. A philosophy is a value system, whereas a theory seeks to explain real-world events and can be certified through scientific investigation. Models of teaching are approaches to the management of some aspect of classroom instruction and they may not be independent of subject area, grade level, age of the student, or the setting for learning. A characteristic of learning theories is that they address the underlying psychological dynamics of events. Thus, they provide a mechanism for understanding the implications of events related to learning in both formal and informal settings.

Correct Version

Theories and philosophies are different from each other because, according to Gredler (2001) theories seek

to explain real-world events and can be certified through scientific investigation... A characteristic of learning theories is that they address the underlying psychological dynamics of events. Thus, they provide a mechanism for understanding the implications of events related to learning in both formal and informal settings. (pp. 12-13)

References: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

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Page 16: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

2. Inappropriate Paraphrasing

Using with only slight changes the material of another

Ideas being presented in the same sequence as in the original

source with only the insertion of synonyms

No citation

Credit not being given to the original author

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Page 17: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Source: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Original wording

Misuse of Source: Only the original author’s words have been moved around inserting and deleting small portions as neededThe original author has not been credited

Developing complex skills in the classroom involves the key ingredients identified in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and to bowl. The key ingredients are: (1) inducing a response, (2) reinforcing subtle improvements or refinements in the behavior, (3) providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing the prompts or cues, and (4) scheduling reinforcements so that the ratio of reinforcements in responses gradually increases and natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior.

Plagiarized Version:Inducing a response, providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing prompts or cues, reinforcing subtle improvements in the behavior, and scheduling reinforcements so that natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior are the key ingredients identified both in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and in developing complex skills in the classroom.

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Page 18: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

How to paraphrase correctly

A correct paraphrase needs to be

• A condensed version of another author’s work

• An original articulation of another author’s ideas

• Structured differently from the original

• Need to be cited properly

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Page 19: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Source: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Original wording

Proper reference is given to author and year of publicationSince paraphrasing occurred so quotation marks are not used

Developing complex skills in the classroom involves the key ingredients identified in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and to bowl. The key ingredients are: (1) inducing a response, (2) reinforcing subtle improvements or refinements in the behavior, (3) providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing the prompts or cues, and (4) scheduling reinforcements so that the ratio of reinforcements in responses gradually increases and natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior.

Correct VersionAccording to Gredler (2001), the same factors apply to developing complex skills in a classroom setting as to developing complex skills in any setting. A response must be induced, then reinforced as it gets closer to the desired behavior. Reinforcers have to be scheduled carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn gradually so that the new behaviors can be transferred and maintained. References: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

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Page 20: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1973.

Original wordingMisuse of Source:• Only the original author’s words

have been moved around• Reference not provided

Such ‘story myths’ are not told for their entertainment value. They provide answers to questions which people ask about life, about society and about the world in which they live. (10)

Plagiarized VersionDavidson explains that myths answer questions about life, about society and about the world in which they live.

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Page 21: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Source: Davidson, Robert. Genesis 1-11.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1973.

Original wording

•Original articulation of idea•Author is introduced at the beginning of the sentence•Proper citation of source material (page reference according to the MLA style)

Such ‘story myths’ are not told for their entertainment value. They provide answers to questions which people ask about life, about society and about the world in which they live. (10)

Correct Version As Davidson explains, the

importance of “story myths” is in their relevance to the everyday lives of their readers. (10)

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Page 22: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Other practices which constitute plagiarism Borrowing organization:

Using the general plan, the main headings or a rewritten form of someone else’s material

Submitting someone else’s Material as one’s own:

The practice of employing or allowing another person to alter or revise the work which a student submits as his/her own. This includes buying or copying an entire paper or article from the Web

Failing to reference/footnote material:

Lifting selected passages and phrases without proper acknowledgement and thereby passing off somebody else’s ideas or words as one’s own

Collusion:

Presenting work done collaboratively as one’s own without giving the names of all the participants

While working in collaboration with other students, it must be clarified from the professor whether after a group discussion an individual written assignment must be turned in or whether a collective work can be submitted

False Citation:

Documenting outside sources that were not actually consulted Multiple submission of academic work:

Revising or using all or part of an earlier piece of work or producing a single piece of work to satisfy two requirements

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Page 23: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Importance of Intention

Plagiarism is using another’s words with an intent to deceive. The plagiarist implies

• that I said this (deception with respect to author) • that this is true (deception with respect to truth) • that I own this (deception with respect to right) • that I experienced this • that I discovered this • that I researched this • that this was told to me • that I have it on good authority • that I found this • that this is obvious

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Page 24: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Citation

We need to cite and document, where it is due, in order to

give credit to the source we have used.

Many professional organizations such as MLA and APA have

lengthy guidelines for citing sources.

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Page 25: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

What needs to be documented?

When exact words or a unique phrase has been copied.

When ideas presented in a book, magazine, newspaper, web page, TV program, letter, advertisement or any other medium have been incorporated in work.

When any diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures or other visual material has been reprinted.

When information is gained through interviewing or conversing with another person, face to face, on phone or in writing.

When any electronically available material including images, audio or video has been reused.

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Page 26: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

The Bottom Line is

Document any words, ideas or any other productions that

originate somewhere outside of you

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Page 27: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Why must we cite?

To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas, diagrams,

illustrations, quotations borrowed, or any materials summarized or

paraphrased

To show that you are respectfully borrowing other people’s ideas, not

stealing them, i.e., to prove that you are not plagiarizing

To enhance the credibility of your research. By giving the readers an

opportunity to check out your sources for accuracy, you inspire reader

confidence

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Page 28: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Methods of Citation

Parenthetical references

Footnotes

Endnotes

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Page 29: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Parenthetical references

It is the simplest way to cite sources The author's last name and page number(s) are placed in

parentheses in the text to give credit to sources.

Example: In your paper you write:

          In their Preface, the authors point out that "Learning Hypertext

Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible Hypertext Markup

Language (XHTML) is like learning any new language, computer or

human" (Musciano and Kennedy xi). In your bibliography or work cited page you write

Musciano, Chuck, and Bill Kennedy. HTML and XHTML: The         

Definitive Guide. 4th ed. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, 2000.

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Page 30: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Footnotes

Place a superscript number after the last word of the quotation. Place the same superscript number at the beginning of the Footnote at

the bottom of the same page where the citation occurs. Example

In traditional British East Africa, between the time of puberty and marriage, a young Akamba girl must maintain an avoidance relationship with her own father.6

6 Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo (New York: Random, 1918) 17.

In your work cited page you write

Freud, Sigmund. Totem and Taboo. New York: Random, 1918.

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Page 31: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Endnotes

Endnotes are written in the same way as footnotes. The main difference is that footnotes are placed numerically at the foot

of the very same page where direct references are made, while Endnotes are placed numerically at the end of the essay on a separate page entitled End notes or notes

ExampleThe World Book Encyclopedia defines Taboo as "an action, object, person, or place forbidden by law or culture."1

1Alan Dundes, "Taboo," World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 ed.

In your works cited page you write

Dundes, Alan. "Taboo." World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 ed.

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Page 32: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

What need not to be documented?

Writing your own lived experiences, your own observation and insight,

your own thoughts and your own conclusions about a subject.

When you are writing up your own obtained results through lab or field

experiments.

When you use your own art work, digital photographs, audio and video.

When you use “common knowledge”- things like folklore, common

sense observations, myths, urban legends and historical events (but not

historical documents).32

Page 33: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Why to avoid Plagiarism?

Academic dishonesty has SEVERE CONSEQUENCES For students

Failed grade on an assignment or a course Expulsion or resuscitation from the University

For teachers and researchers Loss of integrity and credibility in academic circles Termination of services Loss of research grants and sponsorship

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Page 34: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

HEC’s Plagiarism Policy

In the special meeting of the Commission held on 14th of April 2007 it

was decided

“To preserve academic honesty and sanctity of the degrees awarded by the

Universities and Degree Awarding Institutes in Pakistan, HEC will have

a zero tolerance policy towards any kind of Plagiarism.”

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Page 35: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Plagiarism is considered to be a moral crime in the entire academic

world

The major cause of plagiarism in Pakistan is a lack of awareness

about what constitutes plagiarism and how to avoid it

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Page 36: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Cross-referencing

Using MLA Format

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Page 37: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Cross-Referencing Your Sources

Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material.

This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.

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Page 38: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Avoiding Plagiarism

Proper citation of your sources in MLA style can help you avoid

plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from

failure of the assignment to expulsion from the University.

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Page 39: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Where to Find MLA Format

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Composition textbooks www.mla.org

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Page 40: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

MLA Style: Two Parts

Works Cited Page Parenthetical Citations

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Page 41: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Works Cited Page

A complete list of every source that you make reference to in your essay

Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay

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Page 42: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Works Cited Page

A complete list of every source that you make reference to in your Research Assignment or Dissertation.

Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your Research Assignment or Dissertation.

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Page 43: What is plagiarism & how to avoid it ? Dr Ayaz Afsar 1

Works Cited

Dickens, Charles. Bleak House. 1852-1853. New York: Penguin, 1985.

---. David Copperfield. 1849-1850. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1958.

Miller, J. Hillis. Charles Dickens: The World and His Novels. Bloomington: U of

Indiana P, 1958.

Zwerdling, Alex. “Esther Summerson Rehabilitated.” PMLA 88 (May 1973): 429-439.

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Works Cited

Most citations should contain the following basic information: Author’s name Title of work Publication information

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Works Cited: Some Examples

• Book

Byatt, A. S. Babel Tower. New York: Random House, 1996.• Article in a Magazine

Klein, Joe. “Dizzy Days.” The New Yorker 5 Oct. 1998: 40-45.• Web page

Poland, Dave. “The Hot Button.” Roughcut. 26 Oct. 1998. Turner Network Television. 28 Oct. 1998 <www.roughcut.com>.

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Works Cited List

A newspaper article

Tommasini, Anthony. “Master Teachers Whose Artistry Glows in Private.” New York Times 27 Oct. 1998: B2.

A source with no known author

“Cigarette Sales Fall 30% as California Tax Rises.” New York Times 14 Sept. 1999: A17.

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Works Cited List

A TV interview

McGwire, Mark. Interview with Matt Lauer. The Today Show. NBC. WTHR, Indianapolis. 22 Oct. 1998.

A personal interview

Mellencamp, John. Personal interview. 27 Oct. 1998

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The End

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