what is it? how is it produced? which are their properties? where … · 2020-01-16 · which are...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it?
Where is it produced?How and why it is used?
What is foreseen for the future?
Settimio MobilioDipartimento di FisicaUniversita’ Roma TRE
![Page 2: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Synchrotron Radiation
Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by an acceleratedcharge moving with relativistic a speed v ~ c
Today: radiation emitted by relativistic electrons (positrons) in a storage ring
Future: also radiation emitted by relativistic electrons (positrons) in a linear accelerator (LINAC)
![Page 3: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
References
Handbook of Synchrotron RadiationElsevier (North Holland) editor
“Synchrotron light”Springer-Verlag Compact Disk 2000
http://xdb.lbl.gov/
1. G. K. Green, “Spectra and Optics of Synchrotron Radiation,” in Proposal for National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, BNL-50595 (1977).
2. H. Winick, “Properties of Synchrotron Radiation,” in H. Winick and S. Doniach, Eds., Synchrotron Radiation Research (Plenum, New York, 1979), p. 11.
3. S. Krinsky, “Undulators as Sources of Synchrotron Radiation,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-30, 3078 (1983).
4. D. Attwood, Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1999); see especially Chaps. 5 and 8.
![Page 4: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
S.R. Energy Range
Synchrotron ligh sources
![Page 5: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Synchrotron Radiation Properties
1. Continuous spectrum from infrared to hard X-ray2. High intensity 3. Narrow angular collimation4. High degree of polarization5. Pulsed time structure6. Partially coherent (for the moment)7. Quantitatively evaluable.
High Brilliance
Storage RingUltra-high vacuum environment
![Page 6: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Brilliance
Ω
SourceA (mm2)
e-
Focusing device
Mirror
ImageN (Photons/sec)
( ) ( )⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛Ω⋅
=ban%.radm.mm
sec/PhotonsA
NBrilliance1022
![Page 7: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Brilliance of the synchrotron radiation
Comparison between the average brilliance of storage ringsof different generations.
XFEL
III Generation
I and II Generation
X-ray tubes
![Page 8: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Schematic view of a Storage Ring
• Bending magnets (main dipoles) • The Radio Frequency cavity • Straight sections Insertion devices (undulator)• Focussing and de-focussing magnets (quadrupoles)
![Page 9: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Synchrotron light from a storage ring
Undulator
injector
R.F. cavity
1 m
Wiggler
Bending magnet, BM
BM
BM BM
BM
BM
BM
BM
Synchrotron light
Synchrotron light
Beamline
![Page 10: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Origin of Synchrotron RadiationA classical accelerated
charge emits e.m. radiation symmetrically with respect to
the acceleration
θp0sinωt
v << cThe radiation angular distribution of non-relativistic electrons hasthe shape of a tire orbiting at the same velocity of the electron bunch
v << cThe radiation angular distribution of non-relativistic electrons hasthe shape of a tire orbiting at the same velocity of the electron bunch
![Page 11: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Origin of Synchrotron Radiation
θ
v ~ 0
v ~ c
Lorentz tra
nsform
e
eL αβγ
ααcos11sinsin
+=
E
E
αL
αe
![Page 12: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Angular distributionA relavitistic accelerated chargeemits e.m. radiation mainly into
the direction of the speed
Cone aperture
mradEcm1 2
0 ≅=γ
Electron orbit
Acceleration
v << c
v ≅ c
Electron orbit
Acceleratione-
e-
Θ ≅ m0c2/E= 1/γ radm0 = electron mass
v = electron velocityE = electron energyc = velocity of light
v
v
![Page 13: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Synchrotron Radiation Sources
Bunch of relativisticelectrons
Light
N
S
Bending magnet
e-Insertion device
![Page 14: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Spectral distribution of synchrotron radiation
10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105E (eV)
Infrared Visible Ultraviolet Soft X-ray Hard X-rays
1012
1013
1014
1015
λc
105 104
Phot
on fl
ux(P
hoto
ns /
s ·m
rad
(0.1
% b
and
pass
))
λ (Å) 102 101 100 10-1103
EC
Continuousfrom I.R. to X-ray
Specific shape
Ec critical energy= 3hγ3c/4πR
![Page 15: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Spectral distribution of synchrotron radiation as a function of the of critical energy of the storage ring.
εc=0.58keV
εc=1.4keVεc = 3hγ3c/4πR
λc = 4πR/3γ3
The power emitted at wavelengths lower than λc is equal to the power emitter at wavelengths higher than λc
![Page 16: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Origin of the broad spectral distribution
The detector receives the radiation for a short time
The detector records the radiation emitted along the arc 2/γ
the duration of the pulses is non zero (τ)
![Page 17: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Polarization
Mainly linear In the plane of
the orbit
Two polarization component±π/2 out of phase
E
There is a second componentperpendicular to
the orbit
Left and right circular polarization
![Page 18: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Time Structure
bunches
Bunch time length 10 – 100 ps
t
I
e- e-e- e-
Repetition rate: Maximum time distance = period of the orbitMinimum time distance = period of the RF
![Page 19: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Angular emission from a Bending magnet
• The orbit is circular• The radiation is emitted tangentially• It is collected in a horizontal slit (S) of width, w, at a distance, D.
∆θ = S/D
In the vertical direction the natural collimation preserved
In the horizontal direction the natural collimation is lost
Insertion Devices
![Page 20: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Emission view
Top view
Electron orbital plane
Side viewΨ ≅ 1/γ (≈10−4 mrad)
![Page 21: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Angular and wavelength distribution of synchrotron radiation
The power radiated by an electron in a unit wavelength intervalcentred at λ in a unit vertical angular cone centred at ψ is given by:
1. R is the bending radius of the electron orbit 2. K1/3 and K2/3 are modified Bessel functions of the second kind3. λc is the so called critical wavelength
In pratical units:λc (Å)= 4/3 π R γ-3
ξ= (λc/2λ) [1+ (γψ)2]3/2 λc = 5.59 R(m) Ε-3 (GeV)
![Page 22: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Angular and wavelength distribution of S.R.
λc = 4/3 π R γ-3
ξ= (λc/2λ) [1+ (γψ)2]3/2
λc(Å)= 5.59 R(m) Ε-3 (GeV)
Note that:• the wavelength dependence is only on the ratio λc/λ• the angular dependence is only on the product γψ
![Page 23: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Two polarization component±π/2 out of phase
In the plane of the orbit
Perpendicular tothe orbit
Left and right circular polarization
above and below the orbit
Polarization
![Page 24: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Behavior of the parallel and perpendicular componentfor different λ/λc
The integration over all wavelengths gives:I// = 7/8 Itotal
I⊥ = 1/8 Itotal
![Page 25: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Insertion devicesMagnetic field structures
Force the electrons to move along particular orbits
N S N S N S
N S N S NSe-
∆t
WigglersUndulators
![Page 26: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Insertion devices
Magnetic field structures Force the electrons to move
along particular orbits
∆Ψ = 1/γ
Ψ
Ψ2αR
t+∆t
![Page 27: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Wiggler Condition
BBmceK uu λλ
π934.0
2==Dimensionless parameter K
[cm][T]In a wiggler K>>1∆Ψ = 1/γ
In a wiggler the angularoscillations of the electrons α=K/γ are much wider than the natural opening angle
∆ψ=1/γ
Ψ
Ψ2αR
t+∆t
•No interference between the emission from different poles•Total emission is the sum of the emission from each pole
![Page 28: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Wigglers Emission
E = 1.5 GeV I = 100 mA1013
1012
1011
10 102 103 104 105
Wiggler 1.85 T
Bending magnet
Wiggler 6 T
Photon energy (eV)
Phot
on F
lux
Higher magnetic field higher critical energy
Radiation from the poles increases
the total emission
Multipole magnet made up of a periodic arrangement of N
magnetswhose magnetic field forces
electrons to wiggle around the orbit
Wigglers have higher critical energy enhance the X-ray emission
![Page 29: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Undulator
![Page 30: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Undulators conditionAn undulator is similar to a
wiggler with a K < 1
The wiggling angle is smaller than the photon natural
emission angle 1/γ
Interference effects are important
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛++= 22
2
2 21
2θγ
γλλ Ku
Observing the radiation at an angle θ from the axis
constructive interference occur at the wavelengths
![Page 31: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Undulator fundamental frequency
An undulator as seen in the laboratory reference system
λ0 = L/nMagnetic pole periodicity
L
n = number of periods
λ’0 = L/nγ = λ0 /γ
The undulator as seen from the electron
Relativistic contraction
Further reduction of the light periodicity due to the Doppler effect
Doppler shift2
00
221
γλ
=γγ
λ=λ
Spectrum
![Page 32: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Undulator harmonics
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛++= 22
2
2 21
2θγ
γλλ Ku
Also harmonics λ/n are emitted
On the axis (θ=0) only odd harmonics are emitted
nN1
=∆λλ
Harmonics bandwidth
Values of 10-2 are easily obtained for the fundamental
The radiated field adds coherentlyThe intensity increases as N2
while in a wiggler it increase as 2N
![Page 33: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The angular distribution is concentrated in a narrow
cone both in horizontal and vertical directions
N S N S N S
S N S N S N
N S N S N S
Top view
Side view
γn1
γn1
Undulator angular emission
nNnNK 112/1
43
2
2
r γγπσ ≈
+=
Radiation from an undulator: typically N = 50
The natural emission cone is always smaller than 1/γ
![Page 34: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Spectral brilliance
For experiments that require a small angular divergence and a small
irradiated area, the figure of merit is the beam brillianceB which is the photon flux
per unit phase space volume, often given in units of photons·s–1·mr–2·mm–2·
(0.1% bandwidth)–1
![Page 35: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Beamlines
![Page 36: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Synchrotron Radiation Facilities around the world
About 50 facilities in the worldhttp://www-als.lbl.gov/als/synchrotron_sources.html
![Page 37: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Synchrotron Radiation Facilities in Europe
About 20 Facilities, most dedicated, few parasitic
III Generation FacilitiesPolicy in Europe
ELETTRA in ItalyBESSYII in Germany
SLS in SwitzerlandDIAMOND in UKSOLEIL in France
ALBA in Spain
At home: Medium energy (~ 2GeV) S.R. For high brilliance in soft X-ray
And brilliance in hard X-ray
GermanyDORIS III in Hamburg
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ESRF in GrenobleFor High Brilliance in the hard X-ray region
![Page 38: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility -ESRF
![Page 39: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility -ESRF
Members' Contribution to the budget: 27.5% France25.5% Germany 15% Italy14% United Kingdom4% Spain4% Switzerland6% Benesync
(Belgium,Netherlands)4% Nordsync
(Denmark, Finland,Norway, Sweden)
Additional contributions1% Portugal1% Israel1% Austria0.6% Poland (from July 2004)0.44% Czech Republic0.2% Hungary
![Page 40: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Parameters of the ESRF
Energy 6GeV
Circumference 844m
Current 200 mA
Bending Magnet Radius
24.95m
RF frequency 352.2MHz
Harmonic number 992
Critical Energy 19.6 KeV
Undulator 1st
Harmonic14 KeV
![Page 41: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ESRF Achieved Brilliance
![Page 42: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ESRF Brilliance
![Page 43: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ESRF Experimental Hall
Undulator BL 34
Bending Magnet BL 3
CollaboratingResearch groupBeamlines 13
![Page 44: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Science at ESRFMagnetism:
Separation of S and L contributionContribution of different electronic shells
Surfaces:Structure of surfaces and overlayersSurface magnetism
X-ray InelasticScattering:
Lattice dynamics &Electronic States
Life Science:Protein CrystallographyTime resolved crystallography
Chemistry:High resolution crystallographyMicrocrystalsCatalysis
High Pressure:Phase diagram up to 150 Gpa
Medicine:Microbeam therapyTomographyAngiography
Industrial:High resolution strain ( 10µ 10-5 strain)Trace element analysis (LLD 106 at/cm2)
Imaging: Phase Contrast ImagingSpeckel
![Page 45: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Energy: 2 – 2.4 GeVCurrent: 300 mACritical Energy: 3.2 KeV
Spectral Range: 10 eV – 10 KeV
ELETTRA
Undulator first Harmonic: 200 – 800 eV
Brilliance: 1019 photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%bw
![Page 46: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Beamlines at ELETTRA
13 Operating Beamlines19 Experimental Stations
2 are under commissioning
4 More in the future
![Page 47: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Science at ELETTRA
Surfaces/MoleculesChemical Reactions
Microscopy
Photoemission
Magnetism
Dichroism
Diffraction
CrystallographyProtein Crystallography
MammographyPhase Contrast Imaging
Medical Physics
Microstructure Fabrication for:OpticsMagnetic nano-patteringMicro machine devices
Lithography
![Page 48: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Beamlines versus science at ELETTRA
ESCAMicroscopyNanoSpectroscopySuperESCASpectro Microscopy
Surface Diffraction ALOISAGas PhaseVUV PhotoemissionBEAR
SYRMEP (Medical beamline)
PolarBach ( Beamline for Advanced Dichroism )APE
X-Ray DiffractionSmall Angle X-Ray Scattering
XAS
LILIT ( Lithography)Deep-etch Lithography
Chemistry Surfaces
BiologyMaterial Science
Magnetism
![Page 49: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
DAFNE
![Page 50: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Free Electron Laser
FEL are tunable, coherent, high powerradiation, currently spanning wavelengthsfrom millimeter to visible and potentially
ultraviolet to x-ray.
It has the optical properties characteristic of conventional lasers such as high spatial coherence and a near diffraction limited radiation beam. It differs from conventional lasers in using a relativistic electron beam as itslasing medium, as opposed to bound atomic or molecular states, hence the term free-electron
First laser: Madey 1977-78 at Stanford(10µm)
Existing Facilities/Experiments: mainly in IR 1- 100 µm(about 30) few in visible - UV
Standard Linac
S.R.
![Page 51: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
SASE Free Electron Laser Scheme
In a long undulator the SR emission is self amplifiedIn a very long undulator saturation may be reached At a level 7 order of magnitude above the S.R. level
Key points: electron beam emittanceundulator characteristics
![Page 52: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
More on SASE Free Electron Laser Scheme
The electron beam and thissynchrotron radiation travellingwith it are so intense that the electron motion is modified by the electromagnetic fields of its ownemitted synchrotron light. Under the influence of both the undulator and its own synchrotronradiation, the electron beam beginsto form micro-bunches, separatedby a distance equal to the wavelength of the emitted radiation.
These micro-bunches begin toradiate as if they were single particles with immense charge. The process reaches saturationwhen the micro-bunching hasgone as far as it can go.
![Page 53: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
FEL Radiation Properties
FEL SpontaneousEmission
ExistingUndulators
PeakBrilliance
Coherent Radiation
Pulse length:tens of femtosecond
![Page 54: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
X- FEL Science
The investigation of structural changes on ultra short time scales will become possible, thuscomplementing femtochemistry with optical lasers.
Investigation of molecular structures without the need of crystallization. This will give access to a vast number of biomolecules yet impossible to crystallize.
A new, and may be most important domain will be the non-linear interaction of X-rays and matter, leading, e.g., to multiphoton processes in atoms and moleculeswhich can not be studied with the present radiation sources.
And last not least, by focusing the X-rays to µm2 and below, one will generate plasmas at stilltotally unexplored temperatures and pressures.
![Page 55: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
X- FEL Science
"Can we see the electron dynamics in the bonds?“"Can we see how matter forms and changes?",
"Can we take pictures of single molecules?“"Can we make a movie of a chemical reaction?“"Can we study the vacuum decay in a high field?
![Page 56: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
X- FEL Science: Structure and dynamics of molecules
The investigation of the structure and dynamics of molecules and clusters by the diffraction of intense, femtosecond X-ray pulses. Ideally, a single X-ray pulse would suffice to record a diffraction pattern
Diffraction peaks of 21x21x21 gold atomsFrom a single X-ray pulse
![Page 57: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
X- FEL Science: Phase transition and melting of molecules
![Page 58: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
FEL Projects 20 today: 15 + 5 planned
Brookhaven
Argonne
DESY
StanfordJapan
0.1nm projects
Under C
ons tru ctio n
Two Projects in Italy: FERMI @ ELETTRASPARX@ Frascati
Two main projects under development: LCLS at Stanford
TESLA X-FEL at Hamburg (HASYLAB)
![Page 59: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
LINAC Coherent Light Source (LCLS)
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) will be the world's first x-ray freeelectron laser when it becomes operational in 2009.
Electron energy 4.3 – 13.6 GeVElectron Current 1.9 – 3.4 KABunch duration: 137 – 73 fsFundamental energy: 0.83 – 8.3 KeVPeak photon flux: 31 – 5.8 1024 photon/sPeak brightness: 0.28 - 15 1032
Average brightness: 0.16 – 4.5 1022
Photon energy spread: 0.19 – 0.07 %
![Page 60: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
LCLS Brilliance
![Page 61: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
LCLS Beamlines and Science
Under development: two experimental hall4 exit
Coherent scattering at the nanoscale (XPCS)Atomic, Molecular, and Optical SciencePump/probe diffraction dynamicsPump/probe high-energy-density (HED) scienceNano-particle and single-molecule (non-periodic) imaging
![Page 62: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
TESLA-XFEL
Total length: approx. 3.4 km 10 experimental stations at 5 beamlinesWavelength of X-ray radiation: 6 to 0.085 nmcorresponding to electron energies of 10-20(GeV) Length of radiation pulses: below 100 fs
Total costs of the XFEL project: 908 Meuro
Possible expansion: Second experimental hall with an additional 10 experimental stations
TESLA test facility with first SASE-FEL (TTF)The TESLA test facility TTF at DESY in Hamburg has impressively demonstrated
that the innovative technology of the X-ray laser works. From 1992 to 2004, an international team of researchers developed and tested various technical
components at this facility and thus laid the technological foundation stone for both the proposed International Linear Collider ILC (formerly TESLA linear collider)
for particle physics and for the X-ray laser project. The superconducting TESLA accelerator technology forms the basis for both
projects
![Page 63: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
TTF Actual Status (DESY)
The Desy free-electron laser VUV-FEL is the worldwide first and until 2009 the only source of intense laser radiation in the ultraviolet and the soft X-rayrange. The 300-meter-long facility at DESY generated laser flashes with a wavelengthof 32 nanometers for the first time in January 2005 – this is the shortestwavelength ever achieved with a free-electron laser. It works as an user facility in August 2005Four experimental stations are currently available, at which differentinstruments can be operated alternately.Science applications: cluster physics, solid state physics, plasma research and biology
Actual TTF-DESY best performance:saturation at 13nmpulse length 50 fs
![Page 64: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
FERMI
FERMI@Elettra is a single-pass FEL user-facility covering the wavelength range from 100 nm (12 eV) to 10 nm (124 eV), located next to the third-generation synchrotron radiation facility ELETTRA in Trieste, Italy.
Advanced Photo-lithography
Very high resolution and time resolved VUV and soft X-rayinelastic scattering experiments
Nano-scale spectromicroscopy
Time resolved photoemissionexperiments of molecules and clusters in the gas phase
Non-linear optical experiments in the VUV soft X-ray range
The project will make use of the existing 1.2 GeVThe facility will have two undulator chains: FEL-1: 100 to 40 nmFEL-2: 40 to 10 nmEach FEL will feed multiple experimental stations.
![Page 65: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
FERMI-Buildings
![Page 66: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
FERMI-Scheme
![Page 67: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
FERMI-Time schedule
FERMI is a Single Pass FEL User Facility– 2001 Italian Ministry of Education Universities and Research announced a call forproposals for a: “Multipurpose, pulsed laser X-ray source”– 2002 Sincrotrone Trieste (Elettra) together with INFM and other Italian institutesanswered the call with FERMI@Elettra: 100 to 1.2 nm– 2004 The Project was approved & budgeted for the 100-10 nm range.– 2005 Technical Optimisation Study initiated
• Completion of the technical design study - early 2006• Linac completely free for FERMI summer 2007 (Booster commissioned)• FEL 1 “Commissioned” summer 2008• FEL 2 “Commissioned” end 2009
![Page 68: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
SPARC - SPARX
Project SPARC of ENEA – INFN – CNR develop source, linac and undulator toward an X-ray source
SPARX1 – FEL source in the 100 – 10 nm rangein the Tor Vergata Campus
Partially funded
SPARX2 – FEL source in the 10 – 1 nm rangein the Tor Vergata Campus
![Page 69: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
SR Applications
Micro-litography X-ray Diffraction Microtomography
![Page 70: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
SR Experimental Methods
AbsorptionSpectroscopic methods Photoemission
Scattering
Decay processesFluorescence
(Auger) Electron emission…………………
Small spot size 0.01µ2 – 10 µ2 micro towards nanoWide spectral range: IR – Hard X-rayTime structure: 1ns – 1µs repetition rate (0.1ps length)Coherence
![Page 71: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Photoemission, absorption, fluorescence
![Page 72: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Elastic, inelastic and resonant Scattering
ω1 = ω2 Elastic scattering Diffraction
ω1 = ω2 ± ω (Internal excitation energy) Inelastic scattering
ω1 = ω2 = ω Internal excitation energy Resonant scattering
![Page 73: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
SR Experimental Methods: Extreme conditions
Schematic of the earths crust and indication of several temperatures and pressure estimates.For a better understanding of the processes in the earthinterior one has to determine the equation-of state by experiments, because no direct access is possible.This means one needs to measure the p-V-T phase diagram for all relevant materials. Up to now only the outer part ( 2900 km below surface) is understood in detail.
![Page 74: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Magnetism
Origin of the magnetic moment
ferroMagnetic moments coupling
antiferrodirect exchange SuperexchangeDouble exchange……………….
3d 3dLigand 2p
Magnetic ordering (magnetic diffraction)Origin and coupling of the magnetic moments (dichroism)
![Page 75: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
de Bergevin e Brunel sul NiO(1972)
•NiO e’ un cristallo cubico antiferromagnetico (TNeel=250 0C)•Gli ioni Ni++ hanno due soli spin accoppiati•Gli spin sono allineati magneticamente nel piano (111)•Ed antiferromagneticamente tra i piani (111)
![Page 76: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Surface and Interface Science
Surface diffractionGrazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GIDSAX)X-ray standing wave (XSW)
Photoemission
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Electronic properties of matter
![Page 77: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Surface Diffraction
![Page 78: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Total Reflection
The beam penetrates only for few nm
![Page 79: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Intermixing in Ge dots on Si. F. Boscherini et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 (2000), 682
Si substrate
Ge dotsHeight 60 nm
Base 50-500 nmProblem: evidence the Ge-Si intermixingat the substrate-dot interface.
Samples: Grown by CVD on Si(001).
Method: XAS at the Ge K edge.
Experiment performed on GILDA with Ge EXAFS
![Page 80: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Interdiffusion of Ge in Ge dots on Silicon
Ge concentration and atomic ordering map showing the
location of ordered domainsinside islands
Size of islands anddomains as a function of
lattice parameter andheight.
Measured
Simulated intensity maps in the vicinity
of the Si (200) reflection.
![Page 81: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Photoemission: space and time resolved
Electron energySpectroscopy
Time resolvedPhotoemission
SpaceResolved
Spectroscopy
![Page 82: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Understanding hydrogen-metal interactions has large technological interest (i.e.: hydrogen production, storage and
burning in fuel cells)
Bulk
∆ Clean Surface∆2∆
Photoemission: an example
Chemisorption of H on Rh(100) surface at SuperESCA beamline (ELETTRA-Trieste)
Model: additivity of the core level energy shift:
hollow-bonded j=4
∆Ei,j = α i/ji= number of adsorbed atoms bondedj= adsorbate coordination number
i=1, j=4, ∆=α/4
i=2, j=4, 2∆=α/2
i=1, j=2, 2∆=α/2
Mod
el S
urfa
cebridge
bonded j=2
3∆3∆
∆∆
no 3∆ shift observed!
Forbidden configurations
![Page 83: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Macromolecular CrystallographyStudy and structure determination of biological macromolecules.
"The ultimate goal of molecular biology is to understand biological processes in terms of the chemistry and physics of the macromolecules that participate in them. One of the essential differences between the chemistry of living systems and that of the non-living is the great structural complexity of biological macromolecules. We shall not unravel the chemistry of life without knowing at atomic or close to atomic resolution the structure of biological macromolecules, especially the proteins.“Preface, Introduction to Protein Structure, C. Branden & John Tooze, Garland Publishing Inc., 1991.
Diffraction is the technique to study
the molecular structure of biological
![Page 84: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Laue pattern of a crystal of metabolic enzyme iso-citrate deydrogenase
NSLS Brookhaven
Time resolved crystallography: Exposure time: 10 ms
![Page 85: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Time resolved studies
Myoglobin molecule
Film of molecular processA CO molecule during interaction with a
myoglobin molecule
Fe siteCO molecule
![Page 86: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
High Resolution and Resonance ScatteringStudy of lattice, electronic and magnetic properties in a large
variety of materialsExtreme conditions such as high pressure, low/high temperature, external magnetic field, and confined geometries.
Structural dynamics: Inelastic X-ray and nuclear inelastic scattering allow one to determine phonon dispersion relations and (partial) phonon density of states, respectively, with an energy resolution down to 0.5 meV.
Electronic and magnetic properties can be studied utilizing nuclear resonant scattering, X-ray absorption and X-ray emission spectroscopies. The corresponding dynamics can be studied by nuclear resonant scattering in the nanosecond to microsecond time regime.
Nuclear resonant scattering achieves neV energy resolution, and aims at the study of diffusion and rotational motions directly in the time domain.
![Page 87: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
High Resolution Inelastic Scattering
!!!10EE 7−≈
∆
![Page 88: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
High Resolution Inelastic Scattering
Neutron: difficult to apply to disordered systems with vs>1500m/X-Rays: No kinematic limitations
no incoherent contributionssmall spot size
Neutron X-rays
θ⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ ∆−−⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ ∆−+=⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛cos
EE12
EE11
kQ
2/1
oo
2
i 2sin2
kQ
i
θ=⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
No cinematic limitationsThe ratio between the
exchanged momentum and the incident photon momentum
is completely determined by the scattering angle
![Page 89: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
ESRF High Resolution Inelastic Scattering beamline
Si(7,7,7) 13.840eV 5,3meV 3.8 10-7
Si(9,9,9) 17.794eV 2,2meV 1.2 10-7
Si(11,11,11) 21.747 0,83meV 4.7 10-8
Si(13,13,13) 25.704eV 0,54meV 1.9 10-8
710EE −≤
∆
![Page 90: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
ESRF ID16 Analyzer
Since it is not possible to elastically bend a crystal without introducing important elastic deformations, which in turn deteriorate the intrinsic energy resolution, one has to position small, unperturbed crystals onto a spherical substrate with a radius, fulfilling the Rowland condition. This polygonal approximation to the spherical shape yields the intrinsic energy resolution, provided the individual crystals are unperturbed and the geometrical contribution of the cube size to the energy resolution is negligible.The solution realised at the ESRF consists of gluing 12000 small crystals of 0.6x0.6x3 mm3 size onto a spherical silicon substrate
![Page 91: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Spectroscopy with micro-nano resolution
![Page 92: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Focusing techniques: zone plate
λnn rrf ∆
=2
λnfrn =
22.1Re=
∆ nrsolutionSpatial
Best way to focus soft X-ray
![Page 93: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Focusing techniques: actual best performance in hard X-ray
[W/B4C]25 graded multilayer in vertical reflection
24KeV
![Page 94: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Soft X-ray microscope
Resolution: 10 nm
Field of view: 20 µm
sub-ns temporal resolution utilizing the pulsedtime structure of the storage ring in a stroboscopic
pump-probe scheme
![Page 95: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Synchrotron radiation based X-rayimaging and nanofocusing techniques
are promising for two reasons
first they are being applied to anincreasingly large number of subjects
including palaeontology and environmental sciences
Second, the evolution of these techniquestowards quantitative measurements with
high spatial and temporal resolutionopens new prospects in research
including the flourishing area of nano-technologies.
Scanning electron microscope image of "trichomes" from the plant Arabidopsis
thaliana. (b) Fluorescence image showing the cadmium content. (c) Fluorescence image
showing the calcium content.
Imaging techniques
![Page 96: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Micro-XANES Imaging
Fe distribution and oxidation state from XANES on Extraterrestrial
Grains Trapped in an Aerogel
![Page 97: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Soft X-ray microscope:applications
Magnetic domain pattern in a 50 nmthick (Co83Cr17)87Pt13 nanogranular alloyfilm recorded at the Co L3 absorptionedge (777eV) in an external magneticfield of 0 Oe
ContrastXMCD
Tubulin Network in Epithelial Cell
ContrastC absorption edge in the water window
![Page 98: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Soft X-ray microscope:Malaria infection
Blood cell infected by Malaria virus
Recentlyinfected After 36 hoursUninfected
![Page 99: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Coronary AngiographyFundamental concerns are associated with conventional angiography, which
requires the injection of a contrast agent directely into the coronary arteries by the mean of arterial cathetherization. The potential risks of patient mortality
and morbidity, the discomfort and the frequent hospitalization required prevent its use for routine screening or research.
![Page 100: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
K-edge subtraction imaging
![Page 101: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Coronary AngiographyContrast with Iodine; in the future with Gd
The synchrotron provides a good way to assess the status of known stenoses with a less invasive method compared to conventional coronary angiography. Since the method uses venous catethers, the coronary arteries are not artificially pressurized. The resulting images are therefore in a true physiological state.The virtual absence of complications with this method allows it to by used for protocols where conventional angiography may not be allowed.
![Page 102: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Phase Contrast Imaging
![Page 103: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Phase Contrast Imaging
![Page 104: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Mammography
![Page 105: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI)
![Page 106: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Functional Lung Imaging
Non-invasive means of quantitatively measuring regional lung ventilation.
A respiration-gated computed tomography technique (SRCT) that uses a synchrotron x-ray source. This technique allows both to image and to quantitatively measure regional lung ventilation based on the dynamics of stable Xe gas wash-in or wash-out.
One advantage of SRCT over CT techniques using standard X-ray sources, is that it allows both to visualize stable Xenon gas used as a tracer, and to directly quantify it's absolute concentration on any given point of a lung CT image.
![Page 107: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Functional Lung Imaging
Sequential KES tomograms in rabbit. The actual size of the image field is 98 mm × 63 mm per frame. Xenon in the airways is visible at the second image and is enhanced throughout the sequence. The heart and blood vessels appear as lucencies. The strong contrast due to the ribs is seen as an artifact in the reconstructed images. The round opacities in the right side of each image re due to the gas inlet tube.
Sequential KES chest images in rabbit. Imaging time: 0.28 s per frame, image-to-image delay: 1.3 s. The bronchial tree is visible on frames 2 and 3, down to the fourth bifurcation of approximately 1 mm in diameter
![Page 108: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
synchrotron XRPD at GILDA (ESRF)capillary geometry transalating imaging-plate systemtime-resolved powder diffraction +Rietveld: great tool for dynamic effects
Synchrotron
radiation
Slits
IP Traslation
IP
DIGITIZED FROM TIP
EXCTRACTION USING SCANZERO
TIMETIME--RESOLVED RESOLVED ININ--SITUSITU POWDER DIFFRACTIONPOWDER DIFFRACTION
![Page 109: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
TIMETIME--RESOLVED RESOLVED ININ--SITUSITU POWDER DIFFRACTIONPOWDER DIFFRACTION
Beam
SlitsSample
Sampleheater
Image Plateholder
The apparatus is ideal for collecting medium to relativelyhigh-resolution diffraction data from weakly scattering
samples and to investigate in-situ phase changes induced bytemperature
![Page 110: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Grain Nucleation and Growth during SolidificationIn the industrial production process of aluminium alloys the addition of TiB2 particles along with solute titanium is widely used to enhance the nucleation rate and control the grain growth during solidification.Although the mechanisms responsible for grain refinement were studied extensively during the last few decades, a comprehensive understanding is still lacking due to experimental difficulties in monitoring the grain nucleation and growth in situ. A question of particular interest is how added TiB2 particles along with solute titanium results in grain refinement, while no grain refinement is observed if one of the two is missing.
Time resolved diffractionAl alloy with 0.1% Ti and 0.1% of TiB2
![Page 111: What is it? How is it produced? Which are their properties? Where … · 2020-01-16 · Which are their properties? How is it produced? What is it? Where is it produced? How and why](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e792a010a2ec625c018bd5e/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Grain Nucleation and Growth during Solidification
Total number of nucleated grainsand the corresponding solid phase
fraction as a function of time.
Grain radius of an individual aluminiumgrain and an individual TiAl3 grain as a function of temperature during the same
solidification experiment.